MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

ENSC 019 | SEM 2 | S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 WEEK #3: SIMPLE STRESS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Mechanics
Branch of the physical sciences that is concerned with
the state of rest or motion of bodies that are subjected
to the action of forces.

Rigid-Body Mechanics
Deformable-Body Mechanics AXIAL FORCE – This component measures the pulling
Fluid Mechanics (or pushing) action perpendicular to the section. A pull
represents a tensile force, whereas a push is a
compressive force. It is often denoted by P.
Deformable-Body Mechanics
SHEAR FORCES – These are the components of the
●​ deals with the relations between externally
total resistance to sliding portion to one side of the
applied loads and their internal effects on
exploratory section past the other. The resultant force
bodies.
is usually designated by V and its components by Vy
●​ the bodies are no longer assumed to be rigid;
and Vz to identify their directions.
the deformations, however small, are of major
interest.
TORSIONAL MOMENT OR TORQUE – This component
●​ engineers must consider both dimensions and
measures the resistance to twisting the member and is
material properties to satisfy requirements of
commonly given the symbol T.
strength and rigidity.
BENDING MOMENTS – These components measure
the resistance to bending the member about the y- or
●​ The differences between rigid-body mechanics
z- axis and are often denoted merely by My or Mz.
and deformable-body mechanics can be
emphasized by considering the following
EXAMPLE:
example.
Let say, the force on bar 1 is 500 N and on bar 2, 5000
N. If we compute the stress of each bar:

Note: Here, deformation of the body is being

considered. Unlike in statics, all the bodies are
assumed to be rigid.

1.2 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES

500 𝑁
σ1 = 2 = 50 𝑀𝑝𝑎
10 𝑚𝑚
Consider a body of arbitrary shape acted upon by the 5000 𝑁
σ2 = = 5 𝑀𝑝𝑎
forces shown. 1000 𝑚𝑚
2

Therefore, based on the results, bar 1 is stronger than

bar 2.
Note: By computing the stress acting on the material,
we can evaluate its strength.

TRANSES BY: BOGÑALBAL, A.S. B. PAGE 1

BSCE 2-3CEXTY°
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
ENSC 019 | SEM 2 | S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 WEEK #3: SIMPLE STRESS

1.3 SIMPLE STRESS

The unit strength of a material is usually defined as the
stress in the material.

𝑃
σ= 𝐴

•Stress is expressed symbolically as where σ (Greek

lowercase letter sigma) is the stress or force per unit
area, P is the applied load, and A is the cross-sectional
area.
It does not follow, however, that positioning the load
•The unit for stress are the units of force divided by the through the centroid of the section always results in a
units of area. In SI, force is measured in Newtons (N) uniform stress distribution.
and area is measured in square meters (m2). Thus, the
units for stress are Newtons per square meter (N/m2).
Frequently, one Newton per square meter is referred to
as one Pascal (Pa).

•In US Customary units, force is measured in pounds

(lb). With area measured in square inches (in2), the
units for stress are pounds per square inch (lb/in2),
frequently abbreviated as psi.

•Dividing load by area does not give the stress at all

points in the cross-sectional area; it merely determines
the average stress. A more precise definition of stress
is obtained by dividing the differential load dP by the
differential area over which it acts:
•Abrupt change in cross-section →Not Uniform Stress
•The condition under which the stress is constant or Distribution (ex. e-e and d-d)
uniform is known as simple stress. A uniform stress •Holes in the cross-section →Not Uniform Stress
distribution can exist only if the resultant of the applied Distribution (ex. c-c)
loads passes through the centroid of the •Very close to the application of the force →Not
cross-section. Uniform Stress Distribution
•Uniform Stress Distribution: (f-f, and b-b)
𝑑𝑃
σ= 𝑑𝐴
SAMPLE PROBLEM | 1.1
A composite bar consists of an aluminum section
rigidly fastened between a bronze section and a steel
section as shown below. Axial loads are applied at the
positions indicated. Determine the stress in each
section.

SOLUTION:

TRANSES BY: BOGÑALBAL, A.S. B. PAGE 2

BSCE 2-3CEXTY°
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
ENSC 019 | SEM 2 | S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 WEEK #3: SIMPLE STRESS

For segment AB:

For member BD:

For segment BC: (FBD on left side)

For segment CD: (FBD on right side)

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 1.3

The block of weight W hangs from the pin at A. The
bars AB and AC are pinned to the support at B and C.
The areas are 800 mm2 for AB and 400 mm2 for AC.
SAMPLE PROBLEM | 1.2 Neglecting the weights of the bars, determine the
maximum safe value of W if the stress in AB is limited
For the truss shown, determine the stress in members
to 110 MPa and that in AC to 120 MPa.
AC and BD. The cross-sectional area of each member
is 900 mm2.

For member AC:

Analyzing joint A:

TRANSES BY: BOGÑALBAL, A.S. B. PAGE 3

BSCE 2-3CEXTY°
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
ENSC 019 | SEM 2 | S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 WEEK #3: SIMPLE STRESS

Normal Stress in

Bar AB
Normal Stress in Bar AC

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 1.4

The rectangular wood panel is formed by gluing
together two boards along the 30-degree seam as
shown in the figure. Determine the largest axial force P
Choose the answer which yields a smaller value (for that can be carried safely by the panel if the working
force) since choosing the larger one will exceed the stress for the wood is 1120 psi, and the normal and
safe value for the other one. shear stresses in the glue are limited to 700 psi and
450 psi, respectively.

1.4 SHEARING STRESS

The distribution of direct shear stress is usually
complex and not easily determined. It is common
practice to assume that the shear force V is uniformly
distributed over the shear area A. Denoting the
shearing stress by the Greek letter τ (tau),

𝑉
τ= 𝐴
Normal Stress in Wood

Examples of direct shear: (a) single shear in a rivet; (b)

double shear in a bolt; and (c) shear in a metal sheet Normal Stress in Glue
produced by a punch.

Shear Stress in Glue

TRANSES BY: BOGÑALBAL, A.S. B. PAGE 4

BSCE 2-3CEXTY°
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
ENSC 019 | SEM 2 | S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 WEEK #3: SIMPLE STRESS

would approach an actual engineering situation.

• In general, you can usually solve problems in several
different ways; there is no one approach that works
best for everybody.
• In the Sample Problems, a recommendation on the
use of a four-step approach for solving problems,
which is referred to as the SMART methodology:
Strategy, Modelling, Analysis, and Reflect & Think.
Answer:

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 1.5

1.5 BEARING STRESS In the hanger shown, the upper portion of link ABC is
3/8 in. thick and the lower portions are each 1/4 in.
Bearing stress differs from compressive stress in that thick. Epoxy resin is used to bond the upper and lower
the latter is the internal stress caused by a portions together at B. The pin at A has a 3/8-in.
compressive force, whereas the former is a contact diameter, while a 1/4-in.-diameter pin is used at C.
pressure between separate bodies. Some examples of Determine:
bearing stress are the soil pressure beneath piers and
the forces on bearing plates. Analyze the entire Free-Body Diagram of the Hanger

The result of an excessive bearing stress is to cause

yielding of the plate or of the rivet, or both. The
intensity with which the rivet bears against the rivet
hole is not constant, but it actually varies from zero at
the edges of the hole to a maximum directly in back of
the rivet. The difficulty inherent in a variable stress
distribution is avoided by the common practice of
assuming the bearing stress σb to be uniformly
distributed over a reduced area equal to the projected
area of the rivet hole. Then the bearing load is Shearing Stress in Pin A
expressed by: (a) the shearing stress in pin A

𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑏
σ𝑏= 𝐴𝑏
= 𝑑𝑡

1.6 METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLUTION

Shearing Stress in Pin C
(b) the shearing stress in pin C
• You should approach a problem in mechanics as you

TRANSES BY: BOGÑALBAL, A.S. B. PAGE 5

BSCE 2-3CEXTY°
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
ENSC 019 | SEM 2 | S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 WEEK #3: SIMPLE STRESS

between double brackets at A and B. The bar will be

fabricated from 20-mm-thick plate stock. For the grade
of steel to be used, the maximum allowable stresses
are σ =175 MPa, τ = 100 MPa, and σb = 350 MPa.
Design the tie bar by determining the required values
of:

(c) the largest normal stress in link ABC

(a) the diameter d of the bolt

Diameter of the Bolt

(b) the dimension b at each end of the bar

(d) the average shearing stress
on the bonded surfaces at B
Dimension b at Each End of the Bar

(e) the bearing stress in the link at C.

(c) the dimension h of the bar.

Dimension h of the Bar

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 1.6

The steel tie bar shown is to be designed to carry a
tension force of magnitude P = 120 kN when bolted

TRANSES BY: BOGÑALBAL, A.S. B. PAGE 6

BSCE 2-3CEXTY°
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
ENSC 019 | SEM 2 | S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 WEEK #3: SIMPLE STRESS

1.6C Factor of Safety Selection

• The selection of the factor of safety to be used is one
of the most important engineering tasks.

1.​ Variations that may occur in the properties of

the member.
2.​ The number of loadings expected during the
life of the structure or machine.
3.​ The type of loadings planned for in the design
or that may occur in the future.
4.​ Type of failure.
5.​ Uncertainty due to methods of analysis.
6.​ Deterioration that may occur in the future
because of poor maintenance or
unpreventable natural causes.
7.​ The importance of a given member to the
integrity of the whole structure.
1.6.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1.5D Load and Resistance Factor Design

1.6A Determination of the Ultimate Strength of a
• The allowable-stress method requires that all the
Material
uncertainties associated with the design of a structure
• An important element to be considered by a designer
or machine element be grouped into a single factor of
is how the material will behave under a load.
safety.
• An alternative method of design makes it possible to
distinguish between the uncertainties associated with
the structure itself and those associated with the load
it is designed to support.
• Called Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD),
this method allows the designer to distinguish
1.6B Allowable Load and Allowable Stress: Factor of
between uncertainties associated with the live load, PL
Safety
(i.e., the active or time-varying load to be supported by
• The ratio of the ultimate load to the allowable load is
the structure) and the dead load, PD (i.e., the self
used to define the factor of safety:
weight of the structure contributing to the total load).

SAMPLE PROBLEM | 1.7

Two loads are applied to the bracket BCD as shown.
• An alternative definition of the factor of safety is
based on the use of stresses:

TRANSES BY: BOGÑALBAL, A.S. B. PAGE 7

BSCE 2-3CEXTY°
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
ENSC 019 | SEM 2 | S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 WEEK #3: SIMPLE STRESS

Free-Body Diagram

(c) Determine the required thickness of the bracket

supports at C, knowing that the allowable bearing
stress of the steel used is 300 MPa.

Bearing at C

(a) Knowing that the control rod AB is to be made of a

steel having an ultimate normal stress of 600 MPa,
determine the diameter of the rod for which the factor
of safety with respect to failure will be 3.3.

References:

Beer, Ferdinand P., E. Russell Johnston, John T. DeWolf,

and David F. Mazurek. Mechanics of Materials. New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.

Pytel, Andrew, and Jaan Kiusalaas. Mechanics of

Materials. Cengage Learning, 2011.

(b) The pin at C is to be made of a steel having an

ultimate shearing stress of 350 MPa. Determine the
diameter of the pin C for which the factor of safety
with respect to shear will also be 3.3.

Shear in Pin C

TRANSES BY: BOGÑALBAL, A.S. B. PAGE 8

BSCE 2-3CEXTY°