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Lecture 4

The document discusses conditions under which elimination in systems of equations breaks down, identifying cases of permanent and temporary breakdowns based on specific values of variables. It provides examples with corresponding equations and matrices, detailing how certain values lead to singular systems or infinitely many solutions. Additionally, it explores scenarios where rows or columns are identical, affecting the elimination process and the presence of pivots.

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21 views2 pages

Lecture 4

The document discusses conditions under which elimination in systems of equations breaks down, identifying cases of permanent and temporary breakdowns based on specific values of variables. It provides examples with corresponding equations and matrices, detailing how certain values lead to singular systems or infinitely many solutions. Additionally, it explores scenarios where rows or columns are identical, affecting the elimination process and the presence of pivots.

Uploaded by

anjanasharma07850
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem set 1.3 continued...

Q 8. For which numbers a does elimination breakdown (a) Permanently (b) Temporarily ?

ax + 3y = −3
4x + 6y = 6.

Ans. Here
a 3
= =⇒ a = 2.
4 6
=⇒ Thesystem is singular. Hence there is a permanent breakdown of elimination process.
2 3 2 3
∼ . The second pivot is missing and cannot be replaced by any nonzero value by
4 6 0 0
any row exchange process. Hence there exist a breakdown and the breakdown is permanent.
 
a 3 0 3
For a = 0, 4
6= 6 , the system is nonsingular. Hence the breakdown is temporary.
4 6
=⇒ The first pivot is missing,
 hence
 the elimination process breaksdown. By interchanging the
4 6
1st and 2nd rows, we have . Both the pivots 4, 3 are nonzero, hence the breakdown is
0 3
temporary.

Q 14. Which number q makes this system singular and which right hand side t gives it
infinitely many soluions? Find the solution that has z = 1

x + 4y − 2z = 1
x + 7y − 6z = 6
3y + qz = t.

Ans. The augment matrix of the given system of equations is :


     
1 4 -2 1 1 4 -2 1 1 4 -2 1
1 7 -6 6 R2 − R1 → R2 ∼ 0 3 -4 5 R3 − R2 → R3 ∼ 0 3 -4 5 .
0 3 q t 0 3 q t 0 0 q+4 t-5
Here q + 4 = 0 makes the 3rd pivot missing and hence the system is singular. For q + 4 = 0,
t − 5 = 0 we get infinitely many solutions since

   
1 4 -2 1 1 4 -2 1
0 3 -4 5 . = 0 3 -4 5.
0 0 q+4 t-5 0 0 0 0

Hence 3y − 4z = 5, z = 1 =⇒ y = 3 and x + 4y − 2z = 1 =⇒ x = −9.


   
x -9
The solution is y =  3 .
z 1

1
Q 16. If rows 1 and 2 are the same, how far can you get with elimination? Which pivot is
missing?

2x − y + z = 0
2x − y + z = 0
4x + y + z = 2

Ans. The augment matrix of the given system of equations is :


     
2 -1 1 0 2 -1 1 0 2 -1 1 0
2 -1 1 0 R2 − R1 → R2 ∼ 0 0 0 0 R3 − 2R1 → R3 ∼ 0 0 0 0.
4 1 1 2  4 1 1  2 0 3 -1 2
2 -1 1 0
Interchanging R2 with R3 , we get 0 3 -1 2. The second pivot is missing hence elimination
0 0 0 0
breaks down and a row exchange gives a nonzero second pivot but the third pivot is missing,
hence the breakdown is permanent.

Q 16. If columns 1 and 2 are the same, how far can you get with elimination? Which pivot
is missing?

2x + 2y + z = 0
4x + 4y + z = 0
6x + 6y + z = 2

Ans. The augment matrix of the given system of equations is :


     
2 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 2 1 0
4 4 1 0 R2 − 2R1 → R2 ∼ 0 0 -1 0 R3 − 3R1 → R3 ∼ 0 0 -1 0.
6 6 1 2 6 6 1 2 0 0 -2 2
The second pivot is missing and the breakdown is permanent.

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