Unit No:-4 --- Testing and Troubleshooting of transformer

4.1) Testing of distribution transformer and power transformer as per

IS 2026-1981
 Routine tests of transformer :- are those test which are conducted on each and every
transformer manufactured in a industry they are enlisted below
1.) Polarity test
2.) Phasing out test (In case of 3-phase transformer)
3.) Measurement of Winding resistance. (DC resistance)
4.) Measurement of voltage ratio/Turns ratio
5.) Short circuit test: (Measurement of impedance voltage/short circuit impedance and
load (copper) loss).
6.) Open circuit test: (Measurement of no load loss (core loss) and no load
current/magnetizing current)
7.) Measurement of insulation resistance.
8.) High Voltage test.

1.) Polarity Test

 Concepts of Polarity
 Current flows from high voltage point to low voltage point due to the potential
difference between them
 Here, electrical polarity comes into the picture. Electrical polarity simply describes
the direction of the current flow.
 When we look into DC system, The term polarity usually refers to the positive and
negative terminals of battery or D.C supply
 But when we look into an AC system, the terminals are changing their polarity
periodically, and the direction of the current also changes accordingly.
 In AC system, the terminals which will be either at positive potential or negative
potential at the time are termed as same polarity terminals
 We use dot convention to identify the voltage polarity of the mutual inductance of
two windings.
 The two used conventions are
 If a current enters the dotted terminal of one winding, then the voltage induced on
the other winding will be positive at the dotted terminal of the second winding.
 If a current leaves the dotted terminal of
one winding, then the polarity of the
voltage induced in the other winding
will be negative at the dotted terminal
of the second winding.
 When the dots are placed next to the
top ends of the primary and secondary
windings as shown in fig,

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 It indicates that the polarity of the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding
will be the same as that across the secondary winding.
 Meaning the phase shift between the primary and secondary winding will be zero
(in- Phase)
 and the direction of the Secondary current (Is) and Primary current (Ip) will be the
same
 Consider two batteries each of 5 volts e.m.f and connected as shown in fig.1
 The voltmeter will read zero i.e difference of e.m.f of two batteries
 Now instead if the batteries are connected as shown in fig.2
 the voltmeter will read 10 volts
 The first type of connection is term as subtractive polarity
 While the second type is termed as additive polarity

 Polarity marking in case of single phase transformer is required for connecting two
or more transformers in parallel
 While in case of three phase transformer. Polarity marking of each phase winding is
necessary for connecting it in required transformer grouping such as star/star,
delta/star etc
 As per ISS-1962 the terminal marking of three-phase and single –phase T/f should
be as shown in figs

 Polarity test on transformer:-

 A simple test on single phase transformer can be conducted as follows consider a 1
ph T/F having voltage rating of 230v/115v be connected to single phase supply
 The primary terminals (HV) marked by letters A1 and A2, let the secondary terminals
be marked arbitrarily(randomly) by letters a1 and a2 as shown in fig
 Let A1 a1 be shorted by low resistance loop as shown in fig and voltmeter be
connected across the terminals A2 a2

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 If the reading of the voltmeter is connected across is equal to difference of supply
voltage and secondary e.m.f then the polarity marking given is correct the method
is termed as subtractive polarity marking (see fig)

 Instead if the voltmeter reads voltage equal to supply voltage and secondary emf
the polarity marking given is reversed on secondary and it is termed as additive (see
fig)
 In case of transformer, subtractive polarity making is preferred because by chance
any two adjacent terminals i.e A1 a1 or A2 a2 get shored, the voltage available across
the windings will be less than supply voltage, hence will not cause any harm to the
insulation of transformer windings.
 Another method of marking polarity is as shown in fig. in this case also, secondary
terminals are marked arbitrarily(randomly) with respect to primary terminals
 The primary and secondary terminals are
connected in series as shown in fig
 If the voltage V1 across the primary is less
than supply voltage polarity is correct or
subtractive
 In case of subtractive polarity marking a any
instant the direction of induced e.m.f.s In
both primary and secondary will be the
same i.e either From A2 to A1 and a2 to a1 or
A1 to A2 and a1 to a2
 It also means that both winding are wound on the core in the same direction and
their staring ad finishing ends ae marked by same suffixes
 If the voltage V1 across the primary is addition of supply voltage and secondary
e.m.f than polarity is reversed or additive.
2.) Phasing out test (I):-
This test is carried out to identify primary & secondary windings belonging to
same phase. This test is required only in case of three phase transformer.

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 When three phase T/F is manufactured the terminal marking of say L.V winding w.r.t
H.V of the same phase is carried out.
 For carrying out above test, a circuit as shown in fig is used
 In this, all winding except one on primary and one on secondary side are shorted
with low resistance wire loop. As shown in
fig.
 A low voltage DC supply is connected
across primary winding which left
unshorted and across the secondary
winding left unshorted a voltmeter is
connected as shown in fig.
 The low DC voltage causes DC current to flow
through that primary winding which will cause
steady flux to be established in the transformer core
 Now with the help of switch interrupt the DC supply
instantly & repeatedly.
 It will change the flux linking with both primary
winding and secondary winding, which will result
into induced e.m.fs (momentary) in the windings
 If the voltmeter happens to be connected across the
secondary belonging to same primary wdg to which
DC supply is connected, the voltmeter will indicate deflection.
 If not deflect then two windings are not belong to same phase, than short circuit
secondary winding across which voltmeter is connected and connect it across
another secondary winding as shown in fig, and repeat the test as before
 If in this case the voltmeter gives deflection then that secondary wdg corresponds
to the primary winding phase
 For determining secondary’s of remaining two phases, the dc supply is connected
to other phase wdg on primary side and voltmeter is connected across one of the
secondary phase winding
 Other primary and sec. windings being shorted as before if the voltmeter gives when
the DC current is broken, it will represent the sec. winding of the second phase to
which the DC supply is connected
 The remaining primary and secondary windings are corresponding to the third
phase
Phasing out test (II):-
 This is carried to find out the corresponding H.V and L.V phase winding
 In the above test, we need D.C voltage for conducting the test.
 In this method, normal A.C voltage is applied to one of the H.V or L.V winding
 Here A.C voltage is applied to H.V winding and the voltage across all the three L.V
phase windings are measured as shown in fig

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 The winding across which voltage is much more compared with other two phases
windings, represent the secondary winding corresponding to primary winding to
which supply is connected
 The reason being that the flux in that core is maximum, while other cores it is ½ this
value, hence the effect on induced e.m.f’s.

3.) Measurement of Winding resistance. (DC resistance):-

i) By voltmeter ammeter method
 This test aims to determine the difference in the designed value of resistance and
actual value of resistance at a prefixed value of temperature and if the change in
value is within the permissible limits or not.
 The resistance of each winding is measured by passing direct current and temp of
winding is recorded because of this it is called as D.C resistance.
 The arrangement for single phase shown in fig. the ammeter, voltmeter and variable
resistance are connected as
shown in fig
 The resistance is then ratio of
voltage and current
𝑅𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉/𝐼 (𝑅𝑑𝑐=𝑅𝑡1)
 The value of this resistance
changes due to increase in
temp. for copper conductor
measured at ambient
temperature can be converted to resistance at working temperature (desired temp.
value) as given below
234.5 + 𝑡20 𝐶
𝑅𝑡2 = 𝑅𝑡1
234.5 + 𝑡10 𝐶

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑡2 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡20 𝐶

𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑡1 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡10 𝐶 𝑡1
𝑡20 𝐶 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞.

𝑡10 𝐶 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔.

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)
 𝑡10 𝐶 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔.
 The measured value of above winding resistance will change if A.C is applied across
terminal due to skin effect
 Finally the above measured resistance i.e 𝑅_𝑑𝑐 is multiplied by 1.67 due to skin
effect
𝑹𝒂𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝑹𝒅𝒄

4.) Measurement of voltage ratio/Turns ratio:-

i.) With the help of voltmeter:-
 This test is suitable for low capacity low voltage rating transformers such as 440/220
V or 230/115 Volts
 The voltage ratio can be checked with the help of a sensitive precision type
voltmeter
 The primary voltage (V1) and secondary voltage (V2) are measured with the help of
same voltmeter
 & the voltage ratio is calculated as ratio of secondary to primary voltage
𝑉1
i. e
𝑉2

ii.) With the help of standard transformer:-

 Standard transformer of the same primary and secondary voltage ratings used for
determining the voltage ratio of the transformer under test.
 In this test the primary windings of both the standard T/F and T/F under test are
connected parallel across bus-bar as shown fig

 The secondary's are connected in phase opposition i.e “a2a2“are shorted.

 Voltmeter is connected across a1a1 of LV winding of both T/F
 If the reading of voltmeter connected is zero the voltage ratio of transformer under
test is the same as that of the standard transformer
 If voltmeter is connected which reads the voltage difference if any between L.V
winding, then it should under tolerance level, if not than it has send for design
section for review

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 iii) With the help of Ratio meter:-
 In this method, the primary of transformer under test and the ratio-meter are
connected to single phase supply as shown in fig.
 The ratio-meter is simply potential divider. On
which tapings are provided.
 Terminal a2 of L.V and one terminal of ratio-
meter are shorted and one of the tapping
terminal and a1 is shorted with the help of
ammeter.
 Voltage across the tapings and the voltage
applied to the ratio meter bears a constant ratio
 By suitably adjusting the tapping of the ratio-
meter the current through the ammeter is
made zero
 Which indicates that secondary voltage of ratio
meter and transformer under test are equal in
magnitude but act in opposite direction
 Their primary voltages being equal, voltage ratio of the transformer under test is
equal to voltage ratio of the ratio meter

5.) Open circuit test

(Measurement of no load loss (core loss) and no load current/magnetizing current):-
 The simplest form of conducting this test is as shown in figure

 In this test, generally the L.V winding is connected to rated voltage at rated
frequency
 As the high voltage may not be available in the laboratory for testing purpose
 This test can be carried out on transformers complete with winding and fitted in
tank with oil
 For normal for low flux densities the reading of the wattmeter (low P.F) will represent
i.) core loss of transformer
ii.) L.V copper loss at no load which is negligible
 Neglecting other losses which are very small the wattmeter represents core losses

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 i.e 𝑊0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
If 𝑊0 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑁𝑜 − 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐼0 = 𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑉0 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑂. 𝐶 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑊0
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝐼𝑤
𝑉0
𝐼𝑤 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼0 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑠
√(𝐼02 − 𝐼𝑤2 ) = 𝐼𝜇
𝐼𝜇 − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑜 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑉0
= 𝑅0
𝐼𝑤
𝑅0 − 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 −
𝑉0
= 𝑋0
𝐼𝜇
𝑋0 = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
6.) Short circuit test:-
(Measurement of impedance voltage/short circuit impedance and load (copper) loss)
 This test is conducted to find out copper losses of the transformer at full load condition
 At the same time the equivalent impedance, the equivalent resistance and the equivalent
reactance of transformer referred to the measuring side can be determined
 This test is conducted generally on H.V side of the transformer and L.V winding is shorted
as shown in fig

 The reason for connecting voltage to H.V side in this test is that the voltage required for
conducting the test is nearly five percent of rated voltage which will be available in the
laboratory
 But the current required for L.V is much more in comparison to full load H.V current which
may not be available or may cause disturbance to the distribution system at the time of
testing
 the reading of the wattmeter voltmeter and ammeter are recorded
 Generally current flowing through H.V. winding is adjusted to its full load value at this time
the reading of wattmeter indicates full load copper loss and iron losses being negligible
 The voltage applied under this condition say Vsc is called as impedance voltage or
impedance voltage drop as this voltage is utilized in a drop across the impedance of the
transformer winding and no voltage is available across the short circuited L.V winding

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 If Isc is equal to full load current of HV winding Wsc represents full load copper loss
 Calculations referred at testing temperature (t1)
𝑉𝑠𝑐
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝒆𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝐻. 𝑉 − 𝑍01 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝑊𝑠𝑐
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝐻. 𝑉 − 𝑅01 = 2
𝐼𝑠𝑐

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝐻. 𝑉 − 𝑋01 = √(𝑍01

2 2
− 𝑅01 )

Calculations referred at working temperature (t2 = 750 C) :-

235.5 + 75
𝑊𝑠𝑐 𝑎𝑡 750 𝐶(𝐹. 𝐿 𝑐𝑢. 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 750 𝐶) = 𝑊𝑠𝑐 x
235.5 + 𝑡1
235.5 + 75
𝑅01 𝑎𝑡 750 𝐶 = 𝑅01 𝑎𝑡 𝑡1 x
235.5 + 𝑡1
𝑋01 𝑎𝑡 750 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑋01 𝑎𝑡 𝑡1

𝑍01 𝑎𝑡 750 𝐶 = √(𝑅01 𝑎𝑡 750 𝐶)2 + 𝑋01

2
)

From this test results and test results of open circuit test the performance characteristics such
as efficiency of transformer by loss summation can be found. Similarly regulation can also be
determined:-

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = = =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑐𝑢. 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊𝑠𝑐 + 𝑊0
𝐼1 [𝑅01 𝑐𝑜𝑠Φ ± 𝑋01 sin Φ]
% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑉1
(𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉1 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)

7.) Measurement of insulation resistance:-

 Insulation resistance depends upon the winding temperature its value reduces by 50% if
the winding temperature increased by 10 to 15 degree Celsius
 The value of insulation resistance is measured for determining moisture absorbed by
windings insufficient insulation between windings or effect of atmospheric pollution on
windings etc
 There is no hard and fast rule giving insulation resistance values for transformer winding
but a generalized rule may be followed as 2 mega-ohm per KV
 The insulation resistance test is carried out with megger of suitable voltage rating as a
specified in the table below

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 Voltage of Min.insulation Voltage of
winding resistance in MΩ megger

400V 2 500 V
11 kV 50 1000 V
33 kV 150 2500 V
132 kV 500 2500 V

 The test should be conducted immediately after the heat run test on the transformer. The
insulation resistance is measured between
transformer windings and core between
transformer windings between core and
core clamping bolts etc as shown in fig
 During the test the handle of the megger
should be moved at a constant speed
otherwise it will give misleading results
 However high value of insulation
resistance does not mean high value of
dielectric strength
 For example if there is a small air gap in
between windings it will show high
insulation resistance
 But will break down when few kilovolts are applied across the windings Insulation
 If insulation which as wrinkles or damaged mechanically will show high insulation resistance
but will fail at very low voltage applied across it

7.) High Voltage test

 The insulation resistance measured by megger does not give clear idea about the strength
of insulation
 That is whether it will withstand the high voltage develop in the network due to switching
surges etc or not
 For determining this high voltage test are conducted as per IS 2026 – 1981 on the
Transformers
 The high voltage test can be conducted in the following two ways
i. Power frequency High voltage test
ii. Induced overvoltage with stand test

i.) Power frequency High voltage test

 In this test the test voltage at power frequency is applied to each winding and Earth
separately while the remaining windings and core are connected to earth as shown in figure

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 For conducting this test especially design testing transformer is used the connection
diagram of such a transformer is as shown in figure
 The variable voltage can be obtained with the help of variac, a similar connection
can be used for carrying out the test on a three phase transformer
 A circuit breaker is provided in the circuit if there takes place a breakdown of
insulation causing high current to flow in the circuit
 In this test single phase AC voltage of sinusoidal
waveform is applied at rated frequency the highest
value of the test voltage is as given in the table
 At the time of conducting the test the voltage is less
than 1/3rd of the test value is applied at the
beginning. It is then increased gradually to full test
value and maintained for 60 seconds
 Then it is reduced to less than 1/3rd test value and
then the supply is switched off

ii.) Induced overvoltage with stand test:-

 The aim of the test is to test the insulation between turns, insulation between coils
and terminals.
 In this test, a voltage equal to twice the rated voltage of anyone winding either H.V.
or L.V (preferably L.V) is applied it will cause high voltage to be induced in the other
winding
 To avoid the excessive magnetizing or no load current the voltage is applied from
a separate alternator so that the frequency of the test voltage can be adjusted to
twice the normal frequency as shown in fig

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 The voltage applied at start is not more than 1/3rd test value then it is brought to
the test value maintained for 60 seconds for test the frequency is bought upto twice
the normal then reduced to less than 1/3rd test value before switching off
 If the test frequency available is not equal to twice the normal frequency. the
duration of test is given by the following relation
 For induced type transformer the test voltage is equal to the twice highest system
voltage + 1000 volts Subjected to a minimum of 2000 volts
 For example in case of 11KV transformer the system voltage is 12 KV
 Therefore the test voltage will be 12 x 2 + 1 = 25 KV this test is also called as flash
test
 The test is successful if no breakdown occurs at full test voltage
60 × 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 =
𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

Type test on transformer:-

 The type test conducted on Transformers can be classified as follows
1.) Temperature rise test 2.) Impulse test
1.) Temperature rise test:-
 The aim of this test is to measure the rise in temperature when the transformer will
be loaded to its full load
 To see whether the rise in temperature is as per design value or not if not whether
it is within permissible limits or not
 If the temperature rise is much more in comparison to designed value the reasons
for this temperature rise should be determined necessary modifications made to
obtain results within permissible limits
 In case of Transformers the temperature rise test can be conducted by the following
methods
a. Equivalent short circuit test
b. By back to back test using auxiliary transformer
c. Open delta connection method on 3 phase delta/delta transformer
d. Direct loading method
a) Equivalent short circuit test :-
 This test is carried out on power frequency Transformers
 This test is similar to the short circuit test of a transformer the only difference is that
in this test is short circuit voltage is adjusted in such a way that the wattmeter will
record total losses of the transformer on full load that is no load losses also.
 The applied voltage is then maintained constant still the steady-state temperature
condition is reached
 Which will be recorded by constant reading of thermometer used for recording oil
or core temperature
 In case of a capacity power transformer’s thermometer used for recording winding
temperatures the supply is then switched off

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

b.) By Back to Back test using auxiliary transformer:- (Sumpner’s test)
 If large transformers at be tested for determining their efficiency, temperature rise
and regulation, then a load of high capacity may not be available.
 If available the energy consumed in testing will be wasted to overcome this difficulty
back to back test is preferred.
 For this test two identical transformer are required.
 The primaries of two Transformers T1 and T2 are connected in parallel across the
supply and rated voltage of primary is applied
 The secondary’s are connected in phase opposition or back to back fashion as
shown in fig

 When primaries of two transformers are energized by switching on switch S1 , the

EMF induced in the secondary windings come in phase opposition
 Since the two transformers are identical there is no circulating current in the local
circuit formed by secondary's even if primary are energies
I2 from T1 & I2 by T2 are in phase opposition
As I2 by T1 = I2 of T2 Net current in sec. is zero
 To ensure that the secondary’s are connected in phase opposition a voltmeter V3
and the switch S3 is connected in parallel as shown in fig
 V3 should be double range of that of secondary voltage this is because if the
polarities are not connected in phase opposition the voltmeter may receive twice
the voltage of secondary
 If voltmeter indicate zero it ensure that secondary's are connected in phase
opposition then switch S3 is closed
 To circulate the necessary current auto transformer T3 is used in the secondary
circuit Voltage is injected by switching on S2 and by varying the voltage with the
help of T3 full load current is circulated in secondary’s

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 The current corresponding to the circulating current also flows in the closed circuit
formed in the primaries

 However it does not appear in the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter W1 and
connected in primary side,
 So the current taken from the supply side is only the total no load current of two
transformer
 The wattmeter reading connected W1 in the primary side indicates total no load loss
or iron loss of two transformer
 The wattmeter W2 connected in secondary side indicate that copper loss or load
loss of two transformer caused by circulating current since both the losses are
known, than efficiency of the transformer can be easily determined
 To measure the temperature rise two transformers are kept under rated load
conditions for several hours till maximum steady state temperature is reached.
 Observation table:-
Sr Primary Side Secondary Side
No V1 (volts) I1 (amps) W1 (watts) V2 (volts) I2 (amps) W2 (watts)
1 Rated primary
I0 W0 Vsc Isc (Ifl) WSC
voltage (V0)

 For temperature measurement:

234.5 + 𝑡20 𝐶
𝑅𝑡2 = 𝑅𝑡1
234.5 + 𝑡10 𝐶
 For efficiency measurement:
𝑊0⁄
𝐼𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 2 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑊
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑆𝐶⁄2 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡.
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑘𝑉𝐴 x 𝑃. 𝐹
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = x 100 = x 100
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑐𝑢. 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 𝑘𝑉𝐴 x 𝑃. 𝐹
% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 100
𝑊 𝑊
𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝐱 𝑃. 𝐹 + 20 + 2𝑆𝐶
 For regulation measurement
𝑊𝑆𝐶 /2
𝑅02 = 2
𝐼𝑆𝐶
𝑉𝑠𝑐
𝑍02 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐

𝑋02 = √(𝑍02
2 2
− 𝑅02 )

𝐼2 [𝑅02 𝑐𝑜𝑠Φ ± 𝑋02 sin Φ]

% 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑉2
c.) Open delta connection method on 3 phase delta/delta transformer:-
 This method is applicable in case of delta/ delta connected Transformers
 When a balanced 3 phase voltage is applied to the primary winding of a delta/delta
transformer it will induced balanced 3 phase voltage in the delta connected
secondary the resultant voltage acting the closed delta is zero and no circulating
current will flow in the circuit
 To make the current to circulate in the secondary as well as primary a small voltage
is introduced in the secondary by connecting secondary of auxiliary transformer in
series as shown in figure

 The voltage applied to the primary of auxiliary transformer is adjusted in a such a

way that the full load current circulates through three phase transformer secondary
as recorded by ammeter A
 It will cause full load current to circulate through transformer primary also

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 Hence a condition similar to full load working condition is a develop that is iron
loss at normal flux density drawn from mains and full load copper loss drawn from
auxiliary bus
 The condition is maintained still final steady-state temperature is developed the
temperature rise can be determined in signal manner by resistance measurement
test or thermometer method as explained previously
d.) Direct loading method:-
 This method is suitable only in case of small Transformers as it will be possible to
load small Transformers upto full load and heating effect can be determined
 But as the size of transformer increases the loading arrangement may not be
available due to non-availability of high power supply, problem of heat dissipation
etc. this method is not suitable.
 The more important point is the loss of energy during such test.
 Hence direct loading methods are not preferred in comparison to indirect methods
of temperature rise
 In this test rated voltage and rated frequency is applied to the transformer primary
winding and load is connected on secondary side as shown in figure


 The load is adjusted in such a way that ammeter on secondary records full load
current at this time primary current also will be full load current neglecting no load
current as ampere turns of primary and ampere turns of secondary are equal
 The condition is maintained still final steady-state temperature is reached the load
is then removed supply disconnected and winding resistance measured
immediately.
 From initial resistance i.e resistance at ambient temperature and resistance at full
load conditions, the temperature rise is calculated as
𝑅𝑡1 = (𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙) 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑡10 𝐶
𝑡10 𝐶 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔(𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡).
𝑅𝑡2 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑡20 𝐶
𝑡20 𝐶 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐹𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑.
234.5 + 𝑡20 𝐶
𝑅𝑡2 = 𝑅𝑡1
234.5 + 𝑡10 𝐶

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

2.) Impulse test
 High voltage test carried out on Transformers determines the ability of insulation to
withstand high voltages
 As applied in the high voltage test this test does not clearly indicate about the
quality of insulating material when it will be subjected to high voltages due to
lightning and switching transients
 Hence impulse test has been developed to determine the ability of transformer to
withstand the effects of high unidirectional voltages resembling to the lightning
surges
 For carrying out this test, High voltage impulse generator is required, the test being
complicated and expensive it is unsuitable for routine application, The impulse
testing procedure is applied only as a type test
 The impulse test consists in the application of a limited number of unidirectional
surge voltages to one or two phases of H.V and L.V windings
 The standard test voltages to be applied in this test are given in table below

H.V Voltage Impulse voltage 1/50 wave

in kV peak value
3.3 kV 16 kV
6.6 kV 22 kV
11 kV 28 kV
33 kV 70 kV
66 kV 140 kV
110 kV 230 kV
132 kV 275 kV
220 kV 460 kV

 For carrying out impulse test, impulse generator is used which will develop
unidirectional wave shape. As per IS 2026–1962 a 1/50 wave is used for impulse
testing
 We will first see the meaning of a 1/50 wave, its shape and how the shape of the
wave is obtained with the impulse generator.
 The simplest basic circuit for developing a 1/50 wave and its application to the
electrical equipment under test is shown in fig:-a, the 1/50 wave is represented in
fig:-b.

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

  Simple impulse wave generator:-
 The meaning of the 1/50th wave is
that “ 1 ” represents the time in
microseconds to reach the wave
to its peak or maximum value as
shown in fig:-a
 & “ 50 " represents the time in
microseconds to reach half of
peak value or its tail as shown in
fig: a
 Initially we will see how a 1/50
wave is obtained from circuit
shown, the impulse generator
consists of step up
transformer the primary of
which is connected to a single
phase auto transformer as shown in fig:-b

 A provision of CB is made for tripping of supply if the insulation fails

 The secondary output of step up transformer is connected to rectifier which
converts A.C into D.C
 The rectified voltage is then applied to the plates of capacitor so that it will get
charge to the voltage of a rectifier through resistance “R1”.
 The resistance R1 serves the purpose of delaying the charging of capacitors “C” i.e
the capacitor may take 10 to 20 seconds for getting fully charged.
 If the switch “S” is then closed one plate of capacitor is connected to earth and the
supply will get short circuited through “R1”.
 The charge on another plate of capacitor “ C “ will cause a potential difference across
the electrical equipment and earth
 If “R1“ is not there, than the short circuit current would have been tremendous,
Hence “R1“ also serve the purpose of reducing short circuit current at the time switch
“ S “ is closed
 The value of inductance “ L “ in the circuit is so designed that it will not a allow the
voltage reached its maximum value, suddenly or it decides about the shape of the
wave on its front as shown in fig:-a

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 Or we can say due to inductance “ L “ in the circuit the voltage reaches to its peak
value in one micro second
 The voltage will then start following as the charge or current will find its path
through resistance “ R2”
 The value of the resistance “ R2” is so designed that the voltage will reach to its 50%
value on the wave tail portion in 50 µsecs
 Such a circuit is only suitable for voltages up to 25000 volts only.
 For developing higher voltages a ladder network comprising series capacitors
resistances and Spark gaps is arranged.
 As per IS 1876, when two spheres of 25 cm diameter at 200C and 760 mm pressure
with air gap of 1 cm will break down at 31.7 KV. If a gap is 5 cm, the breakdown
voltage becomes 137 kV and for a gap of 15 cm it is 314 KV. Hence if a testing
transformer having desired value of air gap between its spheres is used the air gap
will puncture (breakdown) at its desired value and the voltage will be applied to the
electrical equipment under test

 The impulse test is carried out in the following sequence by application

1.) One full wave 2.) Two Chopped waves 3.) Two full waves.
1.) One full wave:-
 The meaning of this is that one full 1/50 wave is applied to the electrical equipment
(transformer) under test. As shown in figs a and b
 In the application of this wave which has a very steep wave front, it is seen that
whether the insulation of the transformer will withstand the very high rate of rise of
voltage, to which it will be subjected at the time of lightning surges or rod gap
discharge at the time of lightening's.
 The maximum value of voltage for different voltage ratings are given “impulse
voltage test” slide.

2.) Two Chopped waves

 If the transformer insulation withstands 1/50 wave without any damage to insulation
then two chopped waves are applied within a very short intervals of time
 The two Chopped wave is represented in fig:-a
 The meaning of two Chopped wave is that, the potential of the wave after a
particular time interval is brought to zero suddenly
 In fig:-a chopping is carried out at a point of 3 to 6 microseconds after zero.
 The aim of application of Chopped wave is that at the time of puncturing of rod gap
the voltage suddenly fails to zero.
 Hence a similar situation can be obtained by application of this wave. And also the
rate of fall of potential being very high it will cause severe stresses on the insulation
in comparison to high rate of rise of potential on wave front

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 The distance between the two rods is arranged in such a way that when the potential
on the wave tail reaches a predetermined value, it punctures and we get the wave-
shape applied across the equipment as shown in fig:-b

3. Two full waves:-

 If the equipment withstands above two parts of the test, it will also withstand the
third part of the test.
 But as a precautionary measure and procedure two1/50 complete waves are applied
in sequence to the equipment and if there is no damage to the insulation it may be
sent for further packing, dispatching etc
 for knowing whether the equipment as withstand the test or not, or is there any
damage to the insulation during test.
o A potential divider arrangement as shown in fig.b may be used

 The low voltage from this can be applied to the CRO. tube which will record the
wave shape applied to the equipment and also if there is any damage to the
insulation or weakening of insulation during this test can be determined from the
photographs of wave shapes obtained from CRO tubes

 Causes of failure / Abnormal working of equipment’s:-

 Initially we learn Normal working of electrical equipment's:-
 Any electrical machine or equipment can be said to be working normal if
following conditions are existing at the time of working of the equipment:
1.) Voltage across the machine or equipment is its rated voltage which may vary within
the permissible limits.
2.) Current draw the by the equipment should not be more than its full load current.

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

3.) In case of AC systems the frequency should not vary beyond the permissible limits.
4.) The machine should work at its normal speed in exceptional cases it should work
within permissible limits of speed as specified by IS.
5.) The temperature rise of different parts and windings etc should be within the
permissible limits as specified.
6.) In case of 3 phase induction motors there should not be magnetic locking effect.
7.) In case of 3 phase supply system there should not be unequal phase voltages.
8.) The rotary part should be properly balanced and there should be uniform air gap
between the stator and rotor.
9.) The bearing should be in good condition and properly lubricated.
10.) If the machine is coupled to other device by half coupling. it should be properly
levelled so that it should not produce any vibrations.
11.) In addition to above if the machine is to work normally there should not be any
fault either in its windings or between winding and earth.
12.) There should not be presence of moisture or chemical fumes dust where the
machine is operating.

 Causes of failure / Abnormal working of equipment’s:-

 Internal causes:-
 Internal causes for failure of equipment are mostly due to failure of insulation which
may due to the following reasons.
a) Temperature rise above permissible limits for a long time due to prolonged
overloads.
b) A short circuit fault in windings.
c) A phase to ground fault resulting into large fault current.
d) In case of 3 phase induction motors open circuit fault in one phase other two phases
supplying the load.
e) Rotor faults
f) Failure of bearings will result into more frictional loss and increase the temperature
rise.
g) Magnetic locking between the stator and rotor.
h) Uneven airgap.
i) Unbalanced rotating weights.
j) Shorted turns of phase winding.
k) Presence of moisture.
 These are the most probable causes which may result in to failure of equipment
operation or developing abnormal working conditions
 External causes
a.) Sustained over load on the equipment.
b). Single phasing from supply side
c.) Unbalanced supply voltage which may results on heating due to negative phase
sequence currents.
d.) Overvoltage e.) Under-voltage

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

f.) Change in supply frequency (under frequency or over frequency).
g.) Short circuit fault in supply system. h.)Resonance. i.) Arcing grounds.
j.) Lightning surges. k.) High voltage disturbances.

 Types of faults :-
1.) Mechanical fault:-
 A fault which occurs due to mechanical failure in the electrical machines are
called as mechanical fault.
 Following are the reasons of mechanical faults:-
1.) Warn out bearings 2.) Misalignment 3.) Rotor unbalance
4.) Bent shaft 5.) Excessive belt pull.
6.) Failure of lubricating system 7.) Loose foundation
8.) Overloaded bearings 9.) Out of roundness in a Commutator

2.) Magnetic faults:-

It is internal fault caused by unbalance in magnetic condition.
Following are the reasons of magnetic faults:-
a) Non-uniformity of air gap
b.) Short circuit between armature laminations
c.) Failure of insulation between core clamping bolts and core
d.) Misalignment of poles
e.) Non-uniform distribution of magnetic flux
f.) Bad contacts of contactor
g.) Fanning of the laminations at the teeth
h.) slackened pressure between core laminations

3. Electrical faults:-
a.) Internal Short circuit fault (turn to turn fault)
b.) Open circuit fault
c.) Ground fault
d.) Poor contact in armature winding.
e) Wrong setting of brushes.
f.) Overheating of Commutator due to sparking
g.) Overvoltage, Over frequency and Under frequency.
h.) Single phasing

 Significance and need of trouble shooting chart :-

 Every engineering industry whether big or small is supposed to maintain a
troubleshooting chart or repair maintenance, preventive maintenance as well as
breakdown maintenance chart.
 Chart will consist of maintenance records of each and every machine which may be
maintained in the form of detailed form or a register.

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 This type of records are of great help in ensuring that periodical maintenance works
are carried out according schedules let down, and also it gives information about
the cause of long standing complaints of unsatisfactory operation.
 The troubleshooting chart should consist of history of every electrical equipment.
It should consist of:-
 Name plate details of machine such as rating, voltage, current, speed, maker's name,
serial number etc.
 Date of installation and insulation resistance value at the time of installation on site.
 The maintenance char should consist of columns for preventive maintenance
observation i.e monthly, quarterly, half yearly, yearly etc.
 It should consist of column for breakdown maintenance, in which date of
breakdown maintenance, type of fault, maintenance carried out, parts replace etc.
should be clearly recorded.
 Periodical inspection of the charts or cards will be most useful to indicate, which
machines or equipment's are failing frequently and what further action is required
in their case it will also help in making overall programmes and ordering spare parts
etc.

 Troubleshooting chart for transformer as per IS- 10028-1981

Sr. Troubles/type Causes Remedial
No fault Measures
1 Transformer 1. It may be due to overloading. 1. Reduce the load
becomes 2. Failure of cooling System. on transformer.
overheating 3. High ambient temperature. 2. Check cooling
system
2 Transformer 1. Primary side fuses blown out or 1. Rectified the fault
does not show circuit breaker may trip. and replace the
output voltage 2. Failure of primary winding. fuse.
3. Tap changer, loose connection. 2. Rewinding the
4.Wire connection may be open in primary.
bushing 3. Tight connections
at busing.
3 Phase voltage 1. Unequal Loading. 1. Make load equal.
unequal (Non- 2. Single phasing. 2. Repair fault.
Symmetrical
voltage on
secondary side)
4 Transformer 1. Insulation resistance reduced. 1. Reconditioning of
body gives 2. Any live wire touches the transformer oil is
shock transformer tank (Earth fault). necessary (either
transformer oil is

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 filter or repair by
new one).
2. Check whether
any live wire
touches the
transformer tank
and rectify it
5 Low insulation 1. Moisture in the oil. 1. Reconditioning of
resistance transformer oil is
necessary.
6 Unexpected Unexpected voltage to earth 1. Remove failure.
voltage to measurement
earth
measurement
7 External Short 1. It may be due to insufficient 1. Provide sufficient
circuit clearance on overhead line. clearance on
2. Accumulation of dust on insulator overhead line.
(Transformer bushing). 2 Clean the insulator
(Bushing).
8 Internal Short 1. Continuous overloaded 1. Rectify the cause.
circuit transformer, due to this
temperature increases so, possibility
of insulation failure.
2. Fault in tap changer.
3. Loose connections, causing local
overheating.
4. Vibration of Rectify the causes.
5. Insulation resulting internal short
circuit.
9 Short circuit 1. Reason of external short circuit. 1. Rectify the cause.
between 2. Fluctuating load.
adjacent turns 3. Transient overvoltage.
(Turn to turn 4. Moisture in oil.
fault)
10 Rapid 1. Poor quality of oil. 1. Rectify the cause.
deformation of 2. Presence of moisture in oil.
oil 3.It may be due to excessive
overheating
11 Moisture is oil 1. Moisture in the oil while filling. 1. Transformer
2. Breather gets saturated. (Color of should be dried out.
silica gel becomes pink). 2. Silica-gel should
be replaced.

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 3. It may be due to defective seals 3. Gasket should be
gasket). replaced.
4. Oil should be filter
12 Carbon & 1. Sparking. 1. Transformer
other 2. Excessive temperature of oil. needs over
conducting handling (since
particles in oil conducting
particles spread
over insulation
surface causes
reduction in
insulation
resistance.
13 Incorrect oil 1.Due to leakages through gasket or 1. Replace gasket by
level (Coil level tank or drain Valve new one.
to low) 2. Weld the tank of
transformer at the
leakages.
3. Tight the drain
valve.
14 Excessive core 1. Due to high magnetizing current or 1. Rectify the causes.
heating high inrush current.

15 Temperature 1. Magnetostriction. 1. Use of a lower flux

noise/vibration 2. Loose clamping of core. density.
3. Mechanical vibrations of tank 2. Tightness of
valves. clamping
4.Damping lamination
uniformly. Tight nut
bolt & core
uniformly
3. By suitable design
of tank and stiffness
16 Troubles with 1. Failure of insulation of bolts used for 1. Rectify the causes
core (Failure in damping core.
2. Due to vibration in core, core insulation
magnetic
becomes.
circuit) 3. Dented core laminations
4. Break down of insulation between
laminations.
5. Core legs are loose or not fully tightened.
6. Mis-aligned and damaged core clamping
part.
7. Saturation of magnetic core.

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)

 8. Excessive core heating.

 Requirement's for foundation of Static machines

 Transformer is one of the important static machines, since they operate without
moving parts, generally a simple foundation is satisfactory provided it should be
firm, horizontal and dry.
 The transformer should not rock or bed-down unevenly so as to tilt, as this may
strain the connections.
 The base should be horizontal to keep the oil level correct.
 For outdoor installation, a level concrete plinth above the maximum flood or storm
water level of the site, of correct size to accommodate the transformer in a such way
so that no person may step on the plinth.
 If necessary, bearing plates of sufficient size and strength, should be provided for
Transformers.
 Where rollers are fitted, suitable race or tracks should be provided and when the
Transformers is in final position, the wheels should be locked by locks or other
means to prevent accidental movement of the transformer.
 Where full height partition walls are built adequate clearances should be provided
 For installing pole mounted transformer as far as possible junction poles, subsidiary
poles & Street lighting poles should not be used as transformer poles.
 Where Unavoidable, special care should be taken to maintain proper climbing space
and to avoid crowding of wire and equipment.
 Transformer should be install only on poles strong enough to carry their weight.
 Transformers poles should be straight and where necessary, guyed to prevent
leaning or raking of the poll after the transformer is hung.
 Double cross arms should be provided for transformer installation.
 The climbing space should be carefully maintained so that it should not be
necessary for line man to come close to the transformer tank in climbing up or down
a pole. A suitable and take landing device should be provided

Prepared by Bhimanpalli M B (LEE GPS)