INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AERONAUTICAL AND Vol.3 Issue.

7,
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING July 2015
ISSN (ONLINE): 2321-3051 Pgs: 1-16

Fanno Flow and Rayleigh Flow Calculations for

Bleed Flow through a Variable Area By-Pass Duct
of a Pulse Detonation Engine

Ishaan Khunger

B.Tech Aerospace Engineering with specialisation in Avionics, [email protected]

Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun
Abstract

A pulse detonation engine, or "PDE", is a type of propulsion system that uses detonation waves to combust the
fuel and oxidizer mixture. The flow after the inlet is divided into two sections: primary flow and secondary flow.
The primary flow is the flow which goes through the main engine components i.e. the pulsed engine. The engine
is pulsed because the mixture must be renewed in the combustion chamber between each detonation wave
initiated by an ignition source. The secondary flow is the bypassed flow or the bleed flow which has a lower
thrust specific fuel consumption. The study and analysis of bleed flow under different working conditions is the
main objective of this project. The bleed flow will be studied under two cases: one involving frictional effects
i.e. Fanno Flow and the other involving heat addition i.e. Rayleigh Flow. These two flows are constant area
flows. Variable area flow will be studied with the help of the results derived from constant area flow.

Keywords: Fanno flow, Rayleigh Flow, Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient

1. Introduction

A single, axially-traveling detonation wave is initiated at the closed end of a tube partially filled with combustible
mixture. The hot, high-pressure products then accelerate out of the device (sometimes through a nozzle). The
remaining gases are purged and the process repeats in a cyclic manner (typically between 15-80 Hz)

PDEs are not self-aspirating, cannot self-ignite and are not steady-state machines. PDEs require complex,
oscillatory subsystems (valves, plumbing, and ignition) to sustain operation. Dozens of government, industry
and academic experimental programs have analysed PDEs to: ‒ Explore the operational challenges of various
liquid and gaseous propellants ‒ Validate complex thermodynamic models ‒ Anchor unsteady detonation
combustion chemistry codes ‒ Examine the effects of inlet and exhaust nozzle geometry on performance ‒
Identify and address the challenges with downstream hardware integration (i.e. turbines) ‒ Explore mitigation
techniques for auto ignition.

Ishaan Khunger
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AERONAUTICAL AND Vol.3 Issue.7,
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING July 2015
ISSN (ONLINE): 2321-3051 Pgs: 1-16

2. Methodology

2.1 Rayleigh Flow

The general behaviour of an arbitrary fluid is considered initially. To isolate the effects of heat transfer the
following assumptions are made
 Steady one-dimensional flow
 Negligible friction dsi ≈ 0
 No shaft work δws = 0
 Neglect potential dz = 0
 Constant area dA = 0

Rayleigh flow refers to adiabatic flow through a constant area duct where the effect of heat addition or rejection
is considered. Compressibility effects often come into consideration, although the Rayleigh flow model certainly
also applies to incompressible flow. For this model, the duct area remains constant and no mass is added within
the duct. Therefore, unlike Fanno flow, the stagnation temperature is a variable. The heat addition causes a
decrease in stagnation pressure, which is known as the Rayleigh effect and is critical in the design of combustion
systems. Heat addition will cause both supersonic and subsonic Mach numbers to approach Mach 1, resulting
in choked flow. Conversely, heat rejection decreases a subsonic Mach number and increases a supersonic Mach
number along the duct. It can be shown that for calorically perfect flows the maximum entropy occurs at M =
1.

Figure 1 Rayleigh Line plotted on the dimensionless H-ΔS axis.

Ishaan Khunger
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AERONAUTICAL AND Vol.3 Issue.7,
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The Rayleigh flow model begins with a differential equation that relates the change in Mach number with the
change in stagnation temperature, T0. The differential equation is shown below.

Solving the differential equation leads to the relation shown below, where T 0* is the stagnation temperature at
the throat location of the duct which is required for thermally choking the flow.

These values are significant in the design of combustion systems. For example, if a turbojet combustion chamber
has a maximum temperature of T 0* = 2000 K, T0 and M at the entrance to the combustion chamber must be
selected so thermal choking does not occur, which will limit the mass flow rate of air into the engine and decrease
thrust.
For the Rayleigh flow model, the dimensionless change in entropy relation is shown below.

The above equation can be used to plot the Rayleigh line on a Mach number versus ΔS graph, but the
dimensionless enthalpy, H, versus ΔS diagram is more often used. The dimensionless enthalpy equation is shown
below with an equation relating the static temperature with its value at the choke location for a calorically perfect
gas where the heat capacity at constant pressure, cp, remains constant.

The area and mass flow rate are held constant for Rayleigh flow. Unlike Fanno flow, the Fanning friction factor, f,
remains constant. These relations are shown below with the * symbol representing the throat location where
choking can occur.

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AERONAUTICAL AND Vol.3 Issue.7,
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ISSN (ONLINE): 2321-3051 Pgs: 1-16

Differential equations can also be developed and solved to describe Rayleigh flow property ratios with respect
to the values at the choking location.
Working equation for static temperatures -

2.2 Fanno Flow

To study only the effect of friction, the Fanno Flow analysis in the duct is dealt with.
The general behavior of an arbitrary fluid is considered initially. To isolate the effects of friction, the following
assumptions are made:
 Steady one-dimensional flow
 Adiabatic δq = 0, dse = 0
 No shaft work δws = 0
 Neglect potential dz = 0
 Constant area dA = 0

By applying the basic concepts of continuity, energy, and momentum;

Continuity
m= ρAV = const
But since the flow area is constant, this reduces to
ρV = const
A new symbol G is assigned to this constant (the quantity ρV), which is referred to as the mass velocity, and
thus

ρV = G = const

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AERONAUTICAL AND Vol.3 Issue.7,
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING July 2015
ISSN (ONLINE): 2321-3051 Pgs: 1-16

Energy
ht1 + q = ht2 + ws
For adiabatic and no work, this becomes
ht1 = ht2 = ht = const
Neglecting the potential term, this means that
ht = h + V 2 /2gc = const

Thus,
ht = h + G2/ρ22gc= const
Which will be equal to
ht = h + V2 /2gc= constant
Differentiating,
dht = dh + VdV/gc= 0
From continuity
ρV = G = constant
Differentiating this,
ρ dV +V dρ = 0
Which can be solved for
dV = −Vdρ/ρ
Thus
dh = V2dρ/gcρ
Now recalling the property relation
T ds = dh − v dp
Which can be written as
T ds = dh – dp/ρ
Substituting for dh yields

T ds = V2dρ/gcρ− dp/ρ

Momentum
The foregoing analysis was made using only the continuity and energy relations. Now proceeding to apply
momentum concepts to the control volume shown in Figure 1.

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AERONAUTICAL AND Vol.3 Issue.7,
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING July 2015
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Figure 2 Control Volume

The x-component of the momentum equation for steady, one-dimensional flow is

∑Fx =mgc(Voutx − Vinx)/gc
From Figure 1 we see that the force summation is
∑Fx = p1A − p2A − Ff
Where Ff represents the total wall frictional force on the fluid between sections 1 and
2. Thus the momentum equation in the direction of flow becomes
(p1 − p2)A − Ff = m (V2 − V1)/ gc = ρAV (V2 − V1)/ gc
Which can be written as
p1 – p2 − Ff /A= ρ2V22 /gc − ρ1V12 /gc
Or
p1 + ρ1V12 /gc − Ff /A= p2 + ρ2V22 /gc
In this form the equation is not particularly useful except to bring out one significant fact. For the steady, one-
dimensional, constant-area flow of any fluid, the value of p+ρV2/g cannot be constant if frictional forces are
present.

In the differential form this can be written as

dp/ρ + fV2dx/2gcD + gdz/gc + dV2 /2gc= 0

The objective is to get this equation all in terms of Mach number. If we introduce the perfect gas equation of
state together with expressions for Mach number and sonic velocity, we obtain

dp/p (RT) + fdxM2γRT/2D + gdz/gc + (dM2γgcRT + M2γgcRdT)/2gc= 0

Or

dp/p + fdxγM2/2D + gdz/gcRT + γdM2/2 + γM2dT/2T= 0

This equation is important since it is a useful form of the momentum equation that is valid for all steady flow
problems involving a perfect gas.
This equation deals with the constant area Fanno Flow.
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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AERONAUTICAL AND Vol.3 Issue.7,
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By applying the method of influence coefficients to this equation (Curie 1975, Zucrow 1976), the governing
differential equation becomes
dA/Adx + [(1-M2/M)(dM/dx)]/[1+(γ-1)M2/2] = γM2f/2D
The pressure can be evaluated by the differential equation

dp/Pdx = γM2dA/Adx(1-M2) – γM2[1+(γ-1)M2]f/2D(1-M2)

2.3 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient (𝒉𝒄 )

To calculate the Heat flux generated at a given temperature the convective heat transfer coefficient has to be
calculated first,

The basic concepts of Heat Transfer will be used which include Nusselt's number, Graschoff's number and
Prandlt's number which will be further used to calculate the Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient.

As we know,

ℎ𝑐 = (𝑁𝑢 ∗ 𝑘)/𝐿

where,

for horizontal turbulent flow,

𝑁𝑢 = 0.14 ∗ 𝑅𝑎0.33

𝑅𝑎 = 𝐺𝑟 *𝑃𝑟

and,

𝐺𝑟 = (𝑔 ∗ 𝐿3 ∗ 𝛽(𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇𝑎 ))/𝜂 2

𝑇𝑝 = 450𝐾, 𝑇𝑎 = 320𝐾, 𝑔 = 9.81𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝐿 = 1.2𝑚, 𝜂 = 1.73 ∗ 10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠

Thus the Grashof's number is calculated to be = 2.30 * 1010 = 𝐺𝑟

As we know,

𝑃𝑟 = 𝜇𝐶𝑝 /𝑘

𝜇 = 1.94 ∗ 10−5

Thus Prandlt's Number is calculated to be = 0.75 =𝑃𝑟

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Since we know both, the Prandlt and the Grashof number, we can calculate 𝑅𝑎 .

𝑅𝑎 = 𝐺𝑟 *𝑃𝑟

Thus the value of 𝑅𝑎 = 2.213*109

Hence Nusselt number can be calculated by the equation -

𝑁𝑢 = 0.14 ∗ 𝑅𝑎0.33

Thus the value of Nusselt number is calculated to be = 363.03 = 𝑁𝑢

Hence the Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient can be calculated by the equation

ℎ𝑐 = (𝑁𝑢 ∗ 𝑘)/𝐿

Thus the value of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient is calculated to be ℎ𝑐 = 7.86 W/m2K

3. Calculations
The pressure variations will be calculated for the Bypass Area which is highlighted by the bold lines. The
dimensions are shown in the figure.

Figure 3 Sketch of the side view of bypass section

3.1 Fanno Flow

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AERONAUTICAL AND Vol.3 Issue.7,
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Boundary Conditions

Inlet Pressure = 1.6 bar

Inlet Temperature = 320 K

The friction factor ‘f’ is taken from the Moody diagram, as per the Reynold’s number calculation.

Re = ρud/μ = 170000

The value of Reynold’s number suggests that the flow is turbulent.

The friction factor thus is 0.02

Case 1 – Mach = 0.2

u1 = M1 x a = 67 m/sec

P2 = 1.591 bar

P3 = 1.463 bar

Case 2 – Mach = 0.4

This is a case of compressible flow. Thus, the density variation will be taken into account

ρ = P/RT = 160000/ (287 x 320) = 1.742 kg/m3

u1 = M1 x a = 134.16 m/sec

P2 = 1.54 bar

P3 = 1.048 bar

3.2 Rayleigh Flow

Now for calculating the pressure losses for the case of Rayleigh Flow, in which the pressure drop is caused by
the heat flux through the walls, the converging section of the bypass area is divided into six different sections of
equal lengths as shown in the following figure

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 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AERONAUTICAL AND Vol.3 Issue.7,
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Figure 4 Area calculation by section method

As can be seen from the figure the entire test section has been divided into 7 sections. Now the areas of all the
sections will be calculated individually.

𝑇1 =320K, 𝑃1 =1.6 bar, 𝛾=1.4, M=0.2

The area of section 1 is calculated by using the following formula

𝐴1 = 𝜋𝑙𝑑1 = 0.90432𝑚2 (𝑑1 =0.24m)

𝐴2 = 𝜋𝑙𝑑2 = 1.05504𝑚2 (𝑑2 =0.28m)

Now the heat flux is calculated by the following formula-

𝑞1 =ℎ𝑐 𝐴1 Δ𝑇 = 924.034W (Δ𝑇 = 𝑇2 -T) (𝑇2 =450K,T=320K)

𝑞2 =ℎ𝑐 𝐴2 Δ𝑇 = 165.852W (Δ𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇1 ) (T=320K,𝑇1 =300K)

Net heat flux-

q = 𝑞1 - 𝑞2 = 758.182 W

Now to calculating the temperature (T) for section 2

q = 𝐶𝑝 Δ𝑇 = 𝐶𝑝 (x-320)

x = T = 320.750K (Temperature at section 2) = 𝑇2

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Now the area of the converging section is to be calculated. To calculate the area of the converging, the converging
section is divided into 5 sections of equal lengths and calculate the area of each section individually.

Calculating the Area of Section 2 -

𝐴1 =𝜋𝑑1 *L = 0.03768m2 (𝑑1 =0.24m, L=0.05m)

𝐴21 =𝜋𝑑11 *L = 0.04396 m2 (𝑑11 =0.28m, L=0.05m)

𝐴22 =𝜋𝑑12 *L = 0.04356 m2 (𝑑12 =0.2775m, L=0.05m)

𝐴2 = (𝐴21 + 𝐴22 )/2 = 0.043763 m2

Calculating the Heat Flux at section 2 -

𝑞1 =ℎ𝑐 𝐴1 Δ𝑇 = 38.279W (ℎ𝑐 =7.86, 𝑇2 =450K, T=320.750)

𝑞2 =ℎ𝑐 𝐴2 Δ𝑇 = 7.137W (𝑇1 =300K, T=320.750K)

q = 𝑞1 - 𝑞2 = 31.142W

Now calculating the temperature (T) for section 3 -

q = 𝐶𝑝 Δ𝑇 = 𝐶𝑝 (x-320.750)

x = 320.780K (Temperature at section 3)

Now calculating the area of section 3 -

𝐴1 =𝜋𝑑1 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.03768𝑚2

𝐴21 =𝜋𝑑11 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.0435675𝑚2

𝐴22 =𝜋𝑑12 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.0427825𝑚2

𝐴2 = (𝐴21 +𝐴22 )/2 = 0.0429787𝑚2

Now calculating the Heat Flux at section 3 -

𝑞1 = ℎ𝑐 𝐴1 ∆𝑇 = 38.270 W (𝑇2 =450, T=320.780)

𝑞2 = ℎ𝑐 𝐴2 ∆𝑇 = 7.029 W (𝑇1 =300, T=320.780)

q = 𝑞1 - 𝑞2 = 31.231W

Now calculating the temperature (T) at section 4 -

q = 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 = 𝐶𝑝 (x - 320.780)

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x = 320.810K

Now calculating the area of section 4 -

𝐴1 =𝜋𝑑1 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.03768𝑚2

𝐴21 = 𝜋𝑑11 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.0431750𝑚2

𝐴22 = 𝜋𝑑12 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.0427825 𝑚2

𝐴2 = (𝐴21 + 𝐴22 )/2 = 0.0429787𝑚2

Now calculating the Heat Flux for section 4 -

𝑞1 =ℎ𝑐 𝐴1 Δ𝑇 = 38.261W (𝑇2 =450K, T=320.810K)

𝑞2 =ℎ𝑐 𝐴2 Δ𝑇 = 7.029W (𝑇1 = 300𝐾, 𝑇 = 320.810𝐾)

q = 𝑞1 − 𝑞2 = 31.231W

Now calculating the temperature (T) at section 5 -

q = 𝐶𝑝 Δ𝑇 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑥 − 320.810)

x = 320.840K

Now again calculating the area, now for section 5 -

𝐴1 =𝜋𝑑1 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.03768𝑚2

𝐴21 =𝜋𝑑11 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.0427825𝑚2

𝐴22 =𝜋𝑑12 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.042390𝑚2

𝐴2 = (𝐴21 + 𝐴22 )/2 = 0.042586𝑚2

Now calculating the Heat Flux at section 5 -

𝑞1 =ℎ𝑐 𝐴1 ∆𝑇 = 38.255W (𝑇2 = 450𝐾, 𝑇 = 320.840𝐾)

𝑞2 =ℎ𝑐 𝐴2 ∆𝑇 = 6.971W (𝑇1 = 300𝐾, 𝑇 = 320.840𝐾)

q = 𝑞1 − 𝑞2 = 31.282W

Now calculating the temperature (T) at section 6 -

q = 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑥 − 320.840)

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x = 320.870K

Calculating the area of section 6 -

𝐴1 =𝜋𝑑1 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.03768𝑚2

𝐴21 =𝜋𝑑11 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.042390𝑚2

𝐴22 =𝜋𝑑12 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.041997𝑚2

𝐴2 = (𝐴21 + 𝐴22 )/2 = 0.042193𝑚2

Now calculating the Heat Flux at section 6 -

𝑞1 =ℎ𝑐 𝐴1 ∆𝑇 = 38.243W

𝑞2 =ℎ𝑐 𝐴2 ∆𝑇 = 6.921W

q = 𝑞1 - 𝑞2 = 31.321W

Now calculating the temperature (T) at section 7 -

q = 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑥 − 320.870)

x = 320.900K

Calculating the area of section 7 -

𝐴1 =𝜋𝑑1 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.03768𝑚2

𝐴21 =𝜋𝑑11 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.0419297𝑚2

𝐴22 =𝜋𝑑12 ∗ 𝐿 = 0.041605𝑚2

𝐴2 = (𝐴21 + 𝐴22 )/2 = 0.041801𝑚2

Calculating the Heat Flux at section 7 -

𝑞1 =𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 = 38.41W

𝑞2 =𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 = 6.86W

q = 𝑞1 − 𝑞2 = 31.543W

Now calculating the Final Temperature of the air leaving the test section -

q = 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑥 − 320.900)

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x = 320.930K = 𝑇3

Now the entire test section will be divided into three major sections, namely sections 1, 2 and 3 respectively as
shown in the figure

Figure 5 Division in different sections

Now to calculate the pressure drop at section 2, Mach no. at section 2 will be calculated.

As, 𝑇1 = 320𝐾, 𝑇2 = 320.750K, 𝑀1 = 0.2, 𝑀2 = ?, 𝛾 = 1.4

By using the formula -

The Mach no. at section 2 is calculated as 0.201 = 𝑀2 .

Now Pressure at section 2 is calculated by using the equation -

By using this equation the pressure comes out to be 1.593 bar = 𝑃2 .

The Mach number and Pressure at section 3 can be calculated in the same manner.

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Mach number at section 3 (𝑀3 ) -

𝑇2 = 320.750K, 𝑇3 = 320.930𝐾, 𝑀2 = 0.201, 𝑀3 = ?

Using the equation -

The Mach number at section 3 is calculated as 0.209 = 𝑀3 .

Pressure at section 3 (𝑃3 ) −

𝑃2 =1.593 bar, 𝑇2 = 320.750K, 𝑇3 = 320.930𝐾, 𝑀2 = 0.201, 𝑀3 = 0.209, 𝑃3 =?

Using the equation -

The Pressure at section 3 is calculated to be 1.5321 bar = 𝑃3 = Final Pressure at Outlet of the test section.

Sections Inlet Outlet Net Heat flux (W) Net Area(m2)

Temperature Temperature

Section 1 320K 320.750K 758.182 0.15072

Section 2 320.750K 320.780K 31.142 0.0058875

Section 3 320.780K 320.810K 31.187 0.0056912

Section 4 320.810K 320.840K 31.231 0.0052987

Section 5 320.840K 320.870K 31.282 0.004906

Section 6 320.870K 320.900K 31.321 0.004513

Section 7 320.900K 320.930K 31.543 0.004121

Table 1 Calculated data of Rayleigh flow analysis

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4. Conclusions
The analysis of bleed flow of a pulse detonation engine was studied separately for Fanno and Rayleigh flows.
The following conclusions were drawn from the analysis:

 Pressure drops along the length as the flow passes from the duct.
 At the constant area section, the pressure drop is less than the pressure drop at variable area section
 Pressure drop in the Fanno flow is more as compared to the Rayleigh flow
 Pressure drop in the compressible flow (Mach 0.4) is more as compared to incompressible flow (Mach 0.2)

References
[1] Hill, Philip G; Peterson Carl G, Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion. Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company Inc, 1992. Print
[2] Mattingly, J. D., Elements of Propulsion, Gas Turbines and Rockets. American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics Inc., 2006. Print.
[3] Zucker, Intro to Gas Dynamics. USA: John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2002. Print.

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