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Lecture-5

The document explains matrix operations, including addition and multiplication, highlighting compatibility conditions for these operations. It also discusses elementary row operations and provides examples of various types of matrices such as diagonal, symmetric, upper triangular, and skew-symmetric matrices. Additionally, it covers matrix rotation and verifies properties related to matrix multiplication and identity matrices.

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anjanasharma07850
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2 views

Lecture-5

The document explains matrix operations, including addition and multiplication, highlighting compatibility conditions for these operations. It also discusses elementary row operations and provides examples of various types of matrices such as diagonal, symmetric, upper triangular, and skew-symmetric matrices. Additionally, it covers matrix rotation and verifies properties related to matrix multiplication and identity matrices.

Uploaded by

anjanasharma07850
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matrix notation and Matrix multiplication

Matrix addition is compatible If and only if matrix A and B both have same number of rows
and same number of columns.

If C = A + B then cij = ith row jth column element of C

cij = aij + bij


.      
1 2 2 3 3 5
For example, let A = and B = then C = A + B = .
5 7 4 16 9 23
Matrix multiplication A × B is compatible if and only if number of columns of A equals to
number of rows of B. i.e. A = [aij ]m×n and B = [bij ]n×p then A × B is possible. In this case,
n
X
cij = aik · bkj
k=1

     
1 2 2 3 10 51
For example C = A × B = × = , c21 = 5 × 2 + 7 × 4 = 38
5 7 4 16 38 127

Elementary Row Operations


There are three elimintary row operations :

1. Ri + kRj → Ri Means kth multiple of jth row is added with ith row.

2. Ri ↔ Rj Means interchange ith row with jth row.

3. cRi → Ri Means ith row is replaced by its c multiple.


 
1 0 0
Consider the 3 × 3 identity matrix I = 0 1 0.
0 0 1
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Now I = 0 1 0 R2 -3R1 → R2 ∼ -3 1 0= E =⇒ E −1 = +3 1 0.
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
   
1 0 0 0 1 0
I = 0 1 0 R2 ↔ R1 ∼ 1 0 0= F =⇒ F −1 = F
0 0 1 0 0 1 
  
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
I = 0 1 0 5R2 → R2 ∼ 0 5 0 = G =⇒ G−1 = 0 1/5 0 .
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

1
 
1 2 3
Consider A = 4 5 6.
 7 8 9    
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3
Then EA = 1
 −1 −3, F A = 1 2 3, GA = 20 25 30.
7 8 9 7 8 9 7 8 9
Q 4. Give 3 by 3 examples (not just the zero matrix) of

(a) a diagonal matrix : aij = 0 if i 6= j.


 
4 0 0
Ans. 0 2 0
0 0 9
(b) a symmetric matrix aij = aji ∀ i & j.
 
1 2 3
Ans. 2 15 18.
3 18 9
(c) an upper triangular matrix aij = 0 if i > j.
 
1 2 3
Ans. 0 15 18.
0 0 9
(d) a skew-symmetric matrix aij = −aji ∀ i & j.
 
0 2 −3
Ans. −2 0 18 .
3 −18 0
 
cos(θ) -sin(θ)
Q 21. The matrix that rotates the xy plane by an angle θ is A(θ) = . Verify
sin(θ) cos(θ)
that A(θ1 )A(θ2 ) = A(θ1 + θ2 ). What is A(θ) times A(−θ) ?
   
cos(θ1 ) -sin(θ1 ) cos(θ2 ) -sin(θ2 )
Ans. We know A(θ1 ) = and A(θ2 ) = .
sin(θ1 ) cos(θ1 ) sin(θ2 ) cos(θ2 )
 
cos(θ1 )cos(θ2 ) − sin(θ1 )sin(θ2 ) -cos(θ1 )sin(θ2 ) − cos(θ2 )sin(θ1 )
A(θ1 )A(θ2 ) = .
sin(θ1 )cos(θ2 ) + cos(θ1 )sin(θ2 ) -sin(θ1 )sin(θ2 ) + cos(θ1 )cos(θ2 )
 
cos(θ1 + θ2 ) -sin(θ1 + θ2 )
= = A(θ1 + θ2 )
sin(θ1 + θ2 ) cos(θ1 + θ2 )
   
cos(0) -sin(0) 1 0
A(θ)A(−θ) = A(θ − θ) = A(0) = = = I.
sin(0) cos(0) 0 1
Q 5. Compute the products.
           
4 0 1 3 12+0+5 17 1 0 0 5 5     
0 1 0 4 =  0+4+0  =  4 , 0 1 0 -2 = -2, 2 0 1 2
= .
1 3 1 4
4 0 1 5 12+0+5 17 0 0 1 3 3

2
Q 5(cont..). For the third one, draw the column vectors (2, 1) end (0, 3). Multiplying by
(1, 1) just adds the vectors (do it graphically).

Ans. The graphical representation is :

Figure 1: whole line of solutions

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