www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.

in

பசித்திரு (Be hungry) தனித்திரு (Be individual) விழித்திரு (Be conscious)

HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR - PHYSICS

NAME :
STANDARD : 12 SECTION :
SCHOOL :
EXAM NO :

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502

Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT
www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

PART - I ONE MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 4. A circular coil of radius 5 cm and 50 turns carries a current of 3 ampere. The
magnetic dipole moment of the coil is nearly
1. The magnetic field at the centre O of the following
(a) 1.0 A m2
current loop is (b) 1.2 A m2
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
(a)
4𝑟
 (b) 4𝑟
 (c) 0.5 A m2
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝜇 𝐼 (d) 0.8 A m2
(c)  (d) 2𝑜𝑟 
2𝑟 -Solution :-
-Solution :-  Magnetic dipole moment ;
𝝁𝒐 𝑰
 Magnetic field at the centre of current carrying circular loop, 𝑩 = 𝑀 = 𝐼 𝐴 = 𝑛 𝑖 𝜋𝑟 2 = 50 𝑋 3 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 (5 𝑋 10−2 )2 = 1.17 𝐴𝑚2 ≅ 1.2 𝐴𝑚2
𝟐𝒓
 Hence at the centre of semi-circular loop, 𝐵1 =
𝑩
=
𝝁𝒐 𝑰 Answer (b) 𝟏. 𝟐 𝑨 𝒎𝟐
𝟐 𝟒𝒓
5. A thin insulated wire forms a plane spiral of N = 100 tight turns carrying a
 By Maxwell’s right hand rule, this magnetic field points into ( ) the page
𝝁𝒐 𝑰
current I = 8 m A (milli ampere). The radii of inside and outside turns are
Answer (a)  a = 50 mm and b = 100 mm respectively. The magnetic induction at the centre
𝟒𝒓
of the spiral is
2. An electron moves in a straight line inside a
(a) 5 μT
charged parallel plate capacitor of uniform
(b) 7 μT
charge density σ. The time taken by the electron
(c) 8 μT
to cross the parallel plate capacitor undeflected
(d) 10 μT
when the plates of the capacitor are kept under
-Solution :-
constant magnetic field of induction ⃗𝑩
⃗ is
 The magnetic induction at the centre of solenoid,
𝑒𝑙𝐵 𝑙𝐵 𝑙𝐵 𝑙𝐵
(a) 𝜀𝑜 (b) 𝜀𝑜 (c) 𝜀𝑜 (d) 𝜀𝑜 𝜇 𝑁𝐼 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 100 𝑋 8 𝑋 10−3 1004.8 𝑋 10−6
𝜎 𝜎𝑙 𝑒𝜎 𝜎 𝐵 = 2𝑟𝑜 = 2 𝑋 75 𝑋 10−3
= 150
= 6.698 𝜇 𝑇 ≅ 7𝜇𝑇
-Solution :- 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒

 Electric field between the plates ; 𝐸 =

𝜎 Answer (b) 𝟕 𝝁𝑻
𝜀𝑜
6. Three wires of equal lengths are bent in the form of loops. One of the loops is
 When electron moves in straighgt line with out any deflection ; 𝑒 𝐸 = 𝐵 𝑒 𝑣
𝐸 𝜎 circle, another is a semi-circle and the third one is a square. They are placed in
 Thus the velocity of an electron ; 𝑣 = = a uniform magnetic field and same electric current is passed through them.
𝐵 𝜀𝑜 𝐵
𝑙 𝑙 𝜀𝑜 𝐵 Which of the following loop configuration will experience greater torque ?
 Hence the time taken to cross the length 𝑙 with velocity 𝑣 is ; 𝑡 = =
𝑣 𝜎 (a) Circle
𝒍𝑩 (b) Semi-circle
Answer (d) 𝜺𝒐 𝝈
(c) Square
3. A particle having mass m and charge q accelerated through a potential (d) All of them
difference V. Find the force experienced when it is kept under perpendicular -Solution :-
⃗⃗ .
magnetic field 𝑩  Let 𝑙 be the length of the wire. The maximum torque ; 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐵 𝐼 𝐴
3
2𝑞 𝐵𝑉 3 2
𝑞 𝐵 𝑉 3 2
2𝑞 𝐵 𝑉 3
2𝑞 𝐵𝑉  Here ‘B’ and ‘I’ are constants. So value of maximum torque ; 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∝ 𝐴
(a)√ (b) √ (c) √ (d) √ 𝑙 𝜋 𝑙2 𝑙2
𝑚 2𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 3
 For circular loop, 𝑙 = 2 𝜋 𝑟 ⇒ 𝑟 = and 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟 = 𝜋 𝑟 2 = 2 =
2𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
-Solution :- 𝑙 𝜋 𝑟2 𝜋 𝑙2
 For semi-circle loop, 𝑙 = 𝜋 𝑟 + 2 𝑟 ⇒ 𝑟 = and 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 = =
2𝑞𝑉 𝜋+2 2 2 (𝜋+2)2
 Velocity of the charged particle ; 𝑣 = √ 𝑙 𝑙2
𝑚  For square, 𝑙 = 4 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 = and 𝐴𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝑎2 =
4 16
2𝑞𝑉 2 𝑞3 𝐵2 𝑉  Since 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟 > 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 > 𝐴𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑟𝑒 , hence circle experience greater torque.
 Lorentz force ; 𝐹 = 𝐵 𝑞 𝑣 = 𝐵 𝑞 √ = √
𝑚 𝑚
Answer (a) circle
𝟑 𝟐
Answer (c) √𝟐𝒒 𝑩 𝑽
𝒎

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

7. Two identical coils, each with N turns and radius R are 10. A non-conducting charged ring carrying a charge of q, mass m and radius r is
placed coaxially at a distance R as shown in the figure. If rotated about its axis with constant angular speed ω. Find the ratio of its
I is the current passing through the loops in the same magnetic moment with angular momentum is
direction, then the magnetic field at a point P at a 𝑞 2𝑞
(a) (b)
distance of R/2 from the centre of each coil is 𝑚 𝑚
𝑞 𝑞
8 𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 8 𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 (c) (d)
(a) (b) 2𝑚 4𝑚
√5 𝑅 53/2 𝑅 -Solution :-
8 𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 4 𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
(c) (d) 𝑞 𝑞 𝜋 𝑟2 𝑞 𝑟2 𝜔
5𝑅 √5 𝑅  Magnetic moment ; 𝑝𝑚 = 𝐼 𝐴 =
𝑇
𝜋 𝑟2 = 2𝜋/𝜔
= 2
-Solution :-
 Magnetic field due to two coils,  Angular momentum ; 𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑟 2 𝜔
𝑞 𝑟2 𝜔
𝜇 𝑁 𝐼 𝑅2 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 𝐼 𝑅2 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 𝐼 𝑅2 8 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 𝐼 𝑅2 8 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 𝐼 𝑅2 8 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 𝐼 ( )
𝐵 = 2 [2 (𝑅𝑜2 +𝑍2 )3/2 ] = 3/2 = 3/2 = (5 𝑅2 )3/2
= (5)3/2 𝑅3
= (5)3/2 𝑅  Hence the ratio,
𝑝𝑚
=
2
=
𝑞
𝑅2 5 𝑅2 𝐿 𝑚 𝑟2 𝜔 2𝑚
(𝑅2 + ) ( )
4 4 𝒒
𝟖 𝝁𝒐 𝑵 𝑰 Answer (c) 𝟐𝒎
Answer (b) 𝟓𝟑/𝟐 𝑹 11. The BH curve for a ferromagnetic
8. A wire of length l carrying a current I along the Y direction is kept in a material is shown in the figure. The
⃗ = 𝜷 (𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
magnetic field given by ⃗𝑩 ̂ ) . The magnitude of Lorentz force material is placed inside a long solenoid
√𝟑
acting on the wire is, which contains 1000 turns/cm. The
current that should be passed in the
2 1 1
(a) √ 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙 (b) √ 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙 (c) √2 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙 (d) √ 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙 solenonid to demagnetize the
3 3 3
ferromagnet completely is
-Solution :- (a) 1.00 m A
 The force on current carrying wire placed in magnetic field, (b) 1.25 mA
𝛽 𝐼𝑙𝛽
⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = 𝐼 ⃗⃗⃗𝑙 𝑋 𝐵
⃗ = 𝐼 𝑙 ̂𝑗 𝑋 (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) = (−𝑘̂ + 0 + 𝑖̂) (c) 1.50 mA
√3 √3
(d) 1.75 mA
𝐼𝑙𝛽 𝐼𝑙𝛽 2
 Hence its magnitude, 𝐹 = √3
√1 + 1 = √3 √2 = √3 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙 -Solution :-
 By definition, 𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐻
𝟐  By Ampere circuital law, 𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛 𝐼
Answer (a) √ 𝜷𝑰𝒍
𝟑  Thus we have, 𝐻 = 𝑛 𝐼
9. A bar magnet of length l and magnetic moment pm is  From the figure, the coercivity ; 𝐻 = 150 𝐴 𝑚−1
bent in the form of an arc as shown in figure. The new 𝐻 150
∴ 𝐼= = = 15 𝑋 10−4 = 1.5 𝑋 10−3 𝐴 = 1.5 𝑚 𝐴
magnetic dipole moment will be 𝑛 1,00,000

(a) 𝑝𝑚 (b)
3
𝑝𝑚 Answer (c) 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝑨
𝜋
2 1 12. Two short bar magnets have magnetic moments 1.20 Am 2 and 1.00 Am2
(c)
𝜋
𝑝𝑚 (d)
2
𝑝𝑚 respectively. They are kept on a horizontal table parallel to each other with
-Solution :- their north poles pointing towards south. They have a common magnetic
 The initial magnetic dipole moment ; 𝑝𝑚 = 𝑞𝑚 𝑋 𝑙 equator and are separated by a distance of 20.0 cm. The value of the resultant
𝜋
 Since the angle subtended by the arc is 60° (𝑜𝑟) , the horizontal magnetic induction at the mid-point O of the line joining their
3
𝜋 3𝑙 centres is (Horizontal components of Earth’s magnetic induction is
length of the arc ; 𝑙 = 𝑟 ( ) and radius ; 𝑟 = 3.6 × 10–5 Wb m–2 )
3 𝜋
 The new magnetic moment ; (a) 3.60 × 10–5 Wb m–2 (b) 3.5 × 10–5 Wb m–2
1 1 3𝑙 3 (c) 2.56 × 10 Wb m
–4 –2 (d) 2.2 × 10–4 Wb m–2
𝑀 = 𝑞𝑚 𝑋 2 𝑟 sin 30° = 𝑞𝑚 𝑋 2 𝑟 (2) = 𝑞𝑚 𝑋 𝑟 = 𝑞𝑚 𝑋 𝜋
= 𝜋
𝑝𝑚
𝟑
Answer (b) 𝒑𝒎
𝝅
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

-Solution :- 15. The potential energy of magnetic dipole whose dipole moment is
 Magnetic field due the short bar magnets along its ⃗⃗⃗𝒑𝒎 = (−𝟎. 𝟓 𝒊̂ + 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒋̂) 𝑨𝒎𝟐 kept in uniform magnetic field 𝑩 ⃗⃗ = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒊̂ 𝑻
equatorial line, (a) –0.1 J (b) –0.8 J (c) 0.1 J (d) 0.8 J
𝜇𝑜 𝑀1 𝜇𝑜 𝑀2
𝐵1 = and 𝐵2 = -Solution :-
4 𝜋 𝑟3 4 𝜋 𝑟3
 The potential energy of magnetic dipole is ;
 Let horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is 𝐵𝐻
⃗ = − (−0.5 𝑖̂ + 0.4 𝑗̂) . (0.2 𝑖̂) = −(−0.5)(0.2) = + 0.1 𝐽
𝑈 = − ⃗⃗⃗𝑝𝑚 . 𝐵
 Hence resultant horizontal magnetic induction will be,
𝐵 = 𝐵1 + 𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐻 =
𝜇𝑜
(𝑀1 + 𝑀2 ) + 𝐵𝐻 Answer (d) 𝟎. 𝟏 𝑱
4 𝜋 𝑟3
4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7
𝐵= (1.2 + 1) + 3.6 X 10−5
4 𝜋 𝑋 (10 𝑋 10−2 )3
𝐵 = 2.2 X 10−4 + 0.36 X 10−4 = 2.56 𝑋 10−4 wb m–2 (or) tesla
Answer (c) 𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 wb m–2
13. The vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field at a place is equal to the
horizontal component. What is the value of angle of dip at this place?
(a) 30o (b) 45o (c) 60o (d) 90o
-Solution :-
𝐵𝐻
 Angle of dip ; 𝛿 = tan−1 ( )
𝐵𝑉
−1 (1)
 If 𝐵𝐻 = 𝐵𝑉 , then 𝛿 = tan = 45°
Answer (b) 𝟒𝟓°
14. A flat dielectric disc of radius R carries an excess charge on its surface. The
surface charge density is σ. The disc rotates about an axis perpendicular to its
plane passing through the centre with angular velocity ω. Find the magnitude
of the torque on the disc if it is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose
strength is B which is directed perpendicular to the axis of rotation
1 1
(a)
4
𝜎𝜔𝜋𝐵𝑅 (b) 4 𝜎 𝜔 𝜋 𝐵 𝑅 2
1 1
(c)
4
𝜎 𝜔 𝜋 𝐵 𝑅3 (d)
4
𝜎 𝜔 𝜋 𝐵 𝑅4
-Solution :-
 The charge on the ring of radius 𝑥 and thickness
𝑑𝑥 is, 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜎 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜎 2 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 The current due this charge,
𝑑𝑞 𝜎 2 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑖 = 𝑇
= 2 𝜋/𝜔
= 𝜎 𝜔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Torque on the disc of radius 𝑥 ;
𝑑𝜏 = 𝐵 𝑑𝑖 𝑎 = 𝐵 𝜎 𝜔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 2 = 𝐵 𝜎 𝜔 𝜋 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
 Then the net torque on the entire disc of radius R is,
𝑅
𝑅 𝑥4 1 4
𝜏 = ∫0 𝐵 𝜎 𝜔 𝜋 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐵 𝜎 𝜔 𝜋 [ ] = 𝐵𝜎𝜔𝜋𝑅
4 0 4
𝟏
Answer (d) 𝑩 𝝈 𝝎 𝝅 𝑹𝟒
𝟒

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

PART - II TWO MARK VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS  Also, 𝑩𝑬 = √𝑩𝑯𝟐 + 𝑩𝑽𝟐
1. Define magnetism. Give its applications. 10. Define pol strength of the magnet.
 The property of attracting iron is called magnetism.  The attracting property of the magnet is concentrated at its poles only and this
 In olden days, magnets were used as magnetic compass for navigation, property is called pole strength (𝑞𝑚 ).
magnetic therapy for treatment and magic shows.  The S.I unit of pole strength is 𝑨 𝒎
 In modern days most of the things we use in daily life contains magnets. For 11. Define magnetic dipole moment.
example loud speaker, motors, dynamo, cell phones, pendrive, CD, hard disc in  Manetic dipole moment (𝒑𝒎 ) is defined as the product of the pole strength (𝑞𝑚 )
laptop etc and magnetic length (2 𝑙). i.e 𝒑𝒎 = 𝒒𝒎 𝟐 𝒍
2. Define Giomagnetism or Terrestrial magnetism.  In vector notation ; ⃗⃗⃗𝒑𝒎 = 𝒒𝒎 ⃗⃗⃗𝒅 [∵ |⃗⃗⃗𝑑 | = 2 𝑙]
 The branch of physics which deals with the Earth’s magnetic field is called 𝟐
 Its S.I unit is 𝐴 𝒎 . Its direction is from South pole to North poke.
Geomagnetism . 12. Define magnetic field.
3. What are the elements of the Earth’s magnetic field?  The magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 at a point is defined as a force experienced by the bar
 To specify the Earth’s magnetic field, three quantities must be requied. They are magnet of unit pole strength.
(i) Magnetic declination (D) ⃗𝑭
(ii) Magnetic dip or inclination (I) ⃗⃗⃗𝑩 =
(iii) The horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field (BH) 𝒒𝒎
4. Define geographic meridian and magnetic meridian.  Its S.I unit is 𝑵 𝑨−𝟏 𝒎−𝟏
 A vertical plane passing through the geographic axis is called geographic 13. What are the types of magnet?
meridian and a great circle perpendicular to Earth’s geographic axis is called  Magnets are classified in to natural magnets and artificial magnets.
geographic equator.  Iron, cobalt, nickel etc are natural magnets. Strength of natural magnets are
 A vertical plane passing throuth magnetic axis is called magnetic meridian and very weak and the shape of the magnet are irregular.
a great circle perdicular to Earth’s magnetic axis is called magnetic equator.  Artificial magnets are made our desired shape and strength. Bar magnets,
5. Define magnetic declination. cylindrical magnets, horse shoe magnets are some examples for artificial
 The angle between magnetic meridian at a point and geographical meridian is magnets.
called the magnetic declination (D). 14. Define magnetic flux. Give its unit.
 At higher latitudes, the declination is greater whereas near the equator, the  the number of magnetic field lines crossing per unit area is called magnetic flux
declination is smaller. (Φ𝐵 )
6. For Chennai, the magnetic declination angle is − 𝟏°𝟖. Why it is negative? 𝚽𝑩 = ⃗𝑩 ⃗ . ⃗𝑨
⃗ = 𝑩 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
 The negative sign indicates, that the magnetic meridian lies west to the  The S.I unit of magnetc flux is weber (Wb) and C.G.S unit is maxwell (1 Wb =
geographic meridian. 108 maxwell)
7. Define magnetic inclination or dip.  Its dimentional formula is [ML2T-2A-1]
 The angle subtended by the Earth’s total magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ with the horizontal 15. Define magnetic flux density.
direction in the magnetic meridian is called dip or magnetic inclination (I)  The magnetic flux density can be defined as the number of magnetic field lines
 For Chennai, angle of dip is 14°16 crossing unit area kept normal to the direction of line of force.
8. Define horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field.  Its S.I unit is tesla or 𝑾𝒃 𝒎−𝟐
 The componenet of Earth’s magnetic field along the horizontal direction in the 16. Distinguish between uniform and non-uniform magnetic field.
magnetic meridian is called horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field (𝐵𝐻 ) Uniform magnetic field Non-uniform magnetic field
9. Calculate the tangent of magnetic inclination or angle of dip. 1) Magnetic field is said to be uniorm 1) Magnetic field is said to be non-
 Let 𝐵𝐸 be the net Earth’s magnetic field at a point ‘P’ and ‘I’ be the angle of If it has the same magnitude and uniform If the magnitude or
dip, then, Horizontal component ; 𝐵𝐻 = 𝐵𝐸 cos 𝐼 direction at all the points in a given direction or both varies at all its
Vertical componenet ; 𝐵𝑉 = 𝐵𝐸 s𝑖𝑛 𝐼 region. points.
𝐵𝐸 s𝑖𝑛 𝐼 𝐵𝐻 𝑩𝑯 2) (e.g) Locally Earth’s magnetic field 2) (e.g) Magnetic field of a bar
∴ = (𝑜𝑟) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑰 = is uniform magnet
𝐵𝐸 cos 𝐼 𝐵𝑉 𝑩𝑽

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

17. Discuss the types of force between two magnetic pole strength. 25. Define magnetic induction or total magnetic field.
 When north pole (N) of magnet A and north pole (N) of magnet B or south pole  The magnetic induction (⃗⃗⃗𝐵 ) inside the specimen is equal to the sum of the
(S) of magnet A and south pole (S) of magnet B are brought close together, they magnetic field (𝐵 ⃗ 𝑜 ) produced in vacuum due to magnetizing field and the
repels each other. ⃗ 𝑚 ) due to the induce magnetization of the substance,
magnetic field (𝐵
 On the other hand, when north pole of magnet A and south pole of magnet B or
south pole of magnet A and north pole of magnet B are brought close together [⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 𝐵⃗𝑜 +𝐵 ⃗ 𝑚]
they attracts each other. 26. Define magnetic susceptibility.
 Thus like poles repels and unlike poles attracts.  Magnetic susceptibility (𝜒𝑚 ) is defined as the ratio of the intensity of
18. State Coulomb’s inverse square law of magnetism. magnetization (𝑀 ⃗⃗ ) induced in the material due to the magnetizing field (𝐻
⃗)
 The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles is directly  It is a dimensionless quantity.
proportional to the product of their pole strengths and inversely proportional 27. What are the classification of magnetic materials?
to the square of the distance between them.  Magnetic materials are generally classified in to three types. They are
19. What happens when a bar magnet is freely suspended in uniform and non- (i) Diamagnetic material
uniform magnetic field? (e.g.) bismuth, copper, water
 Even though Earth has non- uniform magnetic field, it is locally (at particular (ii) Paramagnetic material
place) taken as uniform. So bar magnet suspended freely in unifom magnetic (e.g.) Aluminum, platinum, chromium
field experience only torque (rotational motion) (iii) Ferro magnetic material
 When a bar magnet is freely suspended in non-uniform magnetic field, it (e.g.) Iron, nickel, cobalt
undergo translator motion due to net force and rotational motion due to torque. 28. Define Meissner effect.
20. State tangent law.  Super conductors are perfect diamagnetic materials.
 When a magnetic needle or magnet is freely suspended in two mutually  The exclusion of magnetic flux from a super conductor during its transition to
perpendicular uniform magnetic fields, it will come to rest in the direction of the superconducting state is known as Meisnner effect
the resultant of the two fields. 29. Define Curie’s law.
21. Define magnetizing field.  The susceptibility of the material is inversely proportional to its kelvin
 The magnetic field which is used to magnetize a sample or specimen is called temperature. (i.e.)the magnetic susceptibility decreases with increase in
the magnetizing field (𝐻 ⃗ ). Its unit is 𝑨 𝒎−𝟏 temperature.
𝟏 𝑪
22. Define magnetic permeability. 𝝌𝒎 ∝ (𝒐𝒓) 𝝌𝒎 =
 Magnetic permeability is defined as the measure of ability of the material to 𝑻 𝑻
allow the passage of magnetic lines through it or measure of the capacity of the  Where C  curie constant. This is called Curie law
substance to take magnetization or the degree of penetration of magnetic field 30. Define curie temperature.
through the substance.  As temperature increases, the ferromagnetism decreases due to the inceased
23. Define relative permeability. thermal agitation of the atomic dipoles.
 The relative permeability (𝝁𝒓 ) is defined as the ratio between absolute  At a particular temperature, ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic.
permeability (𝝁) of the medium to the permeability of free space (𝝁𝒐 ). This temperature is known as Curie temperature (𝑇𝐶 ).
𝝁 31. State Curie - Weiss law.
𝝁𝒓 =  The susceptibility of the material above the Curie temperature is given by
𝝁𝒐
𝐶
 It has no unit and it is dimensionless quantity. 𝜒𝑚 =
24. Define intensity of magnetization. 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜
 The net magnetic moment per unit volume of the material or is known as where, C  Curie law ; T  Kelvin temperature
intensity of magnetization or magnetization vector or magnetization.  This relation is called Curie - Weiss law.
 For magnet the intensity of magnetization can be defined as the pole strength 32. What is Hysteresis?
per unit area  Hysterisis means ‘lagging behind’
𝑝𝑚 𝑞𝑚  The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic induction (B) behind the magnetizing
𝑀= = field (H) is called hysteresis.
𝑉 𝐴
 Its unit 𝑨 𝒎−𝟏 . It is a vector quantity

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

33. Define hysteresis loss. 43. Define one tesla.

 During the magnetization of the specimen through a cycle, there is loss of  The strength of the magnetic field is one tesla if unit charge moving in it with
energy in the form of heat. This is known as hysteresis loss. unit velocity experiences unit force.
 The energy lost per unit volume of the material when it is carried through one 44. What are the limitations of cyclotron?
cycle of magnetization is equal to the area of the hysteresis loop.  The speed of the ion is limited.
34. What are the types of ferromagnetic materials?  Electron cannot be accelerated.
 Based on the shape and size of the bysterisis loop, ferromagnetic materials are  Uncharged particles cannot be accelerated.
classified as two types. They are 45. Write a note on fast-neutron cancer therapy.
(i) Hard magnetic material - (e.g) steel  When a deuteron is bombarded with a beryllium target, a beam of high energy
(ii) Soft magnetic material - (e.g) soft irom neutrons are produced.
35. State right hand thumb rule.  These high energy neutrons are sent into the patient’s cancerous region to
 If we hold the current carrying conductor in our right hand such that the thumb break the bonds in the DNA of the cancer cells.
points in the direction of current flow, then the fingers encircling the wire  This is used in treatment of fast-neutron cancer therapy.
points in the direction of the magnetic field lines produced. 46. State Flemming’s left hand rule (FLHR).
36. State Maxwell’s right hand cork screw rule.  Stretch fore finger, the middle finger and the thrumb of the left hand in mutully
 This rule is used to determine the direction of the magnetic field. perpendicular directions. If,
 If we advance a right handed screw along the direction of current, then the (i) fore finger points the direction of magnetic field,
direction of rotation of the screw gives the direction of the magnetic field. (ii) the middle finger points the direction of the electric current, then
37. Define magnetic dipole moment of current loop. (iii) thumb will point the direction of the force experienced by the conductor.
 The magnetic dipole moment of any current loop is equal to the product of the 47. Define one ampere.
current and area of the loop. [⃗⃗⃗𝑝𝑚 = 𝐼 ⃗⃗⃗𝐴]  One ampere is defined as that current when it is passed through each of the two
38. State right hand thumb rule. infinitely long parallel straight conductors kept at a distance of one metre apart
 This rule is used to determine the direction of magnetic moment. in vacuum caused each conductor to experience a force of 2 𝑋 10−7 newton per
 If we curl the fingers of right hand in the direction of current in the loop, then metre length of conductor.
the stretched thumb gives the direction of the magnetic moment associated 48. Define figure of merit of a galvanometer.
with the loop.  It is defined as the current which produces a deflection of one scale division in
39. Define gyro-magnetic ratio. the galvanometer.
 The ratio of magnetic moment (𝜇𝐿 ) of the electron to its angular momentum (L) 49. Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer.
is called gyro-magnetic ratio.  It is defined as the deflection produced per unit current flowing through it.
𝜇𝐿 𝑒 𝜽 𝑵𝑩𝑨 𝟏
= = 8.78 𝑋 1010 𝐶 𝑘𝑔−1 𝑰𝑺 = = =
𝐿 2𝑚 𝑰 𝑲 𝑮
40. Define Bohr magneton. 50. How the current sensitivity of galvanometer can be increased?
 It is the unit of atomic magnetic moment.  By increasing the number of turns N
 The minimum value of atomic magnetic moment is called Bohr magneton.  By increasing the magnetic induction B
𝒆𝒉  By increasing the area of the coil A
𝟏 𝒃𝒐𝒉𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒏 = 𝝁𝑩 = = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟒 𝑨 𝒎𝟐  By decreasing the couple per unit twist of the suspension wire
𝟒𝝅𝒎
41. State Ampere’s circuital law. 51. Why Phosphor - bronze is used as suspension wire?
 It state that the line integral of magnetic field over a closed loop is 𝝁𝒐 times net  Because, for phosphor - bronze wire, the couple per unit twist is very small.
current enclosed by the loop. 52. Define voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer.
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝒐
⃗⃗ . 𝒅𝒍  It is defined as the deflection produced per unit voltage applied across it.
∮𝑩 𝜽 𝑵𝑩𝑨 𝟏
𝑰𝑺 = = =
42. Define Lorentz force. 𝑰 𝑲 𝑮
⃗⃗⃗ ) and magnetic field (𝐵
 If the charge is moving in the electric field (𝐸 ⃗ ), the total 53. How galvanometer can be converted in to ammeter?
force experienced by the charge is given by ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 = 𝒒 [⃗⃗⃗𝑬 + (⃗⃗⃗𝒗 𝑿 ⃗⃗⃗𝑩)]  A galvanometer is converted in to an ammeter by connecting a low resistance
 It is known as Lorentz forec. (shunt) in parallel with the galvanometer.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

54. How galvanometer can be converted in to voltmeter?

 A galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by connecting high reistance in PART - III THREE MARK SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
series with galvanometer. 1. What are the properties of bar magnet?
55. Why ammeter should always connected in series to the circuit? Properties of magnet:
 The ammeter must offer low resistance such that it will not change the current (i) A freely suspended bar magnet wil always point along the north - south
passing through it. So ammeter is connected in series to measure the circuit direction.
current. (ii) The attractive property of the magnet is maximum near its end or pole. This is
 An ideal ammeter has zero resistance. called pole strength.
56. Why voltmeter should always connected in parallel to the circuit? (iii) Two poles of a magnet have pole strength equal to one another.
 The voltmeter must offer high resistance so that it will not draw appreciable (iv) When a magnet is broken into pieces, each piece behave like a magnet with
current. So voltmeter is connected in paralle to measure the potential poles at its ends.
difference. (v) The length of the bar magnet is called geometrical length and length between
 An ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance. two magnetic poles in a bar magnet is called magnetic length. The magnetic
length is always slightly smaller than geometrical length. (i.e.)
magnetic length : geometrical length = 5 ∶ 6
2. Write a note on pole strength.
Pole strength :
 The attracting property of the magnet is concentrated at its poles only and this
property is called pole strength (𝑞𝑚 ).
 It is a scalar quantity with dimension [𝐿 𝐴]. Its S.I unit is 𝑨 𝒎 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑵 𝑻−𝟏
 North pole of the magnet experiences a force in the direction of the magnetic
field and south pole experiences force opposite to the magnetic field.
 Pole strength depends on the nature of materials of the magnet, area of cross-
section and the state of magnetization.
 If a magnet is cut in to two equal halves along the length, then pole strength is
reduced to half.
 If the magnet is cut into two equal halves perperdicular to the length, then pole
strength remains same.
 If we cut the magnet in to two pieces, we will not separate north and south
poles. Instead we get two magnets. (i.e) isolated mono pole does not exist in
nature
3. Give the properties of magnetic field lines.
Properties of magnetic field lines:
 They are continuous closed lines. Their direction is from North pole to South
pole outside the magnet and South pole to North pole inside the magnet.
 The tangent drawn at any point on the magnetic field lines gives the direction of
magnetic field at that point.
 They never intersect each other.
 The degree of closeness of the field lines determines the relative strength of the
magnetic field. The magnetic field is strong where magnetic field lines crowd
and weak where magnetic field lines thin out.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

4. Explain Coulomb’s inverse square law in magnetism.  Hence total force ; ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑁 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑆 = 0 ⃗
Coulomb’ inverse square law in magnetism :  So that there is no translator motion.
 But these two forces constitute a couple, which tends to rotate the magnet
along the direction of the field ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 .
 Hence moment of force or torque about ‘O’ is
⃗⃗𝜏 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑁 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑁 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑆 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑆
⃗⃗𝜏 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑁 𝑋 𝑞𝑚 𝐵 ⃗ + 𝑂𝑆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 (−𝑞𝑚 𝐵 ⃗)
 Consider two bar magnets A and B as shown.
 Here, |𝑂𝑁⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑂𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 𝑙 and |𝑞𝑚 𝐵 ⃗ | = |−𝑞𝑚 𝐵⃗|
 Let , Pole strength of A = 𝑄𝑚𝐴
Pole strength of B = 𝑄𝑚𝐵  Hence the magnitude of the torque,
𝜏 = 𝑙 𝑞𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 + 𝑙 𝑞𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃
Distance between A and B = 𝑟
𝜏 = 2 𝑙 𝑞𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 [𝑞𝑚 2𝑙 = 𝑝𝑚 ]
 Then by Coulomb’s law, the force of attraction or repulsion between two
𝝉 = 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
mannetic poles is directly proportional to the product of their pole strengths
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Hence  In vector notation, ⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝒑 ⃗ 𝒎 𝑿 ⃗𝑩 ⃗
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 6. Obtain an expression for potential energy of a bar magnet placed in an
⃗⃗⃗𝐹 ∝ 𝑚𝐴 𝑚𝐴 𝑟̂ (𝑜𝑟) ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑚𝐴 𝑚𝐴 𝑟̂ uniform magnetic field.
𝑟2 𝑟2
 In magnitude, Potential energy of a bar magnet :
𝑄𝑚 𝑄𝑚  Let a bar magnet of dipole moment ⃗⃗⃗𝑝𝑚 is
𝐹 =𝑘 𝐴2 𝐴 placed in a uniform magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 at an
𝑟
 where, 𝑘 → proportionality constant. angle 𝜃
 In S. I unit, the value of 𝑘 is  The magnitude of the torque acting on the
𝜇𝑜 dipole is ; 𝝉 = 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑘= ≅ 10−7 𝐻 𝑚−1
4𝜋  So work done bt external torque (𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡 ) for
 Then the force, a small angular displacement against the
𝝁𝒐 𝑸 𝒎𝑨 𝑸𝒎𝑨 torque (𝝉) is
𝑭 =
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐 𝑑𝑊 = 𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜏 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
 where, 𝜇𝑜 → permiability of free space or vacuum  Hence the total work done to rotate the bar magnet from 𝜃 to 𝜃 is ,
[𝜇𝑜 = 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝐻 𝑚−1 ] 𝜃 𝜃
5. Calculate the torque acting on a bar magnet in uniform magnetic field. 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜽 𝜽
Torque acting on a bar magnet :
 Consider a mannet of length ‘2𝑙’ of pole strength ‘𝑞𝑚 ’ kept in uniform magnetic 𝑊 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 [− cos 𝜃]𝜃𝜽 = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 [cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 ]
 This workdone is stored as potential energy of the bar magnet.
field ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 .
Hence 𝑼 = − 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ]
 If initial angle be  = 90 then,∶ 𝑼 = − 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
 The potential energy stored in a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field
is, 𝑼 = − ⃗⃗⃗𝒑𝒎 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑩
(i) If  = 0 then, ∶ 𝑼 = − 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 = minimum
(ii) If  = 180 then, ∶ 𝑼 = 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 = maximum
 Thus the potential energy of a bar magnet is minimum when it is align along the
external field and maximum when it align anti parallel with the external field.
 Force experienced by the North pole along the direction of the field ;
⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑁 = 𝑞𝑚 𝐵 ⃗
 Force experienced by the South pole opposite to the direction of the field ;
⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑆 = − 𝑞𝑚 𝐵
⃗

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

7. What are the precausions taken wile using tangent galvanometer (TG)  The induced moment disappears as soon as the external field is removed.
Precausions:  When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, it has tendency to move the
 All the neaby magnets and magnetic materials are kept away from the material from stronger to weaker part of the field.
instrument.  This action is called diamagnetic action and such materials are known as
 Using sprit level, the levelling screws at the base are adjusted so that the small diamagnetic materials.
magnetic needle is exactly horizontal and also the circular coil is exactly (e.g.) Bismuth, Copper, Water
vertical. 11. Explain paramagnetism.
 The plane of the coil is kept along the magnetic meridian. Paramagnetic material :
 The pointer in the compass box should read 0° − 0°  In some magnetic material, each atom or molecule has net dipole magnetic
8. Using the relation ⃗𝑩 ⃗ = 𝝁𝒐 (𝑯⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑴 ⃗⃗ ) , show that 𝝌 𝒎 = 𝝁𝒓 − 𝟏 moment which is vector sum of orbital and spin magnetic moments of
Proof : The total magnetic induction, electrons.
⃗ = 𝜇𝑜 (𝐻⃗ + 𝑀 ⃗⃗ )  But due to random orientation of these moments, the net magnetic moment of
𝐵 − − − − − (1)
the material is zero.
 By definition,  In the presence of external magnetic field, the torque acting on the atomic
⃗⃗
𝑀
𝜒𝑚 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑀 ⃗⃗ = 𝜒𝑚 𝐻 ⃗ dipoles will align them in the field direction.
𝐻⃗  Thus a net magnetic dipole moment induced in the direction of the applied field.
& ⃗ = 𝜇𝐻
𝐵 ⃗  The induced dipole moment is present as long as the external field exists.
 Put this in equation (1),  When placed in a non-magntic field, these materials will have a tendency to
𝜇𝐻 ⃗ = 𝜇𝑜 (𝐻 ⃗ + 𝜒𝑚 𝐻
⃗) move from weaker to stronger part of the field.
⃗ ⃗  Materials which exhibit weak magnetim in the direction of the applied field are
𝜇 𝐻 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐻 (1 + 𝜒𝑚 )
𝜇 known as paramagnetic materials.
= 1 + 𝜒𝑚 (e.g.) Aluminium, Platinum, Chromium
𝜇𝑜
(𝑜𝑟) 𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒𝑚 12. Explain ferro magnetism.
∴ 𝝌 𝒎 = 𝝁𝒓 − 𝟏 Ferromangntic material:
9. What are called dia, para and ferro magnetic material?  Ferro magnetic material also
 Materials which exhibit weak magnetim in the direction opposite to the applied possesses net magnetic dipole
field are known as diamagnetic materials. They are repelled by the magnet. moment as paramagnetic
(e.g.) Bismuth, Copper, Water material.
 Materials which exhibit weak magnetim in the direction of the applied field are  A ferro magnetic material is
known as paramagnetic materials. They are feebly attracted by the magnets made up of smaller rigions
(e.g.) Alluminium, Platinum, Chromium called ferromagnetic domain.
 Materials which exhibit strong magnetim in the direction of the applied field are  Within each domain, the magnetic moments are aligned in same direction due
known as feromagnetic materials. They are strongly attracted by the magnets to strong interaction arising from electron spin. So each domain has net
(e.g.) Iron, Cobalt, Nickel magnetization in a direction.
10. Explain dia magnetism.  But the direction of magnetization is different for different domains. Hence the
Diamagnetic material : net magnetization of the specimen is zero.
 The orbital motion of electron produce a magnetic field perpendicular to the  In the presence of external magnetic field, the domain having magnetic
plane of the orbit. moments parallel to the field grow in size and the other domains are aligned
 Thus each electron orbit has finite orbital magnetic dipole moment. But the with the field.
resultant magnetic moment for each atom is zero.  It results, a strong net magnetization of the material in the direction of the
 In the presence of an external magnetic moment, some electrons are speeded applied field is produced.
up and some are slowed down.  Materials which exhibit strong magnetism in the direction of the applied field is
 According to Lenz’s law, the electrons whose moments were anti-parallel are called ferro magnetic materials.
speeded up which produces induced magnetic moment in a direction opposite (e.g.) Iron, Nickel, Cobalt
to the field.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

13. List the properties of Diamagnetic materials. 17. What are the differences between soft and hard ferromagnetic materials?
Properties of Diamagnetic materials : Soft ferromagnetic materials :
 Magnetic susceptibility is negative.  When external field is removes, its magnetization will disappears.
 Relative permeability is slightly less than one  Area of the loop is small
 The magnetic field lines are excluded by diamagnetic materials when placed in  Low retentivity
a magnetic fields.  Low coercivity
 Susceptibility is nearly temperature independent.  High susceptibility and magnetic permeability
14. List the properties of Paramagnetic materials.  Less hysteresis loss
Properties of Paramagnetic materials :  Used as solenoid core, transformer core and electromagnets
 Magnetic susceptibility is small positive value. (e.g.) Soft iron, Mumetal, Stalloy
 Relative permeability is greater than one Hard ferromagnetic materials :
 The magnetic field lines are attracted in to paramagnetic materials when placed  When external field is removes, its magnetization will persists.
in a magnetic field.  Area of the loop is large
 Susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature.  High retentivity
15. List the properties of Ferromagnetic materials.  High coercivity
Properties of Ferromangnetic materials :  Low susceptibility and magnetic permeability
 Magnetic susceptibility is positive and large  More hysteresis loss
 Relative permeability is very very greater than one  Used as permanent magnets
 The magnetic fleld lines are stronglyattracted in to the ferromagnetic materials (e.g.) Steel, Alnico, Lodestone
when placed in a magnetic field. 18. Explain the magnetic field around a straight current carrying conductor.
 Susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature. Current carrying straight conductor :
16. Explain the applications of hysteresis loop.
Applications of hysteresis loop :
 The main significance of hysteresis loop is that it provides the following
information.
(i) Retentivity
(ii) Coercivity
(iii) Permiability
(iv) Susceptibility
(v) Energy loss during on cycle of magnetization  When a magnetic compass is kept near a current carrying straight conductor,
 These information will help us in selecting proper and suitable material for a the magnetic needle deflects which indicates there exists a magnetic field.
given purpose.  If we trace the direction shown by the magnetic needle, we can draw the
 For example, the materials (Steel and Alnico) with high retentivity, high magnetic field lines which are concentric circles having their centre at the axis
coercivity and high permeability are suitable for making permanent magnets. of the conductor.
 The materials (Soft iron and Mumetal) with high initial permeability, low  It may be either clockwise or anticlock wise depending on the direction of
retentivity, low coercivity and thin hysteresis loop with smaller area are current in the conductor.
preferred to make electro mangnet.  If strength of the current is increased, then the density of the magnetic field will
 The materials (Soft irom) with high initial permeability, large mangnetic also increases.
induction and thin hysteresis loop with smaller area are needed to desigh  The strength of the magnetic field decreases at the distance from the conductor
transformer cores. increases.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

19. Explain the magnetic field around the current carrying circular loop.  From superposition principole the total magnetic field due to entire conductor
Circular coil carrying current : is,
 If we keep a magnetic compass 𝝁𝒐 𝑰 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒍 𝑿 𝒓̂
near a current carrying circular ⃗⃗ = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 𝒅𝑩 = ∫
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
conductor, then the magnetic 21. Give the difference between Coulomb’s law and Biot-Savart’s law.
needle deflects which indicates Coulomb’s law Biot-Savart’s law
the existence of magnetic field. 1) Electric field is calculated 1) Magnetic field is calculated
 Tracing the direction of the
2) Produced by a scalar source (i.e) 2) Produced be vector source (i.e.)
deflection, it shows the magnetic
lines are circular near A and B
charge ‘q’ current element ‘𝐼 ⃗⃗⃗𝑑𝑙 ’
and nearly parallel to each other 3) It is directed along the position 3) It is directed perpendicular to the
near the centre of the loop. vector joining the source and the position vector and the current
 Thus the field present near the point at which the field is element
centre of the coil is almost calculated.
uniform. 4) Does not depends on angle 4) Depends on the angle between
 The strength of the magnetic field is increased if either the current in the coil or 𝐼 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 and 𝑟̂
the number of turns or both are increased. 22. Explain the current loop acts as a magnetic dipole and calculate its dipole
 The polarity (north pole or south pole) depends on the direction of current in moment.
the loop. Current loop as a magnetic dipole :
20. State and explain Biot-Savart law.  The magnetic field from the centre of a currnt loop of radius ‘R’ along the axis
Biot - Savart law : 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝑅 2
⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = ̂
 According to Biot - Savart law, the 3 𝑘
2 (𝑅 + 𝑧 )2
2 2
magnitude of magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝐵 at a  At larger distance, 𝑧 ≫ 𝑅 and hence 𝑅2 + 𝑧 2 ≈ 𝑧 2
point ‘P’ at a distance ‘r’ from the 𝜇 𝐼 𝑅2 𝜇 𝐼 𝜋 𝑅2
small elemental length ‘dl’ of the ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 𝑜 ̂ = 𝑜
𝑘 𝑘̂
current ‘I’ carrying conductor varies, 2 𝑧3 2 𝜋 𝑧3
Here, 𝜋 𝑅2 → area of the loop
(i) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝐼 𝜇 𝐼𝐴 𝜇𝑜 2 𝐼 𝐴
(ii) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 𝑜 𝑘̂ = 𝑘̂ − − − −(1)
2𝜋𝑧 3 4 𝜋 𝑧3
(iii) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ sin 𝜃  We know that, magnetic field at a distance ‘𝑧’ along the axial line is
1
(iv) 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 2 𝜇 2 ⃗⃗⃗𝑝𝑚
𝑟 ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 𝑜 − − − − − −(2)
 Hence, 4 𝜋 𝑧3
𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃  Compare equation (1) and (2)
𝑑𝐵 ∝ ⃗⃗⃗𝒑𝒎 = 𝑰 ⃗⃗⃗𝑨
𝑟2
𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃 (𝑜𝑟) 𝒑𝒎 = 𝑰 𝑨
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝐵 = 𝑘 − − − − (1)
𝑟2  This implies that a current carrying circular loop behaves as a magnetic dipole
 where, 𝑘 → constant of dipole moment 𝒑𝒎
𝜇
 In S. I. units, 𝑘 = 𝑜  So the magnetic dipole moment of any current loop is equal to the product of
4𝜋
 Hence, the current and area of the loop.
𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒅𝒍 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒅𝑩 = − − − − (2)
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
 In vector notation,
𝝁𝒐 𝑰⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍 𝑿 𝒓̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑩 = − − − − (3)
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
 Here ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑩 is perpendicular to both 𝑰⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒍 and 𝒓̂
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

23. Explain current carrying solenoid behaves like a bar magnet. Properties of Lorentz magnetic force :
Current carrying conductor: (i) ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is directly proportional to the magnetic field (𝑩 ⃗⃗ )
(ii) ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is directlty proportional to the velocity (𝒗
⃗)
(iii) ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is directly proportional to sine of the angle between the velocity and
magnetic field.
(iv) ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge
(v) The direction of ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is always perpendicular to ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 and 𝐵 ⃗
 A solenoid is a long coil of wire closely wound in the form of helix. (vi) The direction of 𝑭𝒎 on negative chanrge is opposite to the direction of ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 on
⃗⃗⃗
 When current flows through the solenoid, magnetic field is produced. positive charge
 It is due to the superposition of magnetic fields of each turn of the solenoid. (vii) If the of the charge is along the manetic field, then ⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 is zero.
 Inside the solenoid, the magnetic field is nearly uniform and parallel to its axis. 26. Write a note on velocity selector.
 But outside the solenoid, the field is negligibly small. Velocity selector:
 Depending on the direction of current, one end of the solenoid behaves like  Let an electric charge ‘q’ of
North pole and the other end behaves like South pole. mass ‘m’ enters in to a region
 The direction of magnetic field is given by right hand palm rule. (i.e.) if the of uniform magnetic field
current carrying solenoid is held in right hand such that the fingers curl in the 𝐵⃗ with velocity ⃗⃗⃗𝑣
direction of current, then extended thumb gives the direction of magnetic field.  Dut to Lorentz force, the
 Hence magnetic field of a solenoid looks like the magnetic field of a bar magnet. charged particle moves in
Uses : helical path.
 Solenoid can be used as electromagnets which produces strong magnetic field  By applying proper electric field 𝐸⃗ , the Lorentz force can be balanced by
that can be turned ON or OFF. Coulomb force
 The strength of the magnetic field can be increased by keeping iron bar inside  Here Coulomb force acts along the direction of electric field, whereas the
the solenoid. Lorentz force is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.
 They are useful in designing variety of electrical appliences.  Therefore in order to balance these forces, both electric and magnetic fields must
24. Write a note in MRI. be perpendicular to each other. Such an arrangement of perpendicular electric
MRI : and magnetic fields are known as cross fields.
 MRI is Magnetic Resonance Imaging which helps the physicians to diagonise or  The force on electric charge due to these fields is ; ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = 𝑞 [𝐸⃗ + (𝑣 𝑋 𝐵 ⃗ )]
monitor treatment for a variety of abnormal conditions happening within the  For a positive charge, the electric force on the charge acts in downward
head, chest, abdomen and pelvis. direction whereas the Lorentz force acts upwards.
 It is a non invasive medical test.
When these two forces balance one another, the net force ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = 0. Hence
 The patient is placed in a circular opening and large current is sent through the
𝑞 𝐸 = 𝐵 𝑞 𝑣𝑜
superconduction wire to produce a strong magnetic field. 𝑬
 This magnetic field produces radio frequency pulses which are fed to a ∴ 𝒗𝒐 =
computer which produce pictures of organs which helps the physicians to 𝑩
 This means for a given magnitude of electric field 𝐸⃗ and magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ , the
examine various parts of the body
forces act only for the particle moving with particular speed 𝒗𝒐 .
25. Define Lorentz force. Give the properties of Lorentz magnetic force.
 This speed is independent of mass and charge,
Lorentz force :
(i) If > 𝑣𝑜 , then charged particle deflects in the direction of Lorentz force.
 When an electric charge ′𝑞′ moves in the magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ , it experience a force
(ii) If 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑜 , then charged particle deflects in the direction of Coulomb force.
called Lorentz magnetic force.
(iii) If , then no deflection and the charged particle moves in straight line.
𝑭𝒎 = 𝑩 𝒒 𝒗 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
 Thus by proper choice of electric and magnetic fields, the particle with
 In vector notation, particular speed can be selected. Such an arrangement of fields is called a
⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒎 = 𝒒 (𝒗
⃗ 𝑿𝑩⃗⃗ )
velocity selector.
 This principle is used in Bainbridge mass spectrograph to separate the isotopes.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

27. How Galvanometer can be converted in to Ammeter.  Galvanometer resistance = 𝑅𝐺

Galvanometer to an Ammeter : High resistanc = 𝑅ℎ
 Ammeter is an instrument used to Current flows through galvanometer = 𝐼𝐺
measure current. Voltage to be measured = 𝑉
 A galvanometer is converted into an Total resistance of this circuit = 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅ℎ
ammeter by connecting a low resistance  Here the current in the electrical circuit is same as the current passing through
called shunt in parallel with the the galvanometer. (i.e.)
galvanometer. 𝐼𝐺 = 𝐼
 The scale is calibrated in amperes. 𝑽
𝑰𝑮 =
 Galvanometer resistance = 𝑅𝐺 𝑹𝑮 + 𝑹𝒉
Shunt resistance = 𝑆 𝑉
Current flows through galvanometer = 𝐼𝐺 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑅𝐺 + 𝑅ℎ =
𝐼𝐺
Current flows through shunt resistance = 𝐼𝑆 𝑽
Current to be measured = 𝐼 ∴ 𝑹𝒉 = − 𝑹𝑮
𝑰𝑮
The potential difference across galvanometer is same as the potential difference  Let 𝑅𝑣 be the resistance of voltmeter, then
shunt resistance. (i.e.) 𝑉𝐺𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑹𝒗 = 𝑹𝑮 + 𝑹𝒉
𝐼𝐺 𝑅𝐺 = 𝐼𝑆 𝑆  Here, 𝑅𝐺 < 𝑅ℎ < 𝑅𝑣
𝐼𝐺 𝑅𝐺 = (𝐼 − 𝐼𝐺 ) 𝑆 − − − −(1)  Thus an voltmeter is a highresistance instrument, and it always connected in
𝑰𝑮 parallel to the circuit element.
𝑺= 𝑹
𝑰 − 𝑰𝑮 𝑮  An ideal ammeter has zero resistance.
 From equation (1), 29. Differentiate Scalar, Vector and Tensor.
𝐼𝐺 𝑅𝐺 = 𝑆 𝐼 − 𝐼𝐺 𝑆 Scalar :
𝐼𝐺 (𝑆 + 𝑅𝐺 ) = 𝑆 𝐼  It has only one component.
𝑺  It has no direction (i.e) no unit vector
𝑰𝑮 = 𝑰
𝑺 + 𝑹𝑮  Since it has no direction, its rank is zero.
 Let 𝑅𝑎 be the resistance of ammeter, then Vector :
1 1 1  It haIs resolved in to components.
= +
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝐺 𝑆  It has only one direction. (i.e.) has one unit vector
𝑹𝑮 𝑺  Since each component have one direction, its rank is one
⟹ 𝑹𝒂 =
𝑹𝑮 + 𝑺 Tensor :
 Here, 𝑅𝐺 > 𝑆 > 𝑅𝑎  It has resolved into components.
 Thus an ammeter is a low resistance instrument, and it always connected in  It has more than one direction (i.e) has more than one unit vector
series to the circuit.  If each component associated with two direction, then its rank is two and if
 An ideal ammeter has zero resistance. each component associated with three direction, then its rank is three.
28. How Galvanometer can be converted in to voltmeter?  In general, if each component associated with ‘n’ direction, then it is called
Galvanometer to a voltmeter : tensor of rank ‘n’
 A voltmeter is an instrument used to
measure potential difference across
any two points.
 A galvanometer is converted in to
voltmeter by connecting high
resistance in series with the
galvanometer.
 The scale is calibrated in volts.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

 Let BH be the net Earth’s magnetic field at a point on the surface of the Earth,
PART - IV FIVE MARK LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
then
1. Discuss Earth’s magnetic field in detail. Horizontal component ; 𝐵𝐻 = 𝐵𝐸 cos 𝐼 − − − (1)
Earth’s magnetic field : Vertical component : 𝐵𝑉 = 𝐵𝐸 s𝑖𝑛 𝐼 − − − (2)
(2) 𝐵𝑉
⟹ tan 𝐼 =
(1) 𝐵𝐻
(i) At magnetic equator :
 At magnetic equator, 𝐼 = 0°, then
𝐵𝐻 = 𝐵𝐸
𝐵𝑉 = 0
(ii) At magnetic poles :
 At magnetic poles, 𝐼 = 90° , then
𝐵𝐻 = 0
𝐵𝑉 = 𝐵𝐸
2. Calculate the magnetic induction at a point on the axial line of a bar magnet.
 A freely suspended magnet comes to rest approximately along the geographical ⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ) :
Magnetic field at axial line ( 𝐵
north - south direction.
 To explain this, William Gilbert proposed that, Earth itself like a gigantic
powerful magnet, but this theory was not accepted.
 Gover suggested that the Earth’s magnetic field is due to hot rays coming out
from the Sun.
 So many theories have been proposed, but none of the theory completely
explains the cause for the Earth’s magnetism.
 The north pole of magnetic compass needle is attracted towards the magnetic
south pole of the Earth which is near the geographic north pole.
 Simillarly the south pole of magnetic compass needle is attracted towards the  Consider a bar magnet ‘NS’ of moment 𝑝𝑚 = 𝑞𝑚 2𝑙
magnetic north pole of the Earth which is near the the geographic south pole.  Let C be the point on its axis at a distance ‘r’ from centre ‘O’
 The branch of physics which deals with the Earth’s magnetic field is called  Let unit north pole (𝑞𝑚𝐶 = 1 𝐴 𝑚) is placed at ‘C’
Geomagnetism (or) Terrestrial magnetism.
 The repulsive force experienced by unit north pole (i.e.) magnetic field at ‘C’ due
 The Earth spins about an axis called geographic axis and vertical line passing
to north pole
through the geographic axis is called geographic meridian, and a great circle ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 𝜇 𝑞𝑚
perpendicular to Earth’s geographic axis is called geographic equator. ⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑁 = 𝑁 = 𝑜 𝑖̂ − − − − (1)
 The straight line which connects magnetic poles of Earthis known as magnetic 𝑞𝑚𝐶 4 𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙)2
axis and the vertical lise passing throuth magnetic axis is called magnetic  The attractive force experienced by unit north pole (i.e.) magnetic field at ‘C’
meridian and a great circle perpendicular to Earth’s magnetic axis is called due to south pole
magnetic equator. ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 𝜇 𝑞𝑚
⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑆 = 𝑆 = − 𝑜 𝑖̂ − − − − (2)
 The angle between magnetic meridian at a point and geographical meridian is 𝑞𝑚𝐶 4 𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2
called the magnetic declination (D).  Then total magnetic field at ‘C’ is
 The angle subtended by the Earth’s total magnetic field wih the horizontal ⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑁 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑆
𝐵
direction in the magnetic meridian is called dip or magnetic inclination (I) at
𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝑚 𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝑚
that point. = 𝑖̂ + [− 𝑖̂ ]
 The component of Earth’s magnetic field along the horizontal direction in the 4 𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙) 2 4 𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2
magnetic meridian is called horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field 𝜇𝑜 1 1
= 𝑞𝑚 [ − ] 𝑖̂
(BH) 4𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙) 2 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

𝜇𝑜 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2 − (𝑟 − 𝑙)2  Resolve these two magnetic fields into their components. Hence
= 𝑞𝑚 [ ] 𝑖̂ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑁 = − 𝐵𝑁 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ + 𝐵𝑁 sin 𝜃 𝑗̂
4𝜋 (𝑟 − 𝑙)2 (𝑟 + 𝑙)2
𝜇𝑜 𝑟2 + 𝑙2 + 2 𝑟 𝑙 − 𝑟2 − 𝑙2 + 2 𝑟 𝑙 𝐵 ⃗ 𝑆 = − 𝐵𝑆 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ − 𝐵𝑆 sin 𝜃 𝑗̂
= 𝑞𝑚 [ ] 𝑖̂  Then the total magnetic field at ‘C’ is
4𝜋 {(𝑟 − 𝑙) (𝑟 + 𝑙)}2
𝜇𝑜 4𝑟𝑙 ⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑁 + 𝐵
𝐵 ⃗𝑺
= 𝑞 𝑖̂ = − 𝐵𝑁 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ + 𝐵𝑁 sin 𝜃 𝑗̂
4 𝜋 𝑚 (𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2 )2
𝜇𝑜 2 𝑟 (𝑞𝑚 2 𝑙) − 𝐵𝑺 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ − 𝐵𝑆 sin 𝜃 𝑗̂
= 𝑖̂ ⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝐵𝑁 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ − 𝐵𝑺 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂
4 𝜋 (𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2 )2 𝐵
𝜇 2 𝑟 𝑝𝑚 ⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 2 𝐵𝑁 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂
𝐵 [∵ 𝐵𝑁 = 𝐵𝑺 ]
⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 𝑜
𝐵 𝑖̂ − − − − (3)
4 𝜋 (𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2 )2 𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝑚
= − 2 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂
 where 𝑞𝑚 2 𝑙 = 𝑝𝑚 → magnetic dipole moment 4 𝜋 𝑟 !𝟐
 If 𝑟 ≫ 𝑙, then (𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2 )2 ≈ 𝑟 4 . So 𝜇 2 𝑞𝑚
⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝑜
𝐵 cos 𝜃 𝑖̂ − − − (3)
𝜇 2 𝑟 𝑝𝑚 4 𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑙 2 )
2
𝐵⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 𝑜 𝑖̂
4𝜋 𝑟4  But in ∆ 𝑁𝑂𝐶,
𝜇 2 𝑝𝑚 𝑂𝑁 𝑙 𝑙
𝐵⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 𝑜 𝑖̂ [𝑝𝑚 𝑖̂ = ⃗⃗⃗𝑝𝑚 ]
4 𝜋 𝑟3 cos 𝜃 = = != 1
𝐶𝑁 𝑟 (𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 )2
𝝁 𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒑𝒎
⃗⃗ 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 = 𝒐
𝑩 − − − − (𝟒)  Then equation (3) becomes,
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟑
3. Obtain the magnetic induction at a point on the equatorial line of a bar 𝜇 𝑞𝑚 𝑙
𝐵⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 2 𝑜 1 𝑖̂
magnet. 4𝜋 (𝑟 2 2 )
+ 𝑙 (𝑟 2
+ 𝑙 2 )2
Magnetic field at equatorial line ( 𝑩 ⃗⃗ 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂 ): 𝜇 𝑞𝑚 2 𝑙
𝐵⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝑜 3 𝑖̂
4 𝜋 (𝑟 2
+ 𝑙 2 )2
𝜇 𝑝𝑚
𝐵⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝑜 3 𝑖̂
4 𝜋 (𝑟 2
+ 𝑙 2 )2
 where 𝑞𝑚 2 𝑙 = 𝑝𝑚 → magnetic dipole moment
3
 If 𝑟 ≫ 𝑙, then (𝑟 2 + 𝑙 2 )2 ≈ 𝑟 3 . So
𝜇 𝑝
𝐵⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝑜 𝑚 𝑖̂ [𝑝𝑚 𝑖̂ = 𝑝𝑚 ]
4 𝜋 𝑟3
𝝁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒑
⃗⃗ 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 = − 𝒐 𝒎
𝑩 − − − −(𝟒)
𝟒 𝝅 𝒓𝟑
4. What is tangent law? Discuss in detail. Explain the principle, construction and
 Consider a bar magnet ‘NS’ of moment 𝑝𝑚 = 𝑞𝑚 2𝑙 working of tangent galvanometer.
 Let C be the point on its equatorial line at a distance ‘r’ from centre ‘O’ Tangent Galvanometer :
 Let unit north pole (𝑞𝑚𝐶 = 1 𝐴 𝑚) is placed at ‘C’  It is a device used to measure very small currents.
 The repulsive force experienced by unit north pole (i.e.) magnetic field at ‘C’  It is a moving magnet type galvanometer.
due to north pole  Its working is based on tangent law.
𝐹𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝑚 Tangent law :
𝐵𝑁 = = (𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝐶) − − − − (1)
𝑞𝑚𝐶 4 𝜋 𝑟 !𝟐  When a magnetic needle or magnet is freely suspended in two mutually
 The attractive force experienced by unit north pole (i.e.) magnetic field at ‘C’ perpendicular uniform magnetic fields, it will come to rest in the direction of
due to south pole the resultant of the two fields.
𝐹𝑆 𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝑚  Let B be the magnetic field produced by passing current through the coil of
𝐵𝑆 = = (𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑆) − − − − (2) tangent galvanometer and B H be the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic
𝑞𝑚𝐶 4 𝜋 𝑟 !𝟐
 Here, 𝑩𝑵 = 𝑩𝑺 field.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

 Under the action of two magnetic fields, the needle comes to rest at an angle  5. Define Hysterisis. Explain it with help of diagram.
with 𝐵𝐻 , such that Hysterisis :
𝑩 = 𝑩𝑯 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽  Hysterisis means ‘lagging behind’
Construction :  The phenomenon of lagging of magnetic induction (𝐵⃗ ), behind the magnetizing
 It consists of copper coil wound on a non-magnetic circular frame. ⃗ ) is called hysteresis.
field (𝐻
 It is fixed vertically on a horizontal turn table providing with three levelling Hysterisis loop :
screws.
 At centre, a compass box is placed which consists of a small magnetic needle
which is pivoted at its centre.
 A thin aluminium pointer is attached to the magnetic needle normally and
moves over circular scale.
 The circular scale is divided in to four quadrants and graduated in degrees.
 In order to avoid parallax error in measurement, a mirror is placed below the
aluminium pointer.
 Here the centre of magnetic needle will exactly coincide with the centre of the
circular coil.
 The coil has three sections of 2, 5 and 50 turns which are different thickness
and are used to measuring currents of different strengths.
Theory :
 Let a ferro magnetic material (iron) is magnetized slowly by a magnetizing field
 When no current is passed through the coil, the small magnetic needle lies
𝐻⃗
along horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field
 When current pass through the coil, it produces  The magnetic induction 𝐵 ⃗ is increases from point A and attains saturated level
magnetic field in direction perpendicular to the plane of at C. This is shown by the path AC
the coil.  The maximum point up to which the material cn be magnetized by applying the
 Now there are two fields, which are acting mutually magnetizing field is called Saturation magnetization.
perpendicular to each other. They are  If magnetizing field is now reduced, the magnetic induction also decreases but
(i) The magnetic field ‘B’ due to current in the coil in different path CA.
(ii) Horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field ‘BH’  When magnetizing field is zero, the magnetic induction is not zero and it has
 Thus the magnetic needle deflects through an angle ‘’. By tangent law, positive value. (i.e.) some magnetism is left in the material even when H=0.
B = Bh tan θ − − − − − − − − (1)  The ability of the material to retain the magnetism in them even magnetizing
 When current ‘I’ passing through a circular coil of radius ‘R’ having ‘N’ turns, field vanishes is called remanence or retentivity.
the magnitude of magnetic field at the centre is,  To remove the remance, the magnetizing field is gradually increased in the
μo N I reverse direction, so that the magnetic induction decreases along DE and
B = − − − − − − − − (2) becomes zero at ‘E’
2R
 Put equation (2) in (1)  The magnitude of the reverse magnetizing field for which the residual magnetism
μo N I of the material vanishes is called its coercivity.
= BH tan θ ⃗ in the reverse direction, the mangetic indiuction
2R  Further increase of 𝐻
μo N 𝐼 increases along EF until it reaches saturation at F in the reverese direction.
𝐁𝐇 = ( ) − − − − − −(3)
2 R tan 𝜃  If magnetizing field is decreased and then increased with direction reversed,
 Also the current is , the magnetic induction traces the path FGKC.
𝟐 𝐑 𝐁𝑯  This closed curve ACDEFGKC is called hysteresis loop and it represents a cycle
𝐈 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 = 𝐊 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 − −(4)
𝛍𝐨 𝐍 of magnetization.
 where,  In the entire cycle, the magnetic induction ‘B’ lags behind the magnetizing field
𝟐 𝐑 𝐁𝑯 ‘H’.
K= 𝛍𝐨 𝐍
−→ Reduction factor of TG
 This phenomenon is called hysteresis
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Hysterisis Loss :  For infinitely long conductor, φ1 = φ2 = 90°

 Due to hysterisis there is a loss of energy in the form of heat and It is found that μ I
⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 0 [ 2 ] 𝑛̂
the energy lost per unit volume of the material when it is carried through one 4π a
cycle of magnetization is equal to the area of the hysteresis loop. 𝛍𝟎 𝐈
⃗⃗⃗𝑩 = 𝒏
̂
 Thus the loss of energy for a complete cycle is, 𝟐𝛑 𝐚
7. Obtain a relation for the magnetic induction at a point along the axis of a
⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑬 = ∮ ⃗𝑯 𝒅𝑩 circular coil carrying current.
6. Deduce the relation for magnetic induction at a point due to an infinitely long Magnetic field due to current carrying circular coil :
straight conductor carrying current.  Consider a circular coil of radius ‘R’
Magnetic field due to long straight current carrying conductor : carrying a current ‘I’ in anticlock wise
 Consider a long straight wire YYI direction.
carrying a current I  Let ‘P’ be the point on the axis at a distance
 Let P be a point at a distance ‘a’ from ‘O’ ‘z’ from centre ‘O’
 Consider an element of length ‘𝑑𝑙’ of the  Consider two diametrically opposite line
wire at a distance ‘𝑙’ from point ‘O’ elements of the coil of each of length ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙 at
 Let ⃗⃗𝑟 be the vector joining the element C and D.
‘𝑑𝑙’ with the point ‘P’ and ‘𝜃’ be the angle  Let ⃗⃗𝑟 be the vector joining the current
between ⃗⃗𝑟 and ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙 element (𝐼 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗ ) at C to the point ‘P’
 Then the magnetic field at ‘P’ due to the  From Pythogorous theorem,
element is, 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑟 = √𝑅2 + 𝑧 2
𝝁𝒐 𝑰 𝒅𝒍 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 and ∠ 𝐶𝑂𝑃 = ∠𝐷𝑂𝑃 = ϕ
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑩 = 𝒏̂ − −(1)
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐  According to Biot - Savart law, the
 where, 𝒏 ̂ → points into the page magnetic field at ‘P’ due to the current
AC AC
 In ABC, sin θ = = elements 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 are,
AB dl
AC = dl sin θ − − − − − (2) 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 𝑋 ⃗⃗𝑟
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 =
 In AC, AC = r dφ − − − − − (3) 4𝜋 𝑟2
 From equation (2) and (3)  Their magnitudes are same and it is given by,
dl sin θ = r dφ − − − − − − − (4) 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 = [ ∵ 𝜃 = 90°]
 Put this in eqation (1) 4 𝜋 𝑟2
μ I r dφ μ0 I dφ  Here, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝐵 can be resolved in to two componenets.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
𝑑𝐵 𝑛̂ = 𝑛̂ − − − (5)
4π r 2 4π r (i) 𝑑𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ cos ϕ − horizontal component (Y - axis)
 In OAP (ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵 sin ϕ − vertical component (Z - axis)
a a
cos φ = (or) r = − − − (6)  Here horizontal components of each element cancel each other.
r cos φ  But vertical components alone contribute to total magnetic field at the point ‘P’
 Put this in equation (5)
μ0 I dφ μ0 I B ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ 𝑑𝐵 sin ϕ 𝑘̂
⃗ = ∫ 𝑑𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑩 = 𝑛̂ = cos φ 𝑛̂
a
4 π ( ⁄cos φ) 4π a 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝑑𝑙
⃗ =
B ∫ 2 sin ϕ 𝑘̂ − − − − − (1)
 The total magnetic field at ‘P’ due to conductor YYI 4𝜋 𝑟
φ2 φ2
μ0 I  Also from ∆𝐶𝑂𝑃,
⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝐵 = ∫ cos φ 𝑛̂ 𝑅 𝑅
−φ1 −φ1 4 π a sin ϕ = = 1
μ I 𝑟 (𝑅2 + 𝑧 2 )2
⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 0 ⌊sin φ⌋φ −φ1 𝑛
2
̂
4π a  But from equation (1)
μ0 I
⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = ⌊sin φ1 + sin φ2 ⌋ 𝑛̂ − − − − (7)
4π a
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝑅  By definition, angular momentum of the electron about ‘O’ is ⃗⃗𝐿 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑅 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗𝑝
⃗ =
B ∫ 2 ̂
(𝑅 + 𝑧 ) 2 2 1 𝑘
4𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑧 2 )2  In magnitude, angular momentum is given by,
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝑅 𝐿 =𝑅𝑝=𝑚𝑣𝑅 − − − − (3)
⃗B = ̂
3 ∫ 𝑑𝑙 𝑘  Dividing equation (2) by (3),
4 𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑧 )
2 2 2 𝜇𝐿 𝑒𝑣𝑅 𝑒
 where, ∫ 𝑑𝑙 = 2 𝜋 𝑅 → total length of the coil. = − =−
𝐿 2𝑚𝑣𝑅 2𝑚
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝑅  In vector notation,
⃗ =
B 3
[2 𝜋 𝑅] 𝑘̂ 𝒆
4 𝜋 (𝑅2 + 𝑧 2 )2 ⃗⃗⃗𝝁𝑳 = − ⃗𝑳 − − − − (4)
𝟐𝒎
𝝁 𝒐 𝑰 𝑹𝟐  Here negative sign indicates that the magnetic dipole moment and angular
⃗ =
𝐁 ̂
𝒌
𝟑 momentum are in opposite direction. In magnitude,
𝟐 (𝑹 + 𝒛 )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝜇𝐿 𝑒
 If the circular coil contains ‘N’ turns, then = = 8.78 𝑋 1010 𝐶 𝑘𝑔−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐿 2𝑚
𝝁 𝒐 𝑵 𝑰 𝑹𝟐
⃗ =
𝐁 ̂  This constant is called gyro-magnetic ratio.
𝟑 𝒌
𝟐 (𝑹 + 𝒛 )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐  According to Bohr quantization rule, angular momentum of an electron is,
 The magnetic field at the centre of the coil is, ℎ
𝐿=𝑛ℏ=𝑛
𝛍 𝐍𝐈 2𝜋
⃗ = 𝟎
𝐁 ̂
𝒌 (𝒛 = 𝟎)  where, ℎ → Plank’s constant (ℎ = 6.63 𝑋 10−34 𝐽 𝑠)
𝟐𝐑
8. Compute the magnetic dipole moment of revolving electron. And hence define 𝑛 → Positive integer (𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, … . ..)
bohr magneton. 𝑒 𝑒 ℎ
Magnetic dipole moment of revolving electron : ∴ 𝜇𝐿 = 𝐿= 𝑛
2𝑚 2 𝑚 2𝜋
 Let an electron moves in 𝒆𝒉
𝝁𝑳 = 𝒏 − − − − (𝟓)
circular motion around the 𝟒𝝅𝒎
nucleus. The circulating  The minimum magnetic moment can be obtained by substituting 𝑛 = 1
electron in a loop is like 𝒆𝒉
(𝝁𝑳 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝝁𝑩 = = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟒 𝑨 𝒎𝟐
current in a circular loop. 𝟒𝝅𝒎
 The magnetic dipole  The minimum value of magnetic moment of revolving electron is called Bohr
moment due to current magneton (𝝁𝑩 )
carrying circular loop is, 9. Using Ampere’s law, obtain an expression for magnetic field due to the
⃗⃗⃗𝝁𝑳 = 𝑰 ⃗𝑨
⃗ current carrying wire of infinite length.
 In magnitude, 𝝁𝑳 = 𝑰 𝑨 − − − − − − (𝟏) Magnetic field due to current carrying straight wire using Ampere’s law :
 If T is thetime period of an electron, the current due to revolving electron is,  Consider a straight conductor of infinite length carrying current ‘I’
𝑒  Imagine an Amperian circular loop at a
𝐼= − distance ‘r’ from the centre of the
𝑇
where ‘- e’  charge of an electron. conductor.
 If ‘R’ be the radius and ‘𝑣’ be the velocity of electron in the circular orbit, then  From Ampere’s circuital law,
2𝜋 2𝜋𝑅 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
𝑇= =
𝜔 𝑣
 Then equation (1) becomes,  Here ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 is the line element along the
𝑒 𝑒 tangent to the Amperian loop. So the
𝝁𝑳 = − 𝐴 = − 𝜋 𝑅2
𝑇 2𝜋𝑅 angle between 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ is zero (𝜃 = 0°).
⃗ and 𝑑𝑙
[ ]
𝑣
where, 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑅2 → area of the circular orbit Thus,
𝒆𝒗𝑹 ∮ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
∴ 𝝁𝑳 = − − − − − (2)
𝟐

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

 Due to symmetry, the magnitude of the magnetic field is uniform over the  Here ab = h . If we take large loop such that it is equal to length of the solenoid,
Amperian loop and hence, we have
𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮B dl = B 𝑳 − − − − − − − (2)
 For circular loop, ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 2 𝜋 𝑟  Let ‘I’ be the current passing through the solenoid of ‘N’ turns, then
𝐵 (2 𝜋 𝑟) = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 I0 = N I − − − − − − − − (3)
𝝁𝒐 𝑰  Put equation (2) and (3) in (1)
𝑩= B 𝐿 = μ0 N I
𝟐𝝅𝒓
 In vector notation, N
𝝁 𝑰 B = μ0 I − − − − (4)
⃗⃗ = 𝒐 𝒏
𝑩 ̂ 𝐿
𝐍
𝟐𝝅𝒓  Let ‘n’ be the number of turns per unit length, then = 𝒏 . Hence,
𝑳
10. Obtain an expression for magnetic field due to long current carrying 𝛍𝟎 𝐍 𝐈
solenoid. 𝐁 = = 𝛍𝟎 𝐧 𝐈 − − − − (5)
Mangnetic field due to current carrying solenoid : 𝑳
 Since ‘n’ and μ0 are constants, for fixed current ‘I’ the magnetic field ‘B’ inside
the solenoid is also constant.
11. Obtain the magnetic fields at various points on the toroid.
Toroid :
 A solenoid is bent in such a way its ends are joined together
to form a closed ring shape is called toroid.

Open space interior to the toroid (P) :

 To calculate the magnetic field 𝐵𝑃 at ‘P’, consider an Amperian loop (1) of
radius 𝒓𝟏
 Consider a solenoid of length ‘L’ having ‘N’ turns.  Then Amperian circuital law for loop 1 is
 To calculate the magnetic field at any point inside the solenoid, consider an ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑜
⃗ 𝑃 . 𝑑𝑙
∮𝐵
Amperian loop ‘abcd’
 From Ampere circuital law,  Since the loop 1 encloses no current, 𝐼𝑜 = 0,
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑜 then
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙
∮𝐵 − − − − − (1)
⃗ 𝑃 . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 0
 The LHS of equation (1) can be written as
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑎
∴ ⃗𝑩
⃗𝑷=𝟎
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐵 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐵 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐵 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 Open space exterior to the toroid (Q):
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑  To calculate magnetic field 𝑩𝑸 at ‘Q’
 Here, construct Amperian loop (3) of radius 𝒓𝟑
𝑏 𝑏
b  Then Amperian circuital law for loop 3 is
∫ ⃗B. ⃗⃗⃗
d𝒍 = ∫ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 0° = B ∫ 𝑑𝑙 = B 𝒉 ⃗ 𝑄 . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑜
a
𝑎 𝑎
c
∫b B⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
d𝒍 =
𝑐
∫𝑏 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 90° = 0  Since in each turn of the toroid loop, current coming out of the plane of paper is
d cancelled by the current going into plane of the paper. Thus 𝐼𝑜 = 0
∫ ⃗B. ⃗⃗⃗
d𝒍 = 0 [∵ B = 0] ⃗⃗⃗ = 0
⃗ 𝑄 . 𝑑𝑙
∮𝐵
c
𝑐
a
∴ ⃗⃗ 𝑸 = 𝟎
𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 90° = 0
⃗ . d𝒍
∫B
d
𝑏

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Inside the toroid (S) :  From equantion (2), (3) and (4), we infer that time period (T), frequency (f)
 To calculate magnetic field 𝑩𝑺 at ‘S’ construct Amperian loop (2) of radius 𝒓𝟐 and angular frequency (𝝎) depends only on specific charge, but not velocity or
 The length of the loop 2 ; 𝐿2 = 2 𝜋 𝑟2 the radius of the circular path.
and the loop encloses the current ; 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑁 𝐼 Special cases :
 Then Amperian circuital law for loop 2 is  If a charged particle moves in uniform magnetic field, such that its velocity is
⃗ 𝑆 . ⃗⃗⃗ not perpendicular to the magnetic field, then its velocity is resolved into two
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑜
components.
 One component is parallel to the fjeld and the other component is
𝐵𝑆 ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 𝐼
perpendicular to the field.
𝐵𝑆 (2𝜋𝑟2 ) = 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 𝐼  Here parallel component remains
𝝁𝒐 𝑵 𝑰 unchanged and the perpendicular
𝑩𝑺 =
𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 component keeps on changing due to
𝐍
 Let ‘n’ be the number of turns per unit length, then = 𝒏. Hence Lorentz force.
𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐
 Hence the path of the paricle is not circle, it is helix around the field.
𝑩𝑺 = 𝛍𝟎 𝐧 𝐈
13. Describe the principle, construction and working of Cylotron.
12. Obtain the expression for force on a moving charge in a magnetic field. Cylotron :
Force on moving charge in a magnetic field :
 It is a device used to accelerate the charged particles to gain large kinetic
 Consider a charged particle of charge ‘q’ having mass ‘m’ enters perpendicular energy. It is also called as high energy accelerator.
to uniform magnetic field ‘B’ with velocity 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗
 It is invented by Lawrence and Livingston.
 So this charged particle experience Lorentz force which acts perpendicular to Principle :
both 𝐵 ⃗ and 𝑣⃗⃗⃗ and it is ; ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = 𝑞 (𝑣 ⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 𝐵  When a charged particle moves normal to the magnetic field, it experience
 Since Lorentz force alone acts on the particle, the magnetic Lorentz force.
magnitude of this force is ; 𝐹 = 𝐵 𝑞 𝑣 ] Construction :
 Hence charged particle moves in a circular orbit and
the necessary centripetal force is provided by
Lorentz force. (i.e.)
𝑚 𝑣2
𝐵𝑞𝑣=
𝑟
 The radius of the circular path is,
𝑚𝑣 𝑝
𝑟= = − − − − (1)
𝐵𝑞 𝐵𝑞
where, 𝑚 𝑣 = 𝑝 → linear momentum
 Let ‘T’ be the time period, then
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑚𝑣
𝑇= =
𝑣 𝑣𝐵𝑞
𝟐𝝅𝒎
𝑻= − − − − (2)
𝑩𝒒
It is called cyclotron time period.
 Let ‘f’ be the frequency, then
𝟏 𝑩𝒒  It consists two semi circular metal containers called Dees.
𝒇= = − − − − (𝟑)
𝑻 𝟐𝝅𝒎  The Dees are enclosed in an evacuated chamber and it is kept in a region of
 In terms of angular frequency, uniform magnetic field acts normal to the plane of the Dees.
𝑩𝒒  The two Dees are kept separated with a gap and the source ‘S’ of charged
𝝎=𝟐𝝅𝒇= − − − − (4)
𝒎 particles to be accelerated is placed at the centre in the gap between the Dees.
It is called cyclotron frequency or gyro-frequency.  Dees are connected to high frequency alternating potential difference.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Working :  When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the force
 Let the positive ions are ejected from source ‘S’ experienced by the wire is equal to the sum of Lorentz forces on the individual
 It is accelerated towards a Dee-1 which has negative potential at that instant. chage carriers in the wire.
 Since the magnetic field is normal to the plane of the Dees, the ion undergoes  Let a current ‘I’ flows through a conductor of lengh ‘L’ and area of cross-section
circular path. ‘A’
 After one semi-circular path in Dee-1, the ion reaches the gap between Dees.  Consider a small segment of wire of length ‘𝑑𝑙’
 At this time the polarities of the Dees are reversed, so that the ion is now  The free electorns drift opposite to the direction of current with drift velocity
accelerated towards Dee-2 with a greater velocity. 𝑣𝑑
 For this circular motion, the centripetal force of the charged particle is  The relation between current and drift velocity is,
provided by Lorentz force, then 𝐼 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑒 𝑣𝑑 − − − − − (1)
𝑚 𝑣2  If the wire is kept in a magnetic field, then average force experienced by the
=𝐵𝑞𝑣 electron in the wire is
𝑟
𝑚𝑣 𝐹 = − 𝑒 (𝑣𝑑 𝑋 𝐵 ⃗)
𝑟=
𝐵𝑞  Let ‘n’ be the number of free electrons per unit volume, then the total number of
∴ 𝒓 ∝𝒗 electrons in the small element of volume (𝑉 = 𝐴 𝑑𝑙) is 𝑁 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑑𝑙
 Thus the increase in velocity increases the radius of the circular path. Hence the  Hence Lorentz force on the small element,
particle undergoes spiral path of increasing radius. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ) − − − (1)
𝑑𝐹 = −𝑒 𝑛 𝐴 𝑑𝑙 (𝑣𝑑 𝑋 𝐵
 Once it reaches near the edge, it is taken out with help of deflector plate and
 Here length 𝑑𝑙 is along the length of the wire and hence the current element is
allowed to hit the target T
⃗⃗⃗ = − 𝑛 𝐴 𝑒 𝑑𝑙 𝑣
I 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑
 The important condition in cyclotron is the resonance condition. (i.e.) the
frequency ‘𝑓’ of the charged particle must be equal to the frequency of the  Put this in equation (1),
electrical oscillator ‘𝑓𝑜𝑠𝑐 ’ . Hence ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙 𝑋 𝐵 ⃗ − − − (2)
𝑩𝒒  Therefore, the force in a straight current carrying conductor of length ‘𝒍’ placed
𝒇𝒐𝒔𝒄 = in a uniform magnetic field
𝟐𝝅𝒎
 The time period of oscillation is , ⃗𝑭 = 𝐈 𝒍 𝑿 𝑩 ⃗⃗ − − − (3)
𝟐𝝅𝒎  In magnitude,
𝑻=
𝑩𝒒 𝑭 = 𝑩 𝐈 𝒍 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − − − (4)
 The kinetic energy of the charged particle is, Special cases :
𝟏 𝑩𝟐 𝒒𝟐 𝒓𝟐 (i) If the current carrying conductor placed along the direction of magnetic field,
𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎 𝒗𝟐 = then  = 0°
𝟐 𝟐𝒎
Limitations of cyclotron : ∴ 𝑭=𝟎
(i) the speed of the ion is limited (ii) If the current carrying conductor is placed perpendicular to the magnetic field,
(ii) electron cannot be accelerated then  = 90°
(iii) uncharged paricles cannot be accelerated. ∴ 𝑭 = 𝑩 𝐈 𝒍 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎
14. Obtain an expression for the force on a current carrying conductor placed in a 15. Obtain a force between two long parallel current carrying conductors. Hence
magnetic field. define ampere.
Force on current carrying conductor in magnetic field : Force between two parallel conductors carrying current :

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

 Consider two straight parallel current carrying conductors ‘A’ and ‘B’ separated 16. Deduce an expression for torque on a current loop placed in uniform
by a distance ‘r’ kept in air. ⃗⃗ .
magneitic field 𝑩
 Let I1 and I2 be the currents passing through the A and B in same direction Torque on a current loop :
(z-direction)  Consider a rectangular current loop PQRS kept in uniform magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗𝐵
 The net magnetic field due to I1 at a distance ‘r’ with its plane parallel to the field
𝜇 𝐼 𝜇 𝐼
𝐵⃗ 1 = 𝑜 1 (− 𝑖̂) = − 𝑜 1 𝑖̂  Let 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑎 → Length of the loop
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑏 → Breadth of the loop
 Here 𝐵 ⃗ 1 acts perpendicular to plane of paper and inwards.  Let 𝒏
̂ be the unit vector normal to the plane of the current loop.
 Then Lorentz force acts on the length element 𝑑𝑙 in conductor ‘B’ carrying
current I2 due to this magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗1
𝜇 𝐼
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐼2 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 𝐵⃗ 1 = − 𝐼2 𝑑𝑙 𝑘̂ 𝑋 𝑜 1 𝑖̂
2𝜋𝑟
𝜇𝑜 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐹 = − ̂
(𝑘 𝑋 𝑖̂)
2𝜋𝑟
𝜇𝑜 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐹 = − 𝑗̂
2𝜋𝑟
 By Flemming’s left hand rule, this force acts left wards. The force per unit
length of the conductor B
⃗⃗⃗𝑭 𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐  Let the loop is divided in to four sections PQ, QR, RS and SP. The Lorentz force
= − 𝒋̂ − − − − − (𝟏) on each loop can be calculated as follows.
𝒍 𝟐𝝅𝒓  Magnitude of Force on section 𝑃𝑄
 Simillarly, net magnetic field due to 𝐼2 at a distance ‘r’ is
𝜇 𝐼 F𝑃𝑄 = B I (PQ) sin 90° = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚
⃗ 2 = 𝑜 2 𝑖̂
𝐵 From right hand cork screw rule, its direction is vertically upwards.
2𝜋𝑟
 Here 𝐵 ⃗ 2 acts perpendicular to plane of paper and outwards.  Magnitude of Force on section 𝑄𝑅
 Then Lorentz force acts on the length element 𝑑𝑙 in conductor ‘A’ carrying F𝑄𝑅 = B I (QR) sin( 90 − ) = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
⃗2 Its direction is along the loop downwards
current I1 due to this magnetic field 𝐵
𝜇 𝐼  Magnitude of Force on section 𝑅𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼1 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙 𝑋 𝐵 ⃗ 2 = 𝐼1 𝑑𝑙 𝑘̂ 𝑋 𝑜 2 𝑖̂ F𝑅𝑆 = B I (RS) sin 90° = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚
2𝜋𝑟
𝜇 𝐼 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 From right hand cork screw rule, its direction is vertically downwards.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑜 1 2
𝑑𝐹 (𝑘̂ 𝑋 𝑖̂)  Magnitude of Force on section 𝑆𝑃
2𝜋𝑟
𝜇 𝐼 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 F𝑆𝑃 = B I (SP) sin( 90 − ) = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑜 1 2
𝑑𝐹 𝑗̂ Its direction is along the loop upwards
2𝜋𝑟
 By Flemming’s left hand rule, this force acts right wards. The force per unit  Since the forces FQR and FSP are equal, opposite and collinear, they cancel each
length of the conductor A other.
⃗⃗⃗𝑭 𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐  But the forces FPQ and FRS, which are equal in magnitude and opposite in
= 𝒋̂ − − − − − (𝟐) direction, are not acting along same straight line. Therefore, FPQ and FRS
𝒍 𝟐𝝅𝒓 constitute a couple which exerts a torque on the loop.
 Thus the force experienced by two parallel current carrying conductors is
attractive if they carry current in same direction.
 On the other hand, the force experienced by two parallel current carrying
conductors is repulsive if they carry current in opposite direction.
Definition of ampere :
 One ampere is defined as that current when it is passed through each of two
infinitely long parallel conductors kept a a distance of one metre apart in
vacuum causes each conductor experience a force of 2 𝑋 10−7 newton per
meter length of conductor.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

 The magnitude of torque acting on the arm PQ about AB is Working :

𝑏 𝑏
τ𝑃𝑄 = FPQ [ sin 𝜃] = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚 [ sin 𝜃]
2 2
It points in the direction of AB
 The magnitude of torque acting on the arm RS about AB is
𝑏 𝑏
τ𝑅𝑆 = FRS [ sin 𝜃] = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚 [ sin 𝜃]
2 2
It points in the direction of AB
 The total torque acting on the entire loop about an axis AB is given by
𝑏 𝑏
𝛕 = τ𝑃𝑄 + τ𝑅𝑆 = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚 [ sin 𝜃] + 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚 [ sin 𝜃]  Consider a single turn of rectangular coil PQRS of length 𝑙 and breadth 𝑏, such
2 2 that
𝛕 = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐚 𝐛 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐁 𝐈 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑙 ; 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑏
where, 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴 → area of the rectangular loop
 Let ‘I’ be the electric current flowing through the rectangular coil
 𝛕 is along the direction of AB
 The horse-shoe type magnet has hemi-spherical magnetic poles which produces
 In vector form, ⃗⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝑰⃗⃗⃗𝑨 𝑿 𝑩
⃗⃗
a radial magnetic field.
 In terms of magnetic dipole moment, ⃗⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝒑 ⃗ 𝒎𝑿𝑩⃗⃗  Due to this radial field, the sides QR and SP are always parallel to the magnetic
where, 𝒑 ⃗ 𝒎 = 𝑰𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ field ‘B’ and experience no force.
 The tendency of the torque is to rotate the loop so as to align its normal vector  But the sides PQ and RS are always perpendicular to the magnetic field ‘B’ and
with the direction of the magnetic field. experience force and due to ths torque is produced.
 If there are N turns in the rectangular loop, then the torque is given by  For single turn, the deflecting couple is,
𝛕 = 𝐍 𝐁 𝐈 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧  𝜏𝑑𝑒𝑓 = 𝐹 𝑏 = 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 𝑏 = 𝐵 𝐼 𝐴
Special cases:  For coil with N turns, we get
a) When θ = 90°or the plane of the loop is parallel to the magnetic field, the torque 𝝉𝒅𝒆𝒇 = 𝑵 𝑩 𝑰 𝑨 − − − − (1)
on the current loop is maximum. 𝛕 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝐍 𝐁 𝐈 𝐀  Due to this deflecting torque, the coil get twisted and restoring torque is
b) When θ = 0°/180° or the plane of the loop is perpendicular to the magnetic developed.
field, the torque on the current loop is zero.  The magnitude of restoring torque is proportional to amount of twist and it is
17. Describe the principle, construction and working of moving coil given by
galvanometer. 𝝉𝒓𝒆𝒔 = 𝑲 𝜽 − − − − (2)
Moving coil galvanometer : where 𝐾 → restoring couple per unit twist (or)
 It is a device which is used to indicate the flow of current. torsional constant
Principle :  At equilibrium, 𝝉𝒅𝒆𝒇 = 𝝉𝒓𝒆𝒔
 When a current carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field it 𝑁𝐵𝐼𝐴= 𝐾𝜃
experiences a torque. 𝑲
𝑰= 𝜽 = 𝑮 𝜽 − − − (𝟑)
Construction : 𝑵𝑩𝑨
𝑲
 It consists of a rectangular coil PQRS of insulated thin copper wire. where, 𝐺 = → galvanometer constant (or)
𝑵𝑩𝑨
 A cylindrical soft-iron core is placed symmentrically inside the coil. current reduction factor
 This rectangular coil is suspended freely between two pole pieces of a horse-
shoe magnet by means of phosphor - bronze wire.
 Lower end of the coil is connected to a hair spring which is also made up of
phosphor bronze.
 A small plane mirror is attached on the suspension wire to measure the
deflection of the coil with help of lamp and scale arrangement.
 In order to pass electric current through the galvanometer, the suspension strip
W and the spring S are connectee to terminals.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

3. Compute the magnetic length of a uniform bar

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTION
magnet if the geometrical length of the magnet is
1. The horizontal component and vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field at 12 cm. Mark the positions of magnetic pole points.
a place are 0.15 G and 0.26 G respectively. Calculate the angle of dip and Solution :
resultant magnetic field. (G-gauss, cgs unit for magnetic field 1G = 10–4 T)  We know that, Magnetic length : Geometrical length = 5 : 6
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 5
Solution : 𝐵𝐻 = 0.15 𝐺 ; 𝐵𝑉 = 0.26 𝐺 ; 𝐼 = ? ; 𝐵 = ? (i.e.) =
𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 6
 Angle of dip ‘I’ is given by, 5 5
𝐵𝑉 0.26 26 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑋 𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑋 12
tan 𝐼 = = = = 1. 733 6 6
𝐵𝐻 0.15 15 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 10 𝑐𝑚
𝑰 = tan−1 (1.733) = 𝟔𝟎°  In this figure, the dot implies the pole points.
 Resultant magnetic field,
𝐵 = √𝐵𝐻2 + 𝐵𝑉2 = √0.152 + 0.262
𝐵 = √0.0225 + 0.0676 = √0.0901
𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝑮
2. Let the magnetic moment of a bar magnet be 𝒑 ⃗ 𝒎 whose magnetic length is d =
2l and pole strength is 𝒒𝒎 . Compute the magnetic moment of the bar magnet 4. Calculate the magnetic flux coming out from
when it is cut into two pieces (a) along its length (b) perpendicular to its closed surface containing magnetic dipole
length. (say, a bar magnet) as shown in figure.
Solution : Solution :
(a) Bar magnet cut into two pieces along its length :  The total flux emanating from the closed
surface S enclosing the dipole is zero. So,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟎
⃗ . 𝒅𝑨
𝚽𝑩 = ∮ 𝑩

Here the integral is taken over closed surface. Since no isolated magnetic pole
 When the bar magnet is cut along the axis into two pieces, the magnetic (called magnetic monopole) exists, this integral is always zero. This is similar to
length does change , but magnetic pole strength becomes halved . So the new Gauss’s law in electrostatics.
 𝑞𝑚 5. The repulsive force between two magnetic poles in air is 9 × 10 –3 N. If the two
magnetic pole strength is ; 𝑞𝑚 =
2 poles are equal in strength and are separated by a distance of 10 cm, calculate
1 1
 Hence the magnetic moment ; 𝑝𝑚 = 𝑞𝑚 𝑑 = 𝑞𝑚 2 𝑙 = 𝑝𝑚 the pole strength of each pole.
2 2
 𝟏 Solution : 𝐹 = 9 𝑋 10−3 𝑁 ; 𝑟 = 10 𝑐𝑚 = 10 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝑞𝑚𝐴 = 𝑞𝑚𝐵 = 𝑞𝑚 = ?
 In vector notation ; 𝒑 ⃗𝒎= 𝟐𝒑 ⃗𝒎  The magnitude of the force between two poles is given by
(b) Bar magnet cut into two pieces perpendicular to the axis : 𝜇𝑜 𝑞𝑚𝐴 𝑞𝑚𝐵
𝐹=
4𝜋 𝑟2
−7
4 𝜋 𝑋 10 𝑞𝑚2
9 𝑋 10−3 =
4𝜋 (10 𝑋 10−2 )2
2
𝑞𝑚
 When the bar magnet is cut perpendicular to the axis into two pieces, the 9 𝑋 10−3 = 10−7 𝑋
10−2
magnetic pole strength does change , but magnetic length becomes halved. 9 𝑋 10−3
 𝑑 𝑞𝑚2 = = 900
So the new magneticlength is ;: 𝑑 = = 𝑙 10−5
2 −𝟏
1 1 1 ∴ 𝒒𝒎 = 𝟑𝟎 𝑵 𝑻

 ∴ Magnetic moment ; 𝑝𝑚 = 𝑞𝑚 𝑑 = 𝑞𝑚 𝑑 = 𝑞𝑚 (2 𝑙) = 𝑝𝑚
2 2 2
 𝟏
 ⃗𝒎=
In vector notation ; 𝒑 ⃗𝒎
𝒑
𝟐
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

6. A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 0.5 J T –1. Calculate magnitude 8. Compute the intensity of magnetisation of the bar magnet whose mass,
and direction of the magnetic field produced by the bar magnet which is kept magnetic moment and density are 200 g, 2 A m2 and 8 g cm–3, respectively.
at a distance of 0.1 m from the centre of the bar magnet along (a) axial line of Solution : 𝑚 = 200g = 200 𝑋10−3 𝑘g ; 𝑝𝑚 = 2 𝐴𝑚2 ; 𝜌 = 8 𝑔𝑐𝑚−3 = 8 𝑋103 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3
the bar magnet and (b) normal bisector of the bar magnet.  Density of the bar magnet ;
Solution : 𝑝𝑚 = 0.5 𝐽 𝑇−1 ; 𝑟 = 0.1 𝑚 ; 𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = ? ; 𝐵𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ? 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚
𝜌= =
(a) Magnetic field at a point on the axial line of the bar magnet, 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
𝜇𝑜 2 𝑝𝑚  Hence the volume ;
𝐵 ⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 𝑖̂
4 𝜋 𝑟3 𝑚 200 𝑋10−3
−7
4 𝜋 𝑋 10 2 𝑋 0.5 𝑉 = = 3
= 25 𝑋 10−6 𝑚3
⃗𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 𝑖̂ 𝜌 8 𝑋10
4𝜋 (0.1)3  So the intensity of magnetization ;
1 1 𝑝𝑚 2 0. 08
𝐵⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 10−7 𝑋 𝑖̂ = 10−7 𝑋 𝑖̂ 𝑀= = = = 0.08 𝑋 106 𝐴 𝑚−1
0.001 10−3 𝑉 25 𝑋 10−6 10−6
⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒊̂
𝑩 𝑴 = 𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑨 𝒎−𝟏
 Hence, the magnitude of the magnetic field along axial is Baxis = 1 × 10–4 T 9. Using the relation 𝑩 ⃗⃗ = 𝝁𝒐 (𝑯 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑴 ⃗⃗⃗ ), show that 𝝌 = 𝝁 − 𝟏 .
𝒎 𝒓
and direction is towards South to North. Solution :
(b) Magnetic field at a point on the normal bisector of the bar magnet, ⃗⃗
𝑀
𝜇𝑜 𝑝𝑚  By definition, the magnetic susceptibility is ; 𝜒𝑚 = ⃗
𝐵⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝑖̂ 𝐻
4 𝜋 𝑟3 (𝑜𝑟) ⃗⃗ = 𝜒𝑚 𝐻
𝑀 ⃗ − − − − − (1)
4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 0.5
⃗𝐵𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝑖̂ ⃗
 By definition, the magnetic field is ; 𝐵 = 𝜇 𝐻 − − − − − (2) ⃗
4𝜋 (0.1)3 ⃗⃗ = 𝝁𝒐 (𝑯 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑴 ⃗⃗⃗ )
0.5 0.5  The given relation, 𝑩
𝐵 ⃗ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 10−7 𝑋 𝑖̂ = 10−7 𝑋 𝑖̂  put equation (1) and (2), we get
0.001 10−3
⃗⃗⃗𝐵𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = − 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒊̂ 𝜇𝐻 ⃗ = 𝜇𝑜 (𝐻 ⃗ + 𝜒𝑚 𝐻 ⃗)
 Hence, the magnitude of the magnetic field along equatorial is ⃗
𝜇 𝐻 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐻 + 𝜒𝑚 ) ⃗ (1
Bequator = 0.5 × 10 T and direction is towards North to South.
–4 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 (1 + 𝜒𝑚 )
𝜇
Note : The magnitude of Baxis is twice that of magnitude of Bequator and the direction of = (1 + 𝜒𝑚 )
Baxis and Bequator are opposite. 𝜇 𝑜
7. Consider a magnetic dipole which on switching ON external magnetic field (𝑜𝑟) 𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒𝑚
orient only in two possible ways i.e., one along the direction of the magnetic (𝑜𝑟) 𝝌 𝒎 = 𝝁𝒓 − 𝟏
field (parallel to the field) and another anti-parallel to magnetic field. Compute 10. Two materials X and Y are magnetised whose values of intensity of
the energy for the possible orientation. magnetisation are 500 A m–1 and 2000 A m–1 respectively. If the magnetising
Solution : field is 1000 A m–1, then which one among these materials can be easily
 Let 𝒑𝒎 be the dipole and before switching ON the external magnetic field, there magnetized?
Solution :
is no orientation. Therefore, the energy U = 0.
 Susceptibility of material X,
 As soon as external magnetic field is switched ON, the magnetic dipole orient
|𝑀 ⃗⃗ | 500 1
parallel (θ = 0o ) to the magnetic field with energy, 𝜒𝑚𝑋 = = = = 0.5
𝑜
𝑼𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 = − 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 𝐜𝒐𝒔 0 = − 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 |𝐻 ⃗| 1000 2
 Otherwise, the magnetic dipole orients anti-parallel (θ = 180 ) to the magnetico  Susceptibility of material Y
field with energy, |𝑀 ⃗⃗ | 2000
𝑼𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 = − 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 𝐜𝒐𝒔 180𝑜 = + 𝒑𝒎 𝑩 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝜒𝑚𝑌 = = = 2
⃗
|𝐻 | 1000
 Here 𝜒𝑚 < 𝜒𝑚 .. It implies that material Y can be easily magnetized.
𝑋 𝑌

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

11. The following figure shows the variation of 14. A coil of a tangent galvanometer of diameter 0.24 m has 100 turns. If the
intensity of magnetisation with the applied horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field is 25 × 10–6 T then, calculate
magnetic field intensity for three magnetic the current which gives a deflection of 60o.
materials X, Y and Z. Identify the materials Solution : 𝑁 = 100 ; 𝑑 = 0.24 𝑚 ; 𝑟 = 0.12 𝑚 ; 𝐵𝐻 = 25 𝑋 10−6 𝑇 ; 𝜃 = 60°
X, Y and Z.  From the theory of TG, the current through the circular coil is,
Solution : 2 𝑟 𝐵𝐻
𝐼= tan 𝜃
 The slope of M-H graph is a measure of the 𝜇𝑜 𝑁
magnetic susceptibility, which is given by 2 𝑋 0.12 𝑋 25 𝑋 10−6
𝐼= tan 60
|⃗𝑀
⃗| 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 100
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 𝜒𝑚 6 𝑋 10 −6
|⃗𝐻| 𝐼= 𝑋 √3
(a) Material X : Slope is positive and larger value. So, it is a ferromagnetic 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10−5
−1
6 𝑋 1.732 𝑋 10
material. 𝐼=
(b) Material Y : Slope is positive and lesser value than X. So, it could be a 12.56
paramagnetic material. 𝐼 = 8. 274 𝑋 10−1 𝑋 10−1 = 8.274 𝑋 10−2 𝐴
(c) Material Z : Slope is negative and hence, it is a diamagnetic material. 𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝑨
12. The magnetic field shown in the figure is due to the current carrying wire. In 15. Compute the magnitude of the magnetic field of a long, straight wire carrying
which direction does the current flow in the wire?. a current of 1 A at distance of 1m from it. Compare it with Earth’s magnetic
Solution : field.
Solution : 𝑰 = 1 𝐴 ; 𝑎 = 1 𝑚 ; 𝐵 = ? ; 𝐵 ∶ 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = ?
 Magnetic field due to long straight current carrying wire,
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 1
𝐵= = = 2 𝑋 10−7 𝑇
2𝜋𝑎 2𝜋𝑋1
 But the Earth’s magnetic field is ; 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ ≈ 10−5 𝑇
 Thus, 𝑩 ∶ 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 = 𝟏 ∶ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(i.e.) Bstraightwire is one hundred times smaller than BEarth
16. Calculate the magnetic field inside a solenoid, when (a) the length of the
solenoid becomes twice with fixed number of turns (b) both the length of the
solenoid and number of turns are doubled (c) the number of turns becomes
twice for the fixed length of the solenoid
 Using right hand rule, current flows upwards. Solution :
13. What is the magnetic field at the centre of the loop shown in figure?
 The magnetic field inside a solenoid of length L and turns N is
𝜇𝑜 𝑁 𝐼
𝐵𝐿,𝑁 = − − − − − − (1)
𝐿
𝜇 𝑁𝐼 𝐵
(a) If 𝐿 → 2𝐿 then ; 𝐵2𝐿,𝑁 = 𝑜 = 𝐿,𝑁
2𝐿 2
𝜇𝑜 2 𝑁 𝐼 𝜇 𝑁𝐼
(b) If 𝐿 → 2𝐿, 𝑁 → 2𝑁 then ; 𝐵2𝐿,2𝑁 = = 𝑜 = 𝐵𝐿,𝑁
2𝐿 𝐿
𝜇 2𝑁𝐼
(c) If 𝑁 → 2𝑁 then ; 𝐵𝐿,2𝑁 = 𝑜 𝐿 = 2 𝐵𝐿,𝑁
Solution :
 Here 𝑩𝑳,𝟐𝑵 > 𝑩𝟐𝑳,𝟐𝑵 > 𝑩𝟐𝑳,𝑵 . Thus, strength of the magnetic field is
 The magnetic field due to current in the upper semicircle and lower semicircle of
the circular coil are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. increased when we pack more loops into the same length for a given current
 Hence, the net magnetic field at the centre of the loop (at point O) is zero
(i.e.) ⃗𝑩 = ⃗𝟎.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

⃗⃗ along positive y - direction in a

17. A particle of charge q moves with velocity 𝒗 19. An electron moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field 0.500 T
magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 . Compute the Lorentz force experienced by the particle undergoes circular motion of radius 2.50 mm. What is the speed of electron?
(a) when magnetic field is along positive y-direction (b) when magnetic field Solution : 𝐵 = 0.500 𝑇 ; 𝑟 = 2.5 𝑚𝑚 = 2.5 𝑋 10−3 𝑚 ; |𝑒| = 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐶 ; 𝑣 = ?
points in positive z - direction (c) when magnetic field is in zy - plane and  Lorentz force acts as centripetal force for the particle causing it to execute
𝑚𝑣
making an angle θ with velocity of the particle. Mark the direction of magnetic circular motion. The radius of the circular path is ; 𝑟 =
𝐵𝑒
force in each case.. 𝐵𝑒𝑟
 Therefore the speed of the electron ; 𝑣 =
𝑚
Solution : ⃗⃗𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑗̂ 0.5 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝑋 2.5 𝑋 10−3
𝐵 = 𝐵 𝑗̂
(a) When magnetic field is along positive y - direction, then ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣=
9.1 𝑋 10−31
Lorentz force ; 𝐹 ⃗ ) = 𝑞 (𝑣 𝑗̂ 𝑋 𝐵 𝑗̂) = 𝑞 𝑣 𝐵 (𝑗̂ 𝑋 𝑗̂) = 0
⃗ 𝑚 = 𝑞 (⃗𝑣 𝑋 𝐵 0.5 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 2.5 𝑋 109
𝑣 =
So, no force acts on the particle when it moves along the direction of 9.1
magnetic field. 𝑣 = 2. 197 𝑋 10−1 𝑋 109
𝒗 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
(b) When magnetic field is along positive z - direction, then ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵 = 𝐵 𝑘̂
20. A proton moves in a uniform magnetic field of strength 0.500 T magnetic field
Lorentz force ; 𝐹 ⃗ ) = 𝑞 (𝑣 𝑗̂ 𝑋 𝐵 𝑘̂ ) = 𝑞 𝑣 𝐵 (𝑗̂ 𝑋 𝑘̂ ) = 𝑞 𝑣 𝐵 𝑖̂
⃗ 𝑚 = 𝑞 (⃗𝑣 𝑋 𝐵 is directed along the x-axis. At initial time, t = 0 s, the proton has velocity
Therefore, the magnitude of the Lorentz force is qvB and direction is along ⃗ = [𝟏. 𝟗𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒊̂ + 𝟐, 𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒌̂ ] 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 .Find
𝒗
positive x - direction.
(a) At initial time, what is the acceleration of the proton?
(c) When magnetic field is in zy -plane, then 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵 cos 𝜃 𝑗̂ + 𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑘̂
(b) Is the path circular or helical? If helical, calculate the radius of helical
Lorentz force ; 𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞 (𝑣 𝑋 𝐵 ⃗ ) = 𝑞 (𝑣 𝑗̂ 𝑋 𝐵[cos 𝜃 𝑗̂ + 𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑘̂])
trajectory and also calculate the pitch of the helix (Note: Pitch of the helix is
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞 𝑣 𝐵 cos 𝜃 (𝑗̂ 𝑋 𝑗̂) + 𝑞 𝑣 𝐵 sin 𝜃 (𝑗̂ 𝑋 𝑘̂) = 𝑞 𝑣 𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑖 the distance travelled along the helix axis per revolution).
⃗ = 0.500 𝑖̂ ; ⃗𝑣 = [1.95 𝑋 105 𝑖̂ + 2.00 𝑋 105 𝑘̂ ] ; 𝑡 = 0 𝑠 ; 𝒂 = ? ; 𝑻 = ?
Solution : 𝐵
(a) Mass of proton ; 𝑚𝑝 = 1.67 𝑋 10−27 𝑘𝑔
Charge of proton ; 𝑒 = 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐶
From Newton’s II law, acceleration is
𝐹𝐵 𝑞 (𝑣 𝑋 𝐵 ⃗)
𝑎= =
𝑚𝑝 𝑚𝑝
1.6 𝑋 10−19 [(1.95 𝑋 105 𝑖̂ + 2.00 𝑋 105 𝑘̂ ) 𝑋 0.500 𝑖̂ ]
𝑎=
18. Compute the work done and power delivered by the Lorentz force on the 1.67 𝑋 10−27
1.6 𝑋 10−19 [1 𝑋 105 𝑗̂] 1.6 𝑋 10−14
particle of charge q moving with velocity 𝒗 ⃗ . Calculate the angle between 𝑎= = 𝑗̂
1.67 𝑋 10−27 1.67 𝑋 10−27
Lorentz force and velocity of the charged particle and also interpret the result. 1.6 𝑋 10 13
Solution : 𝑎= 𝑗̂ = 9. 581 𝑋 10−1 𝑋 1013 𝑗̂
1.67
 Lorentz force on a charged particle moving on a magnetic field is, ⃗ = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟖𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒋̂ (𝑜𝑟)
𝒂 𝒂 = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟖𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞 (𝑣 𝑋 𝐵
⃗) (b) Here this acceleration directed perpendicular to the magnetic field, due to the
 Work done by the magnetic field ; 𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑞 ∫(⃗⃗𝑣 𝑋 𝐵⃗ ) . 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 = 0 Lorentz force, the velocity component 𝑣𝑧 = 2.00 𝑋 105 𝑘̂ along Z-axis alone
𝑑𝑊 continuously changed. Thus the path of proton is helical. The radius of helical
 And power is given by ; 𝑃 = =0 path is
𝑑𝑡
 Since, ⃗𝐹 . ⃗𝑣 = 0 we have ⃗𝑭 ⊥ 𝒗
⃗ . The angle between Lorentz force and velocity 𝑚𝑝 𝑣𝑧 1.67 𝑋 10−27 𝑋 2.00 𝑋 105
𝑟= =
of the charged particle is 90o. 𝐵𝑒 0.500 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19
 Thus Lorentz force changes the direction of the velocity but not the magnitude 3.34 𝑋 10−3 33.4 𝑋 10−3
𝑟= =
of the velocity. Hence Lorentz force does no work and also does not alter kinetic 0.8 8
−𝟑
energy of the particle. 𝒓 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Time period ; 22. Let E be the electric field of magnitude 6.0 × 106 N C–1 and B be the magnetic
2𝜋 2 𝜋 𝑚𝑝 field magnitude 0.83 T. Suppose an electron is accelerated with a potential of
𝑇= =
𝜔 𝐵𝑒 200 V, will it show zero deflection?. If not, at what potential will it show zero
2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 1.67 𝑋 10−27 10. 4876 𝑋 10−8 104. 876 𝑋 10−8 deflection?
𝑇= = =
0.500 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19 0.8 8 Solution : 𝐸 = 6.0 𝑋 106 𝑁 𝐶 −1 ; 𝐵 = 0.83 𝑇 ; 𝑉 = 200 𝑉 ; 𝑣 = ? ; 𝑣200 = ? ; 𝑉0 = ?
𝑻 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝒔  At zero deflection, the velocity of electron,
Hence, pitch of the helix is 𝐸 6.0 𝑋 106
𝑋 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑇 = 1.95 𝑋 105 𝑋 13.11 𝑋 10−8 = 25.5645 𝑋 10−3 𝑣= = = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
−𝟑 𝐵 0.83
𝑿 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒎  Since the accelerating potential is 200 V, the electron
The proton experiences appreciable acceleration in the magnetic field, hence the acquires kinetic energy because of this accelerating potential.
pitch of the helix is almost six times greater than the radius of the helix. Hence
21. Two singly ionized isotopes of uranium 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟗𝟐𝑼 and 1 2
𝟐𝟑𝟖
𝑼 (isotopes have same atomic number but 𝑚 𝑣200 =𝑒𝑉
𝟗𝟐 2
different mass number) are sent with velocity 2
2𝑒𝑉
𝑣200 =
1.00 × 105 m s–1 into a magnetic field of strength 𝑚
0.500 T normally. Compute the distance between 2𝑒𝑉
the two isotopes after they complete a semi- ∴ 𝑣200 = √
𝑚
circle. Also compute the time taken by each
isotope to complete one semi-circular path. 2 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝑋 200 640 𝑋 1012
𝑣200 = √ = √
(Given: masses of the isotopes: m 235 = 3.90 × 10–25 kg and m238 = 3.95 × 10–25 9.1 𝑋 10−31 9.1
kg) 𝒗𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟖𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
Solution : 𝐵 = 0.500 𝑇 ; 𝑣 = 1.00 𝑋 105 𝑚 𝑠 −1 ; 𝑚235 = 3.90 𝑋 10−25 𝑘𝑔 ;  Since the speed 𝒗𝟐𝟎𝟎 > 𝒗 , the electron is deflected towards direction of Lorentz
−25 −19
𝑚238 = 3.95 𝑋 10 𝑘𝑔 ; 𝑞 = |𝑒| = 1.6 𝑋 10 𝐶 ; 𝑑 =? force. So, in order to have null deflection, the potential 𝑉0 , we have to supply is
 Since isotopes are singly ionized, they have equal charge which is equal to the 1
𝑚 𝑣 2 = 𝑒 𝑉0
charge of an electron 2
𝑚 𝑣2 9.1 𝑋 10−31 𝑋 (7.229 𝑋 106 )2
 The radius of the path of 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟗𝟐𝑼 is r235 ∴ 𝑉0 = =
𝑚235 𝑣 3.90 𝑋 10−25 𝑋 1.00 𝑋 105 3.90 𝑋 10−1 3.90 2𝑒 2 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19
𝑟235 = = = = 9.1 𝑋 7.229 𝑋 7.229 𝑋 100
𝐵𝑒 0.500 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19 0.8 8 𝑉0 =
𝑟235 = 0.4875 𝑚 3.2
𝑽𝟎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟔 𝑽
Hence the diameter ; 𝑑235 = 2 𝑟235 = 2 𝑋 0.4875 = 0.975 𝑚 = 97.5 𝑐𝑚 23. Suppose a cyclotron is operated to accelerate protons with a magnetic field of
 The radius of the path of 𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝟗𝟐𝑼 is r235 strength 1 T. Calculate the frequency in which the electric field between two
𝑚238 𝑣 3.95 𝑋 10−25 𝑋 1.00 𝑋 105 3.95 𝑋 10−1 3.95
𝑟238 = = = = Dees could be reversed.
𝐵𝑒 0.500 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19 0.8 8 Solution : B = 1 T ; 𝑚𝑝 = 1.67 𝑋 10−27 𝑘𝑔 ; 𝑞 = |𝑒| = 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐶 ; 𝑓 = ?
𝑟238 = 0.49375 𝑚
Hence the diameter ; 𝑑238 = 2 𝑟238 = 2 𝑋 0.49375 = 0.9875 𝑚 = 98.75 𝑐𝑚  The frequency is,
𝐵𝑞
 Therefore the separation distance between the isotopes is ; 𝑓=
∆𝒅 = 𝑑238 − 𝑑235 = 0.9875 = 0.975 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎 2 𝜋 𝑚𝑝
 The time taken by each isotope to complete one semi-circular path are 1 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19
𝑓=
𝑑235 0.975 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 1.67 𝑋 10−27
𝑡235 = = 5
= 0.975 𝑋 10−5 = 9.75 𝑋 10−6 𝑠 = 9.75 𝜇𝑠 1.6 𝑋 108
𝑣 1.00 𝑋 10 𝑓 =
𝑑238 0.9875 10.4876
𝑡238 = = 5
= 0.9875 𝑋 10−5 = 9.875 𝑋 10−6 𝑠 = 9.875 𝜇𝑠 𝑓 = 1.525 𝑋 10−1 𝑋 108 = 1.525 𝑋 107 𝐻𝑧
𝑣 1.00 𝑋 10
𝒇 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑯𝒛 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 𝑴𝑯𝒛
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

24. A metallic rod of linear density is 0.25 kg m –1 is lying (c) Resistance of the galvanometer,
horizontally on a smooth inclined plane which makes an 1
𝑰𝑺 ( −6 ) 1
angle of 45o with the horizontal. The rod is not allowed to 𝑹𝒈 = = 10 = = 0.5 𝑋 103 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝛀 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒌𝛀
𝑽𝑺 2 𝑋 10 3 2 𝑋 10 𝑋 10−6
3
slide down by flowing a current through it when a magnetic
26. The resistance of a moving coil galvanometer is made twice its original value
field of strength 0.25 T is acting on it in the vertical
in order to increase current sensitivity by 50%. Find the percentage change in
direction. Calculate the electric current flowing in the rod to
voltage sensitivity.
keep it stationary.
𝑚 Solution :
Solution : = 0.25 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−1 ; 𝐵 = 0.25 𝑇 ; 𝐼 = ?
𝑙  Let 𝐼𝑆 be the initial current sensitivity. If current sensitivity is increased by
 Magnetic Lorentz force experienced by the current carrying conductor placed in 50%, then new current sensitivity,
magnetic field ; 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 sin 90° = 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 50 1 3
 The direction of this force 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 is given by Fleming’s left hand rule. 𝑰𝑺 = 𝐼𝑆 + 50% 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑆 [1 + ] = 𝐼𝑆 [1 + ] = 𝑰𝑺 = 1.5 𝐼𝑆
100 2 2
 This force is resolved in to two perpendicular components  Let 𝑉𝑆 be the initial Voltage sensitivity. When the resistance is doubled, then
1) 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45° − along the inclined plane
new voltage sensitivity is
upwards
3
2) 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45° − perpendicular to the 𝐼𝑆 ( ) 𝐼𝑆 3

𝑽𝑺 = 2
incline plane downwards  = 2𝑅 = 𝑽𝑺 = 0.75 𝑉𝑆
4
𝑅𝑔 𝑔
 Similarly, weight 𝑚𝑔 also resolved in to two
perpendicular components.  Hence the voltage sensitivity decreases. The percentage decrease in voltage
1) 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45° − perpendicular to the sensitivity is
incline plane downwards 𝑽𝑺 − 𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑺 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑽𝑺
𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎 % = 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟐𝟓 %
2) 𝑚𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45° − along the inclined plane downwards 𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑺
 For equilibrium of the rod ; 𝑚𝑔 sin 45 ° = 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 cos 45 °
𝑚
𝑚𝑔 sin 45 ° ( )𝑔 0.25 𝑋 9.8
∴ 𝐼= = 𝑙 = = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝑨
𝐵 𝑙 cos 45 ° 𝐵 0.25
 So, we need to supply current of 9.8 A to keep the metallic rod stationary.
25. The coil of a moving coil galvanometer has 5 turns and each turn has an
effective area of 2 × 10–2 m2. It is suspended in a magnetic field whose strength
is 4 × 10–2 Wb m–2. If the torsional constant K of the suspension fibre is
4 × 10–9 N m deg–1.
(a) Find its current sensitivity in division per micro - ampere.
(b) Calculate the voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer for it to have full scale
deflection of 50 divisions for 25 mV.
(c) Compute the resistance of the galvanometer.
Solution :𝑛 = 5 ; 𝐴 = 2 𝑋 10−2 𝑚2 ; 𝐵 = 4 𝑋10−2 𝑊𝑏 𝑚−2 ; 𝐾 = 4 𝑋 10−9 𝑁 𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑔−1
(a) Current sensitivity,
𝜃 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 5 𝑋 4 𝑋10−2 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−2 1
𝑰𝑺 = = = = −6 𝑑𝑒𝑔/𝐴 = 𝟏 𝒅𝒆𝒈/𝝁𝑨
𝐼 𝐾 4 𝑋 10−9 10
(b) Voltage sensitivity,
𝜃 50
𝑽𝑺 = = = 2 𝑋 103 𝑑𝑒𝑔/𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑉 25 𝑋 10−3

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

3. A circular coil with cross-sectional area 0.1 cm2 is kept in a uniform magnetic
EXERSICE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTION field of strength 0.2 T. If the current passing in the coil is 3 A and plane of the
1. A bar magnet having a magnetic moment 𝒑 ⃗ 𝒎 is cut into four pieces i.e., first cut loop is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. Calculate
into two pieces along the axis of the magnet and each piece is further cut along (a) total torque on the coil
the axis into two pieces. Compute the magnetic moment of each piece. (b) total force on the coil
Solution : (c) average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field. (The
free electron density for the material of the wire is 1028 m–3).
Solution : 𝑨 = 0.1 𝑐𝑚2 = 0.1 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ; 𝐵 = 0.2 𝑇 ; 𝐼 = 3 𝐴 ; 𝑛 = 1028 𝑚−3 ; 𝜃 = 0°
(a) Total torque on the coil
𝜏 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 𝐼 𝐴 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
 Initial magnetic moment of the magnet ; 𝒑 ⃗ 𝒎 = 𝒒𝒎 ⃗𝒅 = 𝒒𝒎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝟐𝒍 𝜏 = 3 𝑋 0.1 𝑋 10−4 𝑋 0.2 𝑋 sin 0° [∵ sin 0° = 0]
 When it cut along the axis into four pieces, the pole strength of each piece 𝝉=𝟎
𝑞
becomes 𝑚 , but the magnetic length will not change. Hence magnetic moment of (b) Total force on the coil,
4
𝐹 = 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 sin 𝜃
each piece,
𝑞 1 𝟏 𝑭=𝟎 [∵ sin 0° = 0]

⃗𝒎= 𝑚 𝑑
𝒑 ⃗ = (𝑞𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 𝑙) = 𝒑 ⃗𝒎 (c) Charge of electron ; 𝑞 = |𝑒| = 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐶
4 2 𝟒 𝑙
2. A conductor of linear mass density 0.2 g m–1 suspended If 𝑙 is the length of the coil, the drift velocity ; 𝑣𝑑 =
𝑡
by two flexible wire as shown in figure. Suppose the Lorentz force on each electron,
tension in the supporting wires is zero when it is kept 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐵 𝑞 𝑣 = 𝐵 𝑒 𝑣𝑑 [∵ 𝐼 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑒 𝑣𝑑 ]
inside the magnetic field of 1 T whose direction is into 𝐼 𝐵𝐼
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐵 𝑒 =
the page. Compute the current inside the conductor and 𝑛𝐴𝑒 𝑛𝐴
0.2 𝑋 3 0.6
also the direction of the current. Assume g = 10 m s–2 𝐹𝐵 = = 𝑋 10−24 = 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟒 𝑵
𝒎 10 28 𝑋 0.1 𝑋 10−4 0.1
−𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟏 −𝟐
Solution : = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒈 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒈 𝒎 ; 𝑩 = 𝟏 𝑻 ; 𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝒔 4. A bar magnet is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose strength is 0.8 T.If
𝒍
the bar magnet is oriented at an angle 30o with the external field experiences
a torque of 0.2 Nm. Calculate: (a) the magnetic moment of the magnet
(b) the work done by the magnetic field in moving it from most stable
configuration to the most unstable configuration and also compute the work
done by the applied magnetic field in this case.
Solution : 𝐵 = 0.8 𝑇 ; 𝜃 = 30° ; 𝜏 = 0.2 𝑁 𝑚
(a) We know that, the torque ; 𝜏 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃
Hence magnetic moment is given by,
𝜏 0.2 0.2 0.2 2
𝑝𝑚 = = = = =
 Weight of the conductor due to gravity in downward direction, 𝐵 sin 𝜃 0.8 𝑋 sin 30° 1 0.4 4
0.8 𝑋
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚 𝑔 2
 Magnetic Lorentz force acting perpendicular to conductor in upward direction, 𝒑𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑨 𝒎𝟐
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 (b) For most stable configuration ; 𝜃 = 0° and energy 𝑈𝑆
 When the tension of the supporting wire becomes zero, we have For most unstable configuration ; 𝜃 = 180 and energy 𝑈𝑈𝑆
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝑔
𝐵𝐼𝑙=𝑚𝑔
𝑚
𝑚𝑔 ( )𝑔 0.2 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 10
𝑰= = 𝑙 = = 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒎 𝑨
𝐵𝑙 𝐵 1
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

 From the figure, 6. Calculate the magnetic field at the centre of a square loop which carries a
𝑈𝑆 = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 cos 0° = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 current of 1.5 A, length of each side being 50 cm.
𝐿
𝑈𝑈𝑆 = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 cos 180° = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 (−1) = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 Solution : 𝐿 = 50 𝑐𝑚 = 50 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝐼 = 1.5 𝐴 𝑎 = = 25𝑐𝑚 = 25 𝑋 10−2 𝑚
2
 Hence the work done by the magnetic field in moving it from most stable 𝜙1 = 𝜙 = 45° ; 𝜙2 = 180° − 𝜙 ; 𝜃 = 45°
configuration to the most unstable configuration is,  Let the square loop is made up of four straight conductors AB, BD, DC and CA
𝑊𝐹 = 𝑈𝑈𝑆 − 𝑈𝑆 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 − (− 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 ) = 2 𝑝𝑚 𝐵  From Biot - Savart law, the magnetic field at a
𝑊𝐹 = 2 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 0.8 distance ‘a’ due to straigtht current carrying
𝑾𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝑱 conductor AB is,
 Work done by the applied magnetic field, 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
𝐵𝐴𝐵 = [sin 𝜙1 + sin 𝜙2 ]
𝑊𝐵 = 𝑈𝑆 − 𝑈𝑈𝑆 = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 = − 2 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 4𝜋𝑎
𝑊𝐵 = − 2 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 0.8 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 1.5
𝐵𝐴𝐵 = [sin 45° + sin 45° ]
𝑊𝐵 = − 𝟎. 𝟖 𝑱 4 𝜋 𝑋 25 𝑋 10−2
5. A non - conducting sphere has a mass of 100 g and 10−5 𝑋 1.5
radius 20 cm. A flat compact coil of wire with turns 𝐵 𝐴𝐵 = [2 sin 45° ]
25
5 is wrapped tightly around it with each turns 1
concentric with the sphere. This sphere is placed on 𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 0. 06 𝑋 10−5 𝑋 2 𝑋 = 6 √2 𝑋 10−7 𝑇
√2
an inclined plane such that plane of coil is parallel  Similarly, magnetic field due to BD, DC and CA
to the inclined plane. A uniform magnetic field of 0.5
𝐵𝐵𝐷 = 6 √2 𝑋 10−7 𝑇
T exists in the region in vertically upward direction.
Compute the current I required to rest the sphere in 𝐵𝐷𝐶 = 6 √2 𝑋 10−7 𝑇
equilibrium. 𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 6 √2 𝑋 10−7 𝑇
−2
Solution : 𝑀 = 100 g = 0.1 kg ; R = 20 cm =20 X 10 m ; N = 5 ; B = 0.5 T ; I = ?  From Fleming’s left hand rule, the magnetic field at the centre, due to all four
 Here sphere be at two types of equilibrium. They are, conductors is directed perpendicularly inwards to the plane of the paper. Hence
(i) Straight line equilibrium the total magnetic field
(ii) Rotational equilibrium 𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐵𝐷 + 𝐵𝐷𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶𝐴
 Under straight line equilibrium ; 𝑓𝑆 = 𝑀 𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − − − − − − (1) 𝐵 = 4 𝑋 6 √2 𝑋 10−7
 Torque on the sphere due to magnetic field about its centre ; 𝐵 = 24 𝑋 1.414 𝑋 10−7
𝜏 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 (anticlockwise direction) 𝐵 = 33. 936 𝑋 10−7 = 3.3936 𝑋 10−6 𝑇
Torque on the sphere due to friction about its centre ; 𝑩 = 𝟑. 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑻
𝜏 = 𝑓𝑆 𝑅 (clockwise direction)
Under rotational equilibrium ; 𝑓𝑆 𝑅 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 − − − − − − (2)
 Put equation (1) in (2)
𝑀 𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑅 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝑀 𝑔 𝑅 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 [∵ 𝑝𝑚 = 𝑁 𝐼 𝐴]
𝑀𝑔𝑅 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵
𝑀 𝑔 𝑅 = 𝑁 𝐼 (𝜋 𝑅2 ) 𝐵
𝑀𝑔
𝐼 =
𝑁𝜋𝑅𝐵
0.1 𝑋 10
𝐼 =
5 𝑋 𝜋 𝑋 20 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 0.5
102 100
𝐼 = =
50 𝑋 𝜋 50 𝑋 𝜋
𝟐
𝑰 = 𝑨
𝝅
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

7. A strong horse shoe magnet is able to lift a soft iron bar when two limbs touch
UNIT - 3 CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
its ends. If the two limbs of the magnet is short circuited by another iron strip,
1. A pair of magnets to be stored have two soft iron bars which are kept pressed the first strip falls down. What is the reason?
against their free faces on the two sides of the pair. What are they used for?  When the two limbs of the horse -shoe magnet are short circuited by means of
 The two iron bars are called magnetic keepers. another iron strip, the lines of induction form closed circuits. This results in a
 A magnet which has two free poles is likely to be demagnetized automatically decrease in pole strength at the magnet.
after a long time when left free.  This reduced pole strength is insufficient to hold the first strip against its weight.
 This is due to effect of external field (earth’s magnetic field etc) which exerts a So it falls down.
torque on each individual magnetice dipole, thus diverting it away from the 8. Give the dimension formula for magnetic induction, magnetic moment and pole
regular orientation. strength.
 For that two magnetic keepers are placed against the unlike poles of the two  Dimension of Magnetic Inducion ‘B’ is given by,
magnets thus by making that system as closed chain. 𝐹 [𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 −2 ]
𝐵 = 𝐼𝑙 ⟹ [𝐴][𝐿]
= [𝑴 𝑻−𝟐 𝑨−𝟏 ]
 Now there is no free poles in the system, and this will save the pairs of magnets
from demagnetization.  Dimension of Magnetic moment ‘𝑝𝑚 ’ is given by,
2. A magnet placed in a non uniform magnetic field experiences a force and a 𝜏 𝐹 .𝑥 [𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 −2 ] [𝐿]
torque. How can you explain this?
𝑝𝑚 = = ⟹ = [𝑳𝟐 𝑨]
𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝐵 sin 𝜃 [𝑀 𝑇 −2 𝐴−1 ]
 In non uniform magnetic field, the forces acting on the two poles of the magnet  Dimension of Pole strength ‘’ is given by,
will be unlike and unequal parallel forces. 𝑝𝑚 [𝑳𝟐 𝑨]
 Thus there is combination of a net force and a moment of couple (torque) acting 𝑞 𝑚 = ⟹ [𝐿]
= [𝑳 𝑨]
2𝑙
on the magnet. 9. What are the directions of magnetic moments of two substances A
3. An isolated magnetic pole is not possible. How can we have it if we need it for (diamagnetic) and B (paramagnetic) when they are placed in same
some practical purposes? magnetizing field?
 If we take a sufficiently long magnet, one of its pole can be considered to be  Substance A which is diamagnetic in nature will get magnetized opposite to
located at a large distance from the other. Hence both of its poles can be treated direction of magnetizing field, whereas substance B which is paramagnetic in
as isolated magnetic poles for all practical purposes. nature will get magnetized in the direction on magnetizing field.
4. What will we do if we want to save a sensitive instrument from a magnetic field?  Thus the direction of magnetic moment vectors in the two samples will be
 The instrument should be enclosed in a hollow conductor of soft iron, since there opposite to each other.
cannot be any magnetic lines of force inside the conductor. 10. What type of hysteresis loop do you expect in case of a permanent magnet?
5. A magnetic needle is placed in a cork floating on a still lake in the northern  In case of permanent magnet, both the value of retentivity (it is the ability of the
hemisphere. What will happen to the system? materials to retain the magnetism in them even after the magnetising field
 There is no net translatory motion of the system, since it experience a torque disappears) and coercivity (it is the magnitude of the reverse magnetising field
only. for which the residual magnetism of the material vanishes) are large.
 Due to the torque the system rotates in such a way that the axis of the needle  Therefore the hysteresis loop should be tall and wide.
becomes parallel to the magnetic meridian. 11. What type of hysteresis loop do you expect in case a material forming the core
6. There are two apparently identical soft iron bars ‘A’ and ‘B’ . One of them is of a transformer?
magnetized while the other is not. How will you distinguish between them?  For the core of a transformer, it is essential that the direction of magnetization of
Neither you have a magnetic compass or any other magnetic material nor a the core should get reversed quickly. For this coercivity has to be small.
thread for suspension purposes.  Secondly there should be lesser loss of energy per cycle, so that the core is not
 Place one bar on the table and touch its middle point with one end of the other. heated up. For this the area of the loop should be less.
 If there is attraction, the bar in your hand is magnetized.  At the same time the core should have greater retentivity or remenance.
 If there is no attraction, the bar in your hand is unmagnetised.  Thererfore, the loop should be tall and narrow.
 This is because the fact there is no magnetic effect at the middle of the magnet
and concentrated only in its poles called pole strength.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

12. A bar magnet of magnetic moment’ 𝒑𝒎 ′ and length ′𝟐𝒍′ is broken up in 16. If magnetic monopole exist, how would Gauss’law of magnetgism be modified?
following three different ways . What is the magnetic moment of the shaded 𝑑𝑠 will not be zero , but ∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝑩 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
 If monopole exist, then the ∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝒐 𝒒𝒎
portion in each case? where 𝑞 is the magnetic charge of the monopole enclosed by the closed path.
𝑚
17. Does a bar magnet exert a torque on itself due to its own field? Does one
element of the current carrying wire exert a force on another element of the
same wire?
 A bar magnet does not exert a torque on itself due to its own field.
 In the case of a wire, there is a force or torque on an element of wire due to the
 Initial magnetic moment of the given bar magnet ; 𝒑𝒎 = 𝒒𝒎 𝟐𝒍
field produced by another element of the same wire. But for a straight wire, the
(i) If it broken as shown in fig (i), its pole strength remains the same while the force will be zero.
length is reduced to half. Therefore the new magnetic moment of 18. Magnetic field arises due to charges in motion. Can a system have magnetic
𝒑
shaded portion is ; 𝒑𝒎 𝑰 = 𝒒𝒎 𝒍 = 𝒎 moment eventhough its net charge is zero?
𝟐
(ii) If it broken as shown in fig (ii), then its pole strength is reduced to half,  Yes. The net charge of a system may be zero, still it can have magnetic moment.
while the length remains the same. Therefore the new magnetic moment of  For example, the charge of a neutron is zero, but it has a non zero magnetic
𝒒 𝒑 moment.
shaded portion is ; 𝒑𝒎 𝑰 = 𝒎 𝟐𝒍 = 𝒎
𝟐 𝟐 19. If earth’s magnetic field is due to a large current loop within the earth, then
(iii) If it broken as shown in fig (iii), then its pole strength is reduced to half and
what is plane of the loop and the direction of the loop?
the length also reduced to half. Therefore the new magnetic moment of
𝒒 𝒒 𝒑  Since the earth’s magnetic field is along north - south plane, the current loop
shaded portion is ; 𝒑𝒎 𝑰 = 𝒎 𝒍 = 𝒎 𝟐𝒍 = 𝒎 must be in the east-west plane (i.e.) nearly in the equatorial plane.
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
13. When a charged particle moves in a magnetic field the work done by the  According to right hand thumb rule, the current should be flowing in the
magnetic force on the charged particle is zero. Why? But when an iron nail held clock -wise direction as seen from the geographic northpole.
near a magnet is released, the nail moves towards the magnet and cling to it. 20. Given that the horizontal and vertical components of the earth’s magnetic field
There is an increase in the kinetic energy (i.e) work done on the nail due to the are equal at a place. What is the angle of dip at the place?
attraction. How will you explain this?  When horizontal component (𝐵𝐻 ) and vertical component (𝐵𝑉 ) of earth’s
 The work done by the magnetic Lorentz force is zero, because the force is 𝑩
manetic field are equal (i.e.) 𝐵𝐻 = 𝐵𝑉 ,then 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑰 = 𝑯 = 𝟏 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑰 = 𝟒𝟓°
𝑩𝑽
perpendicular to the velocity of the charged particle. Hence the magnitude of
the velocity remains constant and the direction of velocity alone changes and 21. How will compass needle stay, if it is kept on the magnetic north pole of the
that force makes the charged particle to move along a circular path. earth?
 But in the case of iron nail, it can be assumed to be made up of number of  It will stay in any direction, because at poles the angle of dip is ; 𝑰 = 𝟗𝟎° and
magnetic dipoles arising due to the orbital and spin motion of the electrons hence only the vertical component of earth’s magnetic field acts.
in the nail. These dipoles are placed in a non-uniform magnetic field. So they 22. A vector needs three quantities for its specification.Name the three independent
experience a net force which increases the kinetic energy of the iron nail. quantities conventionally used to specify the earth’s magnetic field.
14. A magnetic needle placed in uniform magnetic field experience a torque but no  A quantity to be a vector, then it must have both magnitude and direction and
net force. But an iron nail placed near a bar magnet experience a force of also it will obeys the laws of vector addition.
attraction in addition to torque. Why?  Similarly the three quantities required to specify earth’s magnetic field are
 Due to the bar maget, the iron nail experieces a non-uniform magnetic field. The i. Magnetic decienation (D)
induced magnetic moment in the nail therefore experiences both force and ii. Magnetic dip or inclination (I)
torque. The net force is attractive, because the induced southpole in the nail is iii. The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field (𝐵𝐻 )
closer to the north pole of the magnet than the induced northpole. 23. Interstellar space has an extremely weak magnetic field of the order 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑻 .
15. Can you think of a magnetic field with three poles? Can such weak field be of any significant consequence? Explain.
 Yes. Bring two bar magnets such that the two northpoles are together.  A charged particle entering a uniform field ‘B’ with velocity ‘𝑣’ trace a circular
𝒎𝒗
 Fix the two northpoles using glue, we have magnet with south-north-south pole. path of radius ‘r’ given by, = . If ‘B’ is small, ‘r’ is very large. So the charged
𝑩𝒒
particle traces circular path of large radius. For a small distances, this may not be
noticeable, but over the inter-stellar distances, it is of significant value.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

24. Jupiter’s magnetic field is stronger than earth’s magnetic field, But Venus 30. How will the reduction factor of a tangent galvanometer change if the number
magnetic field is weaker than Earth’s magnetic field. Why? of turns ‘N’ of the coil is doubled?
 The magnetic field of a planet is related to its rate of rotation. 𝟐 𝒓 𝑩𝑯
 The reduction factor is given by, 𝑲 =
𝝁𝒐 𝑵
 Jupiter rotates faster, whereas Venus rotates slower than our Earth.
 So Jupiter’s magnetic field is stronger and Venus magnetic field is weaker than  If number of turns are doubled (𝑁 → 2𝑁), then the reduction factor becomes
𝟐 𝒓 𝑩𝑯 𝑲
our Earth’s magnetic field. 𝑲𝑰 = 𝝁𝒐 (𝟐𝑵)
= 𝟐
(i.e.) halved
25. The angle of dip at two places on the surface of the Earth are respectively
31. Why does a paramagnetic sample display greater magnetization (for the same
𝟎° and ° , where are these places located?
magnetizing) when cooled?
 The angle of dip 𝐼 = 0° , implies that the Earth’s magnetic field is paralled to
 At low temperature the random thermal motion which distrupts the alignment
the surface of the Earth (i.e.) horizontal. This is correspondace to Magnetic of dipoled is reduced and hence the paramagnetic sample displays magnetization
equator. to a greater degree.
 The angle of dip 𝐼 = 90° , implies that the Earth’s magnetic field is 32. Alnico is preferred for making permanent magnet. Why?
perpendiculr to the surface of the Earth (i.e.) vertical. This is correspondace to  The materials with high retentivity, high coercivity and high permeability are
Magnetic poles. suitable for making permanent magnets.
26. The magnetic needle used in tangent galvanometer (TG) is very small. Why?
 Since Alnico has (i) high retentivity (ii) high coercivity and (iii) area of the
 The magnetic field produced by the current carrying circular coil at its centre is hysteresis loop is large, it is preferred for making permanent magnets.
uniform only over a small area, So the magnetic needle is snall so that it remains 33. When a ferromagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, the flux density
in an uniform filed even in deflected position. inside the material is greater than that outside. Why?
27. Before performing experiment using a tangent galvanometer, the plane of its
 Because the susceptibility 𝜒𝑚 (which measures how easily and how strongly a
coil is adjusted in the earth’s magnetic meridian. Why?
material can be magnetized) and permeability 𝜇 (which measure of ability of
 The magnetic field (B) produced by a current carrying circular coil is the material to allow the passage of magnetic field lines through it) of ferro
perpendicular to the palne of the coil. magnetic materials are very high.
 Hence the plane of the circular coil is placed along the magnetic meridian (i.e.) 34. Why diamagnetism almost independent of temperature?
parallel to the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field (B H), so that the
 In a diamagnetic substance, the induced dipole moment always opposite to the
magnetic field produced by the coil (B) is perpendicular to the horizontan magnetizing field and it does not depend on the internal thermal motion of the
component of Earth’s magnetic field (BH), dipoles.
 Under this condition only, the pivoted magnetic needle in the compass box is 35. A length of wire carries a steady current. It is bent first to form a circular plane
subjected to two crossed fields and it deflected through an angle ‘’ according to coil of one turn. The same length is now bent more sharply to give a double
the tangent law. loop of smaller radius. How does the magnetic induction at the centre changes?
28. The value of the dip at a place in south India is 18. Will it be more or less in 𝝁 𝑵𝒊
England?  Magnetic induction in the first case ; 𝑩𝟏 = 𝒐
𝟐𝒓
𝑟
 We know that dip ‘I’ is the angle substended by the Earth’s total magnetic field  If it bent more sharply to give double loop, then, 𝑁 → 2𝑁 & 𝑟 → . So the
2
(𝐵⃗ ) with the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian. The value of dip is 0° 𝝁𝒐 (𝟐𝑵) 𝒊 𝝁 𝑵𝒊
new magnetic induction at the centre is ; 𝑩𝟐 = 𝒓 =𝟒 [ 𝒐𝟐 𝒓 ] = 𝟒 𝑩𝟏
at the equator and 90° at the poles 𝟐( )
𝟐
 England is nearer to the poles and south India is nearer to the equator. So the 36. A constant voltage is applied to the opposite corners of one diagonals of a cube
value of dip in England will be more than that in south India. formed by means of homogeneous wire frame. What will be the strength of
29. In India, declination angle is very small and for Chennai, magnetic declination magnetic field at the centre of the cube?
angle is –1 16ʹ. Why it is very small and negative value?  When a constant potential difference is applied to the opposite ends of diagonal
 Declination or magnetic declination (D) is the angle between magnetic meridian of the cube, same current flows through each wire. Corresponding to one wire,
at a point and geographical meridian. It is large at higher latitudes and small there exists another wire carrying current in the same direction. Therefore the
near the equator. resultant magnetic field at the centre of cube is zero.
 Chennai is nearer to equator and so declination angle at Chennai is very small.
 At Chennai, the magnetic meridian lies on west side of geographic meridian so it
is negative.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

37. The lower end of a soft spiral spring just dips in a trough of mercury. The spiral 42. A charged particle goes undeviated through a region, simultaneously subjected
can be connected to a D.C source through the mercury. What happens when the to an electric field and a magnetic field. What is the relative orientation of the
key is closed? two fields?
 When the key is closed, the current flows through each loop of the spiral is same.  For charged particle to be undeviated, the two fields should be uniform and
 This results in attraction between the consecutive loops and hence the spial acting in directions mutually perpendicular to each other.
contracts. So its free end comes out of mercury, thereby breaking the circuit. 43. Does the application of a uniform magnetic field to a moving charged particle
 Now the attractive force vanishes, restoring the spiral back to its original shape result in a change in kinetic energy of the particle?
and the connection is made again and repeating the above process.  The force acting on the charged particle moving in uniform magnetic field is,
 Threrfoe the free end of the spiral keeps on moving up and down. ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 = 𝒒 (⃗⃗⃗𝒗 𝑿 ⃗𝑩
⃗ ). Here ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 is always perpendicular to both ⃗⃗⃗𝒗 and ⃗⃗⃗𝑩
38. Two long thin straight wires each carrying a current of 10 A are placed at right  Since the force is right angles to the motion of charged particle, the field does not
angles to each other. Calculate the magnetic field at a point having do any work on the particle. Therefore its kinetic energy throughout remains
co-ordinates (5m, 2m) constant.
 Magnetic field at ‘P’ due to current carrying 44. Two particles ‘X’ and ‘Y’ having equal charge ‘q’, after being accelerated
conductor ‘X’ through the same potential difference ‘V’ enter a region of uniform magnetic
−7
⃗⃗𝐵1 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑖 𝑘 ̂ = 4𝜋𝑋10 𝑋 10 𝑘 ̂ = 10 𝑋 10−7 𝑘̂ field ‘B’ and describe circular paths of radii 𝑹𝟏 and 𝑹𝟐 respectively. What will
2 𝜋 𝑟1 2 𝜋 (2) be the ratio of their masses?
 Magnetic field at ‘P’ due to current carrying  Here kinetic energy is provided by electrostatic potential energy of the charge.
conductor ‘Y’ 1 2𝑞𝑉 𝟐𝒒𝑽
−7 (i.e.) 𝑚 𝑣2 = 𝑞 𝑉 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑣 2 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝒗= √
⃗⃗𝐵2 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑖 (−𝑘 ̂ ) = 4𝜋𝑋10 𝑋 10 (−𝑘 ̂ ) = − 4 𝑋 10−7 𝑘
̂ 2 𝑚 𝒎
2 𝜋 𝑟2 2 𝜋 (5)
 Also the necessary centripetal force is provided by magnetic Lorentz force
 The resultant magnetic field at ‘P’ is
𝑚 𝑣2 𝑚𝑣 𝑚 𝟐𝒒𝑽 𝟏 𝟐𝒎𝑽 𝟐𝒎𝑽
⃗⃗⃗𝐵 = 𝐵
⃗1 +𝐵 ̂
⃗ 2 = 10 𝑋 10−7 𝑘̂ − 4 𝑋 10−7 𝑘̂ = 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒌 (i.e.) = 𝐵 𝑞 𝑣 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑅 = = √ = √ (𝒐𝒓) 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟐
𝑅 𝐵𝑞 𝐵𝑞 𝒎 𝑩 𝒒 𝑩 𝒒
 Thus the magnitude of the resultant field at ‘P’ is 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒍𝒂 and its 𝒎𝟏 𝑹𝟏𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
direction is along positive Z axis  Hence 𝒎 ∝ 𝑹 (𝑜𝑟) = 𝟐 (𝑜𝑟) 𝒎𝟏 ∶ 𝒎𝟐 = 𝑹𝟏 ∶ 𝑹𝟐
𝒎𝟐 𝑹𝟐
39. A wire AB is bent in the form of an arc of radius ‘r’ having centre at ‘O’. 45. A charged particle ‘P’ enter a region from let to right in which a uniform
Calculate the magnetic induction at ‘O’, if the wire subtends an angle of  at its magnetic field has been applied perpendicular to the plane of the paper
centre. towards the reader deflected upwards in the plane of the paper. Determine the
 We know that, the magnetic induction at centre ‘O’ due to current carrying nature of the charge on the particle?
𝜇𝑜 𝑖
circular loop ; 𝐵 =
2𝑟
 The magnetic force on charged particle moves in a uniform magnetic field is
𝜃 ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 = 𝒒 (⃗⃗⃗𝒗 𝑿 ⃗⃗⃗𝑩) . According cross product rule, the force should be directed
 Since the given wire has a length which times the circumference of the
360
𝝁 𝒊 𝜽 downwards along the paper.
circular loop, the magnetic induction at centre of the arc AB is ; 𝑩𝑰 = 𝒐 [ ]  Since the charged particle ‘P’ deflected upwards, the force must be acts upwards
𝟐 𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎
40. A charged particle moves with uniform velocity in a certain region. Does it and it is possible only if the nature of the charge on the particle ‘P’ must be
means that the region is free from magnetic field? negative.
 Not necessary. When the charged particle moves parallel or antiparallel to the 46. A uniform electric field and a magnetic field act in the same direction. A proton
direction of lines of force of uniform magnetic field, there is no resultant force on is projected to the space with uniform velocity in opposite direction. What will
the charge. In this case also the charge moves with constant velocity. happen to proton?
41. A charged particle undergoes uniform circular motion in a plane where there is  Since motion of proton is along the lines of force of magnetic field, there is no
a non uniform magnetic field. What is the angle between direction of motion of force on it due to the magnetic field.
charge and the lines of force of the field?  But due to electric field, proton will suffer retardation and hence its velocity will
 Charged particle can execute uniform circular motion, only if it experience a decrease till it comes to rest.
force at right angles to the direction of motion called centripetal force.  Then the proton will come back along the same path and shall emerge from the
 For this happen, the charge must move right angles to the lines of force of the space with same speed with which it was projected.
magnetic field.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

47. A proton is moving under the influence of a perpendicular magnetic field ‘B’ 51. Two straight conductors carring currents 𝒊𝟏 and 𝒊𝟐 are oriented at right angles
and possesses energy ‘E’. What will be the energy of the proton if the magnetic to each other. What will be the force between them if the two conductors lie in
filed is increased to ‘4B’ while it is compelled to move in the circular path of same plane?
same radius?  In such a case, the magnetic field due current in one conductor is parallel to the
 The force acting on the proton moves in magnetic field ‘B’ is ; 𝑭 = 𝑩 𝒆 𝒗 length of second conductor. Since 𝜃 = 0°, the force [𝐹 = 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 sin 𝜃 ] between
 Since this force acts at right angles to the motion of proton, it becomes them will be zero
𝑚 𝑣2 𝑩𝒆𝒓 52. A rectangular loop ABCD carrying current as shown in
centripetal force. Hence, = 𝐵 𝑒 𝑣 (𝑜𝑟) 𝒗 = 𝒎
𝑟 the figure is placed near a fixed straight conductor XY
𝐼
 Let 𝑣 be the new velocity of proton, when magnetic field is increased to ‘4B’, carrying current. What will happen to the current loop?
𝟒𝑩𝒆𝒓
then ; 𝒗 =𝑰
=𝟒𝒗  Here the segments AB and CD are right angles to XY.
𝒎
1 2 1 1 So the magnetic field due to the current in XY is parallel
 New kinetic energy ; 𝑬𝑰 = 𝑚 𝑣 𝐼 = 𝑚 (4 𝑣)2 = 16 [ 𝑚 𝑣2 ] = 𝟏𝟔 𝑬
2 2 2 to AB and CD. Therefore these two segments will not
48. An electron is shot in steady electric and magnetic field such that its experience any force
velocity ‘v” electric field ‘E’ and the magnetic field ‘B’ are mutully  But the magnetic field due to the current in XY is perpendicular to both
perpendicular. Now if it so happens that Lorentz force cancels the electrostatic AD and BC, they experience a force. Force on AD will be attractive while BC will
force on the electron, what is the velocity of the electron? be repulsive.
 Magnetic Lorentz force acting on electron; 𝑭𝑩 = 𝑩 𝒆 𝒗  Since AD is located near XY than BC, attractive force is stronger than repulsive
Electrostatic force acting on electron ; 𝑭𝑬 = 𝒆 𝑬 force. Therefore rectangular loop is move closer to the fixed straight conductor.
 Since the two fields are perpendicular to each other, the forces due to these two 53. A direct current flows through a cylindrical conductor. Will current density be
fields must be on the same plane. constant across the entire cross section of the conductor?
 Given that, these two forces are opposed to each other in same plane, their  Here currents flows through various elements of the conductor in same
𝑬 direction. Thus there exists a force of attraction between different current
magnitudes must be equal. (i.e.) 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐸 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝐸 𝑜𝑟 𝒗 =
( ) ( )
𝑩
elements. Therefore the density of current increases a little near the axis of the
49. An electron and a proton possessing equal momenta are injected to a region at
cylindrical conductor.
right angles to a uniform magnetic field. Calculate the ratio of their radii of
54. A hollow copper pipe leads a lighting conductor to the earth. It was observed
curvature while moving inside a magnetic field.
that the pipe turned into a rod after the lightning struck. Explain.
 Since the electron and proton possess same momentum,
𝒗𝑷 𝒎𝒆  Due to sudden flow of charge from lightning conductor to the earth, large
𝑚𝑃 𝑣𝑃 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑒 (𝑜𝑟) = instantaneous currents started flowing through various elements of hollow pipe
𝒗𝒆 𝒎𝑷
 The force due to magnetic field provides centripetal force and hence in same direction. This resulted in mutual attraction between various elements
𝑚 𝑣2 𝐵𝑒𝑟 of pipes which in turn resulted in formation of a solid rod.
=𝐵𝑒𝑣 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑣= 𝑚 55. If the polarity of Hall emf in a material is opposite to that obtained from a
𝑟
𝐵 𝑒 𝑟𝑃 𝐵𝑒𝑟 𝒗 𝒎 𝑟
 Thus we have, 𝑣𝑃 = & 𝑣𝑒 = 𝑚 𝑒 ∴ 𝒗𝑷 = 𝒎𝒆 𝑟𝑃 copper strip, what conclusion can you draw?
𝑚𝑃
𝒎 𝒎 𝑟
𝑒
𝑟
𝒆 𝑷 𝑒  In copper conductor, current carriers are electrons.
 Comparing the two equations, 𝒎 𝒆 = 𝒎𝒆 𝑟𝑃 (𝒐𝒓) 𝑟𝑃 = 𝟏 ∴ 𝒓𝑷 ∶ 𝒓𝒆 = 𝟏 ∶ 𝟏  If the Hall emf is opposite to that obtained for a copper strip, this means that
𝑷 𝑷 𝑒 𝑒
50. Two parallel straight conductors carry currents of same magnitude and in current carriers are positively charged particle. This is the case for P - type
same direction. Will there be any point having zero magnetic field intensity? If semiconductor in which charge carriers are holes.
so, where? 56. Is it possible to accelerate electrons and neutrons using cyclotron? If no, why?
 If two straight parallel conductors are separated by a distance ‘a’, then the  Eventhough electron have negative charge, its mass is very very small compared
𝒂 to protons and nertrons. So at high frequencies, relativistic variation of mass of
point ‘P situated in between the two conductors at a distance from either of
𝟐
the electron is appreciable and hence electrons cannot be accelerated by
the conductor have zero magnetic intensity.
cyclotron.
 Since the currents in them are equal, the magnitude of magnetic fields at ‘P’ due to
 Only charged particls can be accelerated by cyclotron. Since netrons are neutral
the two conductors are equal, while their directions are opposite.
𝒂 partile, they cannot be accelerated by cyclotron.
 Therefore the resultant magnetic field at ‘P’ at a distance from either side of
𝟐
conductor is zero.
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

57. What is current element? Give its significance. 63. Two parallel wires carrying current in same direction attracts each other. But
 The product of current ‘I’ and the geomentrical length ‘𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗ ’ is called the current two electron beams moving in the same direction repels each other. Why?
element (i.e.) 𝑰 𝒅𝒍 ⃗⃗⃗⃗  In case of two parallel conductors carrying current, they attracts each other due
 This can be considered as the source of magnetic field, just like an electric charge to magnetic Lorentz force.
(q) considered as source of electric field.  But in the case of electron beam, there is both electric and magnetic forces. Here
58. Find the magnetic field for the paths 1, 2 and 3 electric force dominates and hence they repels each other.
show in the figure by applying Ampere’s 64. What is meant by radial field? Why such a field is necessary in a moving coil
circuital law. galvanometer?
 Let ‘I’ be the current flows through thewire.  A radial field is one in which the field lines in the gap between the hemi-spherical
 According to Ampere’s circuital law, pole pieces appears to radiate from the axis of the cylinder.
 When the field is radial, the plane of the coil in the moving coil galvanometer will
For path 1 ; ∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑂 𝐼
be always parallel to the magnetic lines of force, whatever be the position of
For path 2 ; ∮ 𝐵 . ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑂 𝐼 the coil. So the deflecting torque is always maximum [𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐼 𝐴]
⃗⃗⃗ = 0 (because net current is zero)
For path 3 ; ∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 . 𝑑𝑙 65. In a moving coil galvanometer, the coil is suspended using phosphor-bronze
59. An electron is deflected both in the electric and magnetic fields. Mention the alloy. Why?
differences between the deflections.  The restoring couple per unit twist is small for phosphor - bronze alloy. Hence
 In electric field, the force acts along the direction of the field and hence electron the galvanometer is more sensitive.
get deflected in the same plane. But in magnetic field, the force acts in a plane  Tensile strength is high and hence thin wires can be used to suspend the coil
perpendicular to the velocity and hence electron deflected in a plane such that the wire does not break under the weight of the coil.
perpendicular the both velocity and the field.  The alloy does not get rusted and hence it is independent of the weather
 The path is parabolic in electric field and it is circular in magnetic field. conditions.
 There is increase in kinetic energy of the particle when it moves in electric field. 66. What is the purpose of the soft iron core used in the moving coil galvanometer?
But there is no change in kinetic energy in an magnetic field.  To make the magnetic field radial so that a linear scale may be used to measure
60. There is no net charge in a current carrying conductor. Then why it current.
experiences a force in a magnetic field?  It concentrates the lines of force and thereby increases the strength of the
 Eventhough the net charge in a conductor is zero, it contains number of free magnetic field. This inturn increases the sensitivity of the galvanometer.
electrons which moves with drift velocity results electric current. 67. The earth’s magnetic field do not affect the working of a moving coil
 Thus when current carrying conductor is subjected to magnetic field, every galvanometer. Why?
drifted electron experiences magnetic force which is transmitted to the  The earth’s magnetic field is weak. The magnetic field in which the coil is
conductor. suspended is very strong. So the earth’s field do not affect the working of the
61. A solenoid tends to contract when a current is passed through it. Why? moving coil galvanometer.
 The currents in the adjacent parallel turns of the solenoid flow in the same 68. Which has higher resistance, an ammeter or a voltmeter? Why?
direction.  Ammeter has low resistance, because it has a low resistance called shunt is in
 We know that two parallel current carrying conductors attracts each other if the parallel with the galvanometer. The resistance of ideal ammeter is zero.
currents are in the same direction.  Voltmeter has high resistance, because it has a high resistance is in series with
 So there is a force of attractiohn between the adjacent turns and hence the the galvanometer. The resistance of ideal voltmeter is infinity.
solenoid tends to contract. 69. Which of the two has lesser resistance milli ammeter or ammeter?
62. A current is passed though a copper pipe. A straight wire carrying current is  To convert a galvanometer in to an ammeter of range ‘I’, the low resistance to
initially placed inside the pipe and then outside the pipe. Where the straight 𝑰𝒈
be connected in parallel to it is , 𝑺 = 𝑮
wire experience a force? Why? 𝑰− 𝑰𝒈
 Inside the copper pipe there is no magnetic field. So the straight wire will not  Here, 𝑰𝒈 and 𝑮 are same for both cases. So ‘S’ will be low, when range ‘I’ is high.
experience any force.  The range of milli-ammeter is low and ammeter is high. So ammeter has low
 But outside the pipe, there exist a definite value of magnetic field. So the straight resistance than milli-ammeter.
wire placed outside experience a force.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

70. By connecting suitable high resistance in series, two identical galvanometers 76. Why a freely suspended bar magnet in your laboratory experiences only
are converted in to (i) a voltmeter and (ii) a mill-voltmeter. Which has higher torque (rotational motion) but not any translatory motion even though Earth
resistances? has non-uniform magnetic field? Suppose we keep a freely suspended bar
 To convert a galvanometer in to a voltmeter of range ‘V’, the high resistance to magnet in a non-uniform magnetic field. What will happen?
𝑽  It is because Earth’s magnetic field is locally (physics laboratory) uniform.
be connected in series is, 𝑹 = − 𝑮 . Here, 𝑰𝒈 and 𝑮 are same for both
𝑰𝒈
 It will undergo translatory motion (net force) and rotational motion (torque).
cases.So ‘R’ will be high, when range ‘V’ is high. 77. Neutrons cannot be accelerated by cyclotron because it is electrically neutral
 The range of milli-voltmeter is low and voltmeter is high. So voltmeter has particle. Then how we use it in fast-neutron cancer therapy?
higher resistance.  Deutrons (bundles of one proton and one neutron) can be accelerated because it
71. We have the zero position of the scale of a galvanometer in the centre of scale, has same charge as that of proton. When a deutron is bombarded with a
while those of ammeter and voltmeter is on one side. Why is it so? beryllium target, a beam of high energy neutrons are produced.
 Galvanometer is a current detecting instrument. We have the zero position of  These high-energy neutrons are sent into the patient’s cancerous region to break
the scale of a galvanometer in the centre, so that current flowing in either the bonds in the DNA of the cancer cells (killing the cells). This is used in
direction could be detected. treatment of fast-neutron cancer therapy.
 Voltmeter and ammeter are measuring instruments. To use them we already 78. An electron and a proton move with the same speed in a plane perpendicular
know the direction of current flowing through the circuit. We can always to a uniform magnetic field. Compare the magnetic forces on these particles,
connect them in such a manner that deflection is obtained only in one direction. acclerations, radii and periods of their orbits.
Therfore we have the zero position of the scale on one side.  The mass of the proton is 1836 times greater than that of the mass of elctron
 For the same reason, terminals of voltmeter and ammeter are marked ‘+’ and ‘-‘  The magnitude of magnetic forces [𝑭𝑩 = 𝑩 𝒆 𝒗 ] on electron and proton are the
while those galvanometers are not. same, since they have the same amount of charge. But the direction of these forces
72. Why an ammeter always connected in series with the circuit? are opposite of each other.
 An ammeter is a low resistance device. When it connected in series, it does not 𝑭 𝑩𝒆𝒗
 The acceleration [𝒂 = 𝑩 = ] are in opposite direction and the electron has a
produce any effective change in resistance or current in the circuit. Therefore it 𝒎 𝒎
is always connected in series with the circuit. larger acceleration than the proton due to its smaller mass.
73. Why a voltmeter always connected in parallel with the circuit?  The magnetic force acts at right angles to the motion of charged particle provides
𝒎𝒗
 A voltmeter is a high resistance device. When it connected in parallel, it does centripetal force and make the particle to move along a circle of radius ; 𝒓 =
𝑩𝒆
not produce any effective change in resistance or current in the circuit. 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐𝝅𝒎
Therefore it is always connected in parallel with the circuit. The time period (time for one complete rotation) is given by ; 𝑻 = 𝒗
= 𝑩𝒆
74. By mistake, a voltmeter is connected in series and an ammeter is connected in  Proton has more mass than the electron ; therefore its radius and period will be
parallel with a resistance in an electrical circuit. What will happen to the larger.
instruments? 79. Discuss the similarities and differences between the electrical force onf a
 Voltmeter is a high resistance instrument. When it connected in series with a charge and the magnetic force on a charge.
resistance, the effective resistance of the circuit will become very high and no  Both electric force and magnetic force are field dependent.
current will flow through the circuit and so no voltage drop occur. On other  Electrical force dependent on charge, whereas magnetic force is dependent on
words, it will lead to an open circuit and the meter will be safe. current or rate of flow of charge
 Ammeter is a low resistance instrument. When it connected in parallel with a
resistance, we will be shorting that element. Because of this, the current
through the circuit will increase which will definitely damage the meter
75. How earth’s magnetic field helps to birds and animals?
 Many birds and animals have magnetic sense in their eyes using Earth’s
magnetic field for navigation.
 For example, Zebra finch bird, due to protein cryptochromes Cry4 present in
retina; the bird uses Earth's magnetic field for navigation

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

EXAM NO 7. Two identical coils, each with N turns and radius R are placed coaxially at a
NAME : distance R as shown in the figure. If I is the current passing through the loops
UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT in the same direction, then the magnetic field at a point P at a distance of R/2
from the centre of each coil is
Time - 2 : 30 hours Total - 60 marks 8 𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
(a)
PART - I 15 X 1 = 15 √5 𝑅
8𝑁𝜇 𝐼
Note : (i) Answer all the questions (b) 3/2𝑜
5 𝑅
8 𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
(ii) Choose the best answer and write the option code and (c)
5𝑅
corresponding answer 4 𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
1. The magnetic field at the centre O of the following (d)
√5 𝑅
current loop is 8. A wire of length l carrying a current I along the Y direction is kept in a
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
(a)  (b)  ⃗⃗ = 𝜷 (𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
magnetic field given by 𝑩 ̂ ) . The magnitude of Lorentz force
4𝑟 4𝑟 √𝟑
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 acting on the wire is,
(c)
2𝑟
 (d) 2 𝑟 
2 1 1
2. An electron moves in a straight line inside a (a) √ 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙 (b) √ 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙 (c)√2 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙 (d)√ 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙
charged parallel plate capacitor of uniform 3 3 3
charge density σ. The time taken by the electron 9. A bar magnet of length l and magnetic moment pm is
to cross the parallel plate capacitor undeflected bent in the form of an arc as shown in figure. The new
when the plates of the capacitor are kept under magnetic dipole moment will be
3
constant magnetic field of induction 𝑩⃗⃗ is (a) 𝑝𝑚 (b) 𝑝𝑚
𝜋
𝑒𝑙𝐵 𝑙𝐵 𝑙𝐵 𝑙𝐵 2 1
(a) 𝜀𝑜 (b) 𝜀𝑜 (c) 𝜀𝑜 (d) 𝜀𝑜 (c) 𝑝𝑚 (d) 𝑝𝑚
𝜎 𝜎𝑙 𝑒𝜎 𝜎 𝜋 2
3. A particle having mass m and charge q accelerated through a potential 10. A non-conducting charged ring carrying a charge of q, mass m and radius r is
difference V. Find the force experienced when it is kept under perpendicular rotated about its axis with constant angular speed ω. Find the ratio of its
⃗⃗ .
magnetic field 𝑩 magnetic moment with angular momentum is
𝑞 2𝑞
2 𝑞3 𝐵 𝑉 𝑞3 𝐵2 𝑉 2 𝑞3 𝐵2 𝑉 2 𝑞3 𝐵 𝑉 (a) (b)
(a)√ (b) √ (c) √ (d) √ 𝑚 𝑚
𝑚 2𝑚 𝑚 𝑚3 𝑞 𝑞
(c) (d)
4. A circular coil of radius 5 cm and 50 turns carries a current of 3 ampere. The 2𝑚 4𝑚
magnetic dipole moment of the coil is nearly 11. The BH curve for a ferromagnetic material
(a) 1.0 A m2 (b) 1.2 A m2 is shown in the figure. The material is
(c) 0.5 A m2 (d) 0.8 A m2 placed inside a long solenoid which
5. A thin insulated wire forms a plane spiral of N = 100 tight turns carrying a contains 1000 turns/cm. The current that
current I = 8 m A (milli ampere). The radii of inside and outside turns are should be passed in the solenonid to
a = 50 mm and b = 100 mm respectively. The magnetic induction at the centre demagnetize the ferromagnet completely is
of the spiral is (a) 1.00 m A
(a) 5 μT (b) 7 μT (b) 1.25 mA
(c) 8 μT (d) 10 μT (c) 1.50 mA
6. Three wires of equal lengths are bent in the form of loops. One of the loops is (d) 1.75 mA
circle, another is a semi-circle and the third one is a square. They are placed in
a uniform magnetic field and same electric current is passed through them.
Which of the following loop configuration will experience greater torque ?
(a) Circle (b) Semi-circle
(c) Square (d) All of them

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

12. Two short bar magnets have magnetic moments 1.20 Am2 and 1.00 Am2 PART - III 6 X 3 = 18
respectively. They are kept on a horizontal table parallel to each other with
their north poles pointing towards south. They have a common magnetic
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
equator and are separated by a distance of 20.0 cm. The value of the resultant (ii) Question No. 30 is compulsory
horizontal magnetic induction at the mid-point O of the line joining their 24. What are the properties of bar magnet?
centres is (Horizontal components of Earth’s magnetic induction is 25. Give the properties of magnetic field lines.
3.6 × 10–5 Wb m–2 ) 26. State and explain Biot-Savart law.
(a) 3.60 × 10–5 Wb m–2 (b) 3.5 × 10–5 Wb m–2 27. Give the properties of Lorentz magnetic force
(c) 2.56 × 10–4 Wb m–2 (d) 2.2 × 10–4 Wb m–2 28. How Galvanometer can be converted in to Ammeter
13. The vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field at a place is equal to the 29. Explain the current loop acts as a magnetic dipole and calculate its dipole moment.
horizontal component. What is the value of angle of dip at this place? 30. Calculate the magnetic field at the centre of a square loop which carries a current of
(a) 30o (b) 45o 1.5 A, length of each side being 50 cm.
(c) 60 o (d) 90o PART - IV 3 X 5 = 15
14. A flat dielectric disc of radius R carries an excess charge on its surface. The
surface charge density is σ. The disc rotates about an axis perpendicular to its Note : (i) Answer all the questions
plane passing through the centre with angular velocity ω. Find the magnitude 31. Deduce the relation for magnetic induction at a point due to an infinitely long
of the torque on the disc if it is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose straight conductor carrying current.
strength is B which is directed perpendicular to the axis of rotation (OR)
1 1 Obtain the expression for force on a moving charge in a magnetic field.
(a) 𝜎𝜔𝜋𝐵𝑅 (b) 4 𝜎 𝜔 𝜋 𝐵 𝑅 2
4 32. Using Ampere’s circuital law, Obtain an expression for magnetic field due to long
1 1
(c)
4
𝜎 𝜔 𝜋 𝐵 𝑅3 (d)
4
𝜎 𝜔 𝜋 𝐵 𝑅4 current carrying solenoid.
15. The potential energy of magnetic dipole whose dipole moment is (OR)
⃗⃗ = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒊̂ 𝑻
⃗⃗⃗𝒑𝒎 = (−𝟎. 𝟓 𝒊̂ + 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒋̂) 𝑨𝒎𝟐 kept in uniform magnetic field 𝑩
(a) –0.1 J (b) –0.8 J Obtain an expression for the force on a current carrying conductor placed in a
(c) 0.1 J (d) 0.8 J magnetic field.
33. Obtain a force between two long parallel current carrying conductors. Hence define
PART - II 6 X 2 = 12 ampere.
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions . (OR)
(ii) Question No. 23 is compulsory Describe the principle, construction and working of moving coil galvanometer.
16. Calculate the tangent of magnetic inclination or angle of dip.
17. Define magnetic dipole moment. Give its unit.
18. Define magnetic flux. Give its unit.
19. State Ampere’s circuital law.
20. State Fleming’s left hand rule (FLHR). தமிழுக்கும் அமுததன்று பபர் ! -அந்தத்தமிழ் இன்பத்தமிழ் எங்கள் உயிருக்கு பேர் !
21. How the current sensitivity of galvanometer can be increased? தமிழுக்கு நிலதென்று பபர் ! - இன்பத் தமிழ் எங்கள் சமுகத்தின் விளைவுக்கு நீர் !
22. Define voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer. தமிழுக்கு மணதமன்று பபர் ! - இன்பத் தமிழ் எங்கள் ொழ்வுக்கு நிருமித்த ஊர் !
23. The repulsive force between two magnetic poles in air is 9 × 10 –3 N. If the two poles தமிழுக்கு மதுதென்று பபர் ! - இன்பத் தமிழ் எங்கள் உரிளமச்தசம் பயிருக்கு பெர் !
are equal in strength and are separated by a distance of 10 cm, calculate the pole
தமிழ் எங்கள் இைளமக்குப் பால் ! - இன்பத்தமிழ் ேல்ல புகழ்மிக்க புலெர்க்குபெல்
strength of each pole
தமிழ் எங்கள் உயர்வுக்கு ொன் ! - இன்பத் தமிழ் எங்கள் அசதிக்குச் சுடர்தந்த பதன் !
தமிழ் எங்கள் அறிவுக்குத் பதாள் ! - இன்பத் தமிழ் எங்கள் கவிளதக்கு ெயிரத்தின் ொள் !
தமிழ் எங்கள் பிறவிக்குத் தாய் ! - இன்பத் தமிழ் எங்கள் ெைமிக்க உைமுற்ற தீ !
இன்பத்தமிழ் - பாபெந்தர் பாரதிதாசன்

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
Please Send your Materials, Guides & Question papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929