A Mini Project Report

On

HYBRID FEATURE PREDICTION BASED ON

SUICIDE RELATED ACTIVITY IN TWITTER
Submitted to JNTU HYDERABAD

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Submitted By
M.Chandana (218R1A05G9)
B.Anil (218R1A05D7)
P.Jayanth (218R1A05F9)
E.Ganga Reddy (218R1A05E6)

Under the Esteemed guidance of

Dr. Rajesh Tiwari
Professor, Department of CSE

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(UGC AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE, NEW DELHI, Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Kandlakoya, Medchal Road, Medchal Malkajgiri Dist. Hyderabad-501 401)
2024-2025
 CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(UGC AUTONOMOUS)
(Accredited by NBA,Approved by AICTE NEW DELHI, Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Kandlakoya, Medchal Road,Medchal Malkajgiri Dist. Hyderabad-501 401

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “IMAGE CAPTIONING USING MACHINE
LEARNING” is a bonafide work carried out by

M. Chandana (218R1A05G9)
B.Anil (218R1A05D7)
P.Jayanth (218R1A05F9)
E.Ganga Reddy (218R1A05E6)

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY in COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING from CMR
Engineering College, affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad, under our guidance and supervision.

The results presented in this project have been verified and are found to be satisfactory. The
results embodied in this project have not been submitted to any other university for the award
of any other degree or diploma

Internal Guide Mini Project Head of the External Examiner

Coordinator Department
Dr. Rajesh Tiwari Mr. S. Kiran Kumar Dr. Sheo Kumar
Professor Assistant Professor Professor & H.O.D
CSE, CMREC CSE, CMREC CSE, CMREC
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the work reported in the present project entitled " IMAGE
CAPTIONING USING MACHINE LEARNING ” is a record of bonafide work done by
us in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR Engineering College,
JNTU Hyderabad. The reports are based on the project work done entirely by us and not
copied from any other source. We submit our project for further development by any
interested students who share similar interests to improve the project in the future.

The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree or diploma to the best of our knowledge and belief.

M.Chandana (218R1A05G9)
B.Anil (218R1A05D7)
P.Jayanth (218R1A05F9)
E.Ganga Reddy (218R1A05E6)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are extremely grateful to Dr. A. Srinivasula Reddy, Principal and Dr.Sheo Kumar, HOD,
Department of CSE, CMR Engineering College for their constant support.

We are extremely thankful to Dr. Rajesh Tiwari Professor, Internal Guide, Department of
CSE, for his/ her constant guidance, encouragement and moral support throughout the
project.

We will be failing in duty if we do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors of the
references and other literatures referred in this Project.

We thank S Kiran Kumar Mini Project Coordinator for his constant support in carrying out
the project activities and reviews.

We express our thanks to all staff members and friends for all the help and co-ordination
extended in bringing out this project successfully in time.

Finally, we are very much thankful to my parents who guided me for every step.

M.Chandana (218R1A05G9)
B.Anil (218R1A05D7)
P.Jayanth (218R1A05F9)
E.Ganga Reddy (218R1A05E6)

i
 CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGENO

ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES ii

1. INTRODUCTION…...................................................................................................1-4

1.1 Introduction of the project.................................................................................1

1.2 Purpose of the project........................................................................................2

1.3 Existing system & Disadvantages.....................................................................3

1.4 Proposed system with features..........................................................................4

2. LITERATURE SURVEY..............................................................................................5

3.SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS....................................................................6-20

3.1 Problem Specification..........................................................................................6

3.2 Modules and their Functionalities.........................................................................9

3.3 Functional Requirements…...............................................................................11

3.4 Non Functional Requirements….......................................................................15

3.5 feasibility study…..............................................................................................20

4. SOFTWARE & HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS............................................21-23

4.1 Software requirements......................................................................................21

4.2 Hardware Requirements…................................................................................23

5. SOFTWARE DESIGN.............................................................................................24-34

5.1 Data Flow diagrams..........................................................................................25

5.2 UML diagrams..................................................................................................30

6. CODING AND IMPLENTATION…...................................................................35-41

6.1 Sample code.....................................................................................................36

6.2 Data Dictionary…..........................................................................................40

7. SYSTEM TESTING.....................................................................................……42-44

7.1 Testing Strategies….......................................................................................43

ii
8. OUTPUT SCREENS............................................................................................45-46

9. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS…...............................................................................47

10. CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................48

11. REFERENCES..........................................................................................................49

iii
 ABSTRACT

The process of generating textual descriptions for images, known as image captioning, is an
evolving research area with numerous approaches emerging regularly. Despite significant
advancements, achieving higher accuracy and more precise results remains a challenge. This
paper introduces an image captioning model that explores various combinations of
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures alongside Long Short Term Memory
(LSTM) networks to enhance performance. While traditional models like Inception-v3,
Xception, and ResNet50 have been widely used, our approach employs DenseNet201 as the
CNN for feature extraction due to its superior accuracy. The LSTM network is utilized to
generate relevant captions from the extracted features. The model is trained on the Flickr8k
dataset, and we evaluate the effectiveness of the DenseNet201 and LSTM combination,
highlighting its advantages over previous CNN architectures in terms of accuracy and
relevance in caption generation. This study aims to contribute to the field by providing
insights into the optimal use of CNNs and LSTM networks for image captioning, offering
potential applications in accessibility and multimedia content analysis.

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGENO

5.1.1 Class Diagram 32

5.1.2 Sequence Diagram 33

5.1.3 State Chart Diagram 34

5.1.4 Activity Diagram 35

5.2 Data Flow Diagrams 36

1
 1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Project:

Image Captioning is the process of generating a textual description of an image. This task
combines both Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Computer Vision to create
descriptive captions for images. It typically employs an encoder-decoder framework, where
the input image is encoded into an intermediate representation by the encoder and then
decoded into a text sequence by the decoder.

In our project, we utilize a combination of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), specifically Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)
networks, to perform image captioning. The CNN, particularly the DenseNet201 architecture,
serves as the encoder, extracting detailed features from the image. This model is chosen over
other architectures like ResNet50, Inception-v3, and Xception due to its superior performance
in feature extraction. The extracted image features, represented as vector embeddings, are
then concatenated with word embeddings and passed to the LSTM, which functions as the
decoder to generate the next word in the caption.

Before feeding text data into the model, several preprocessing steps are undertaken:
converting sentences to lowercase, removing special characters and numbers, eliminating
extra spaces and single characters, and adding start and end tags to denote the beginning and
end of sentences. Tokenization and encoding into a one-hot representation are also performed,
followed by generating word embeddings.

For feature extraction from images, we employ the DenseNet201 model, utilizing its Global
Average Pooling layer as the final layer to produce a feature vector of size 1920. Given the
resource-intensive nature of training neural networks, we implement batch-wise data
generation. This approach ensures efficient memory usage by loading only the necessary data
for each batch into memory.

During the training process, the image embeddings are concatenated with the initial word of
the sentence, and this combined input is fed into the LSTM network. The LSTM then
generates the caption word by word, forming a complete sentence. A unique modification in
our architecture is the addition of image feature embeddings to the output of the LSTM,
which are then passed through fully connected layers to enhance performance.
2
The project uses the Flickr8k and Flickr30k datasets, with the flexibility to incorporate the
MSCOCO dataset, to train and evaluate the model. The generated captions are evaluated
based on their relevance to the images, ensuring that the model produces accurate and
meaningful descriptions. This system can be applied in various fields, such as aiding visually
impaired individuals and improving multimedia content organization.

1.2 Proposed system

The primary goal of this project is to develop an image captioning system that combines
DenseNet201, a convolutional neural network (CNN), with LSTM networks to generate high-
quality captions for images. By leveraging DenseNet201 for feature extraction, the project
aims to enhance the understanding of images through rich and descriptive text, improving the
accuracy of caption generation. Additionally, the project seeks to address the challenge of
aligning visual and textual modalities in a meaningful way. The resulting system is envisioned
to be useful in various applications, including aiding visually impaired individuals, improving
content categorization, and enhancing user experiences in multimedia platforms.

1.3 Existing System

Existing image captioning systems often face several limitations. They frequently struggle
with limited accuracy, capturing only vague or incorrect descriptions of images. Many
systems also suffer from overfitting to specific datasets, which restricts their ability to
generalize across different datasets. Older architectures, such as ResNet50 and Inception-v3,
may not extract as rich and detailed features as newer models like DenseNet201, leading to
less accurate captions. Additionally, handling diverse and complex scenes can be challenging,
resulting in captions that fail to fully capture the image's context. High computational
requirements further constrain the practical deployment of these systems.

3
1.4 Proposed System with Features

The proposed system integrates DenseNet201, a convolutional neural network (CNN), with
LSTM networks in an innovative architecture.

Key features include:

 DenseNet201 for Feature Extraction: Leveraging DenseNet201, known for its deep and
efficient feature extraction capabilities, the system generates high-dimensional image
embeddings.
 LSTM for Sequence Generation: These embeddings are fed into an LSTM network,
which generates text sequentially, word by word, to form meaningful captions.
 Data Preprocessing: The system includes steps like lowercasing, removal of special
characters, tokenization, and embedding generation to standardize and prepare text data.
 Data Generation: To manage memory efficiently, data is generated in batches,
processing both image and text embeddings together.
 Enhanced Architecture: The project proposes a unique approach where image
embeddings are combined with LSTM outputs before passing through fully connected
layers, improving the contextual accuracy of the generated captions.

4
 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

Published Accuracy
S.No Paper Title Journal/Conference Algorithms Used
Year Metrics
Show and Tell: A
BLEU-4:
1 Neural Image CVPR 2015 CNN + LSTM
23.7
Caption Generator
Show, Attend and
Tell: Neural
CNN + LSTM + Attention BLEU-4:
2 Image Caption ICML 2015
Mechanism 24.8
Generation with
Visual Attention
Bottom-Up and
Top-Down Faster R-CNN + LSTM + BLEU-4:
3 CVPR 2018
Attention for Attention 36.5
Image Captioning
Neural Image
Caption
Generation with CNN + LSTM + Attention + BLEU-4:
4 AAAI 2019
Visual and Contextual Information 27.5
Contextual
Information
Dense Captioning
BLEU-4:
5 with Feature-wise CVPR 2017 DenseNet + LSTM + Attention
31.0
Attention
Image Captioning
BLEU-4:
6 with DenseNet- IEEE Access 2020 DenseNet201 + LSTM
28.3
based Encoder
Image Captioning BLEU-4:
7 NeurIPS 2020 Transformer + CNN
with Transformers 29.1
Exploring Models
BLEU-4:
8 and Data for CVPR 2018 CNN + RNN
30.0
Image Captioning
Deep Learning for
IEEE Transactions on
Image Captioning:
9 Neural Networks and 2020 Various Deep Learning Models -
A Survey and
Learning Systems
Perspective
Image Captioning
10 using Deep IEEE 2022 Resnet50,Xception,InceptionV3 -
learning

5
 3.SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

3.1 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) or Software Development Life Cycle in
systems engineering, information systems and software engineering, is the process of creating
or altering systems, and the models and methodologies use to develop these systems.

Figure 3.1: Software Development Life Cycle

Requirement Analysis and Design:

Analysis gathers the requirements for the system. This stage includes a detailed study
of the business needs of the organization. Options for changing the business process may be
considered. Design focuses on high level design like, what programs are needed and how are
they going to interact, low-level design (how the individual programs are going to work),
interface design (what are the interfaces going to look like) and data design (what data will be
required). During these phases, the software's overall structure is defined. Analysis and
Design are very crucial in the whole development cycle. Any glitch in the design phase could
be very expensive to solve in the later stage of the software development. Much care is taken
during this phase. The logical system of the product is developed in this phase.

6
Implementation:

In this phase the designs are translated into code. Computer programs are written
using a conventional programming language or an application generator. Programming tools
like Compilers, Interpreters, Debuggers are used to generate the code. Different high level
programming languages like C, C++, Pascal, Java, .Net are used for coding. With respect to
the type of application, the right programming language is chosen.

Testing:

In this phase the system is tested. Normally programs are written as a series of
individual modules, these subject to separate and detailed test. The system is then tested as a
whole. The separate modules are brought together and tested as a complete system. The
system is tested to ensure that interfaces between modules work (integration testing), the
system works on the intended platform and with the expected volume of data (volume testing)
and that the system does what the user requires (acceptance/beta testing).

Maintenance:

Inevitably the system will need maintenance. Software will definitely undergo change
once it is delivered to the customer. There are many reasons for the change. Change could
happen because of some unexpected input values into the system. In addition, the changes in
the system could directly affect the software operations. The software should be developed to
accommodate changes that could happen during the post implementation period.

3.2 MODULES AND INTERFACES

Data Preparation:

 Loading Data: Interface to load and preprocess image and caption data.
 Image Preprocessing: Interface for resizing, normalization, and preparing images for
feature extraction.
 Text Tokenization: Interface for converting captions into sequences of tokens and
managing vocabulary. 7
Feature Extraction:

 DenseNet201 Architecture: Interface for using DenseNet201 to extract image features.

 Feature Extraction: Module for converting images into feature vectors of size 1920
using the Global Average Pooling layer of DenseNet201.
 Alternative Architectures: Interface for using other pretrained models (e.g., VGG16,
ResNet50, InceptionV3) for feature extraction if needed.

Model :

 LSTM Model: Interface for defining and training Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
networks to generate captions based on extracted features.
 Model Integration: Combining DenseNet201 features with LSTM to generate captions.

Training and Evaluation:

 Model Compilation: Interface for setting up loss functions, optimizers, and metrics.
 Training: Module for training the image captioning model using training data.
 Evaluation: Interface for assessing model performance using metrics like BLEU score.

Caption Generation:

 Inference: Interface for generating captions for new images using the trained model.
 Post-processing: Module for converting generated sequences back into human-readable
text.

3.3 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Data Preparation:

 Image Loading: Ability to load and preprocess images from a dataset (e.g., Flickr8k).
 Caption Loading: Capability to load and preprocess associated captions.
 Image Preprocessing: Implement resizing and normalization of images to fit the input
requirements of DenseNet201.
 Text Tokenization: Convert captions into token sequences and manage the vocabulary.

8
 Feature Extraction:

 DenseNet201 Integration: Extract features from images using DenseNet201, leveraging

its Global Average Pooling layer to obtain 1920-dimensional feature vectors.
 Alternative Architectures: Provide the option to switch to other pretrained architectures
if necessary.

Model Training:

 Caption Generation Model: Train a model using LSTM (or similar) to generate captions
based on features extracted from DenseNet201.
 Model Integration: Combine DenseNet201 features with LSTM for end-to-end caption
generation.

Evaluation:

 Performance Metrics: Evaluate model performance using metrics like BLEU score.
 Validation and Testing: Implement procedures to validate and test the model on unseen
data.

Caption Generation:

 Inference: Generate captions for new images using the trained model.
 Post-processing: Convert generated sequences back into readable text.

3.4 NON FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Performance:

 Accuracy: Achieve high-quality captions with a focus on accuracy as measured by BLEU

scores.
 Processing Time: Efficient processing time for feature extraction and caption generation.

Scalability:

 Dataset Size: Ability to handle large datasets and potentially scale to larger datasets if
needed.
9
Usability:

 User Interface: If applicable, provide a user-friendly interface for uploading images and
viewing generated captions.
 Documentation: Comprehensive documentation for understanding and using the system.

Reliability:

 Error Handling: Robust error handling for various stages (e.g., data loading, model
training).
 Model Robustness: Ensure the model performs reliably across different types of images
and captions.

Maintainability:

 Code Quality: Write clean, modular, and well-documented code to facilitate future
updates and maintenance.
 Modularity: Maintain a modular architecture to allow easy integration of new features or
models.

Security:

 Data Privacy: Ensure that any user data or images are handled securely and comply with
relevant data protection regulations.

3.5 FEASIBILITY STUDY

Technical Feasibility:

 Model and Tools: DenseNet201 is a well-established architecture, and integrating it with

LSTM for captioning is feasible with existing libraries and frameworks (e.g., TensorFlow,
Keras).
 Resources: Ensure you have the necessary computational resources (CPU/GPU) to handle
training and feature extraction. DenseNet201 requires significant computational power.

10
 Operational Feasibility:

 Dataset Availability: Verify the availability and suitability of the dataset (e.g., Flickr8k)
for training and evaluating the model.
 Integration: Check compatibility with other systems or tools if the model needs to be
integrated into a larger application or service.

Economic Feasibility:

 Cost: Assess the costs associated with computational resources, storage, and any
additional tools or services required.
 Budget: Ensure that the project budget aligns with the expected costs for development,
training, and deployment.

Schedule Feasibility:

 Timeline: Develop a realistic timeline for completing the various phases of the project,
including data preparation, model training, and evaluation.

Legal and Ethical Feasibility:

 Compliance: Ensure compliance with any legal and ethical standards related to data usage
and model deployment.
 Bias and Fairness: Consider ethical implications, including bias in training data and
fairness in generated captions.

11
 4. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

4.1 Requirement Specification:

A requirement specification for a software system is a complete description of the

behavior of a system to be developed. It includes a set of usecases that describe all the
interactions the users will have with the software. In addition to usecases, the SRS also
contains non-functional requirements. Non-functional requirements which impose constraints
on the design or implementation such as performance engineering requirements, quality
standards.

System requirement specification is a structured collection of information that

embodies the requirements of a system. A business analyst, sometimes titled system analyst,
is responsible for analysing the business needs of their clients and stakeholders to help
identify the business problems and propose solutions. Within the system development life
cycle domain, the business analyst typically performs a liaison function between the business
side of an enterprise and the information technology department or external service providers.

4.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Processor: Multi-core CPU (Quad-core or higher)

 Memory: Minimum 8GB RAM (16GB recommended)
 Storage: High-capacity SSD for faster data access (at least 100GB)
 GPU: NVIDIA GPU with CUDA support (e.g., GTX 1080, RTX 2080, or higher)
 Other: High-speed internet for downloading pre-trained models and the FLICKER8K or
FLICKER30K dataset.

4.3 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Programming Language: Python 3.8+

 Libraries: NumPy, Pandas, Tensorflow, Keras, Matplotlib,Seaborn,tqdm,Os,TextWrap
12
  Development Environment: Jupyter Notebook or any Python IDE

 Operating System: Cross-platform (Windows, macOS, Linux).

4.4 SELECTED SOFTWARE

4.4.1 Introduction to Python

Below are some facts about Python.

 Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming
language.Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python
programs generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.

 Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language, makes
them readable all the time.

 Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google,
Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard libraries which can be used for
the following –

 Machine Learning

 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc.)

 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)

 Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)

 Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)

 Test frameworks

 Multimedia.

Advantages of Python

Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

13
1. Extensive Libraries
Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like
regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading,
databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the
complete code for that manually.

2. Extensible
As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write some of
your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable
Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python
code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting
capabilities to our code in the other language.

4. IOT Opportunities
Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright
for the Internet of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world.

5. Simple and Easy

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in
Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and code.
This is why when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more
verbose languages like Java.

6. Readable
Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English.
This is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also does not need
curly braces to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. These further aids the
readability of the code.

7. Object-Oriented
This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms.
While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model the real
world. A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

8. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download Python for
14
 free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even distribute it.
It

downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.

9. Portable
When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some changes
to it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you
need to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run
Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include any system-
dependent features.

10. Interpreted

Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed

one by one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.

Advantages of Python over Other Languages

1. Less Coding
Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is done in
other languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t have to
search for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many people
suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable
Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage the
free available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so it gives
you better community support.The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has
overtaken Java in the most popular programming language category.

3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows. Programmers
need to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can professionally
build web apps, perform data analysis and machine learning, automate things, do web
scraping and also build games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder
programming language.
15
 Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it, you
should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of choosing Python
over another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it
often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point
for the project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by
Python are enough to distract us from its speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on the
client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based applications.
One such application is called Carbonnelle.The reason it is not so famous despite the
existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.

3. Design Restrictions
As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare the
type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it
just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the
programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

History of Python

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right, both
start with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the
programming language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language and
programming environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the
CWI (Centrum Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to influence
the design of Python. Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido van Rossum
worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating system. In an
16
interview with Bill Venners1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an
implementer on a team building a language called ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en
Informatica (CWI). I don't know

how well people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because
I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked on it.
"Later on in the same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued: "I remembered all my
experience and some of my frustration with ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting
language that possessed some of ABC's better properties, but without its problems. So I
started typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a simple parser, and a simple runtime. I
made my own version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic syntax, used
indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end blocks, and developed
a small number of powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings,
and numbers."

Python Development Steps

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt.sources in
February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core data
types of lists, dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a
module system. Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features
included in this release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce,
which Guido Van Rossum never liked. Six and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0
was introduced. This release included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was
supporting unicode. Python flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next
major release as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python
3 is not backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the
removal of duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming close to
fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and preferably only one
-- obvious way to do it. "Some changes in Python 7.3:

 Print is now a function.

 Views and iterators instead of lists
 The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g., a heterogeneous list
cannot be sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.

 There is only one integer type left, i.e., int. long is int as well.
17
 The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to have
the "old" behaviour.

 Text Vs. Data Instead of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose

We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal layers—

even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different intensity
ranges throughout— with the assistance of the ANIS feature.

Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.

Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that
emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is
part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something
about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or
tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other
languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another area
where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and
several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background -
without breaking.

NumPy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various
features including these important ones:

 A powerful N-dimensional array object 18

 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions

 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code

 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities.

Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer

devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular high-
level programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable
use of great whitespace.

The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables

programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not come
pre-packaged with Windows.

How to Install Python on Windows and Mac

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is how to
install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start learning Python
but this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version of Python is version
3.7.4 or in other words, it is Python 3.

Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about your
System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e., operating system and based processor,
you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit operating
system. So, the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device or to
install Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet here. The steps on how to install Python on
Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.

Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any
other web browser. OR Click on the following19link: https://www.python.org
 Figure 4.4.1: Python installation site

Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

Figure 4.4.2: Download Python

Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.8 button in Yellow Color
or

20
you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version. Here, we
re downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.8

Figure 4.4.3: Select Python 3. 8 file

Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

Installation of Python

Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the installation
process.

Figure 4.4.4: Open Downloaded Python

21
Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to

PATH.

Figure 4.4.5: Install Python

Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.

With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly
installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.

Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes. Verify the Python Installation

Step 1: Click on Start

Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”. Step 3: Open the Command prompt

option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press Enter.

Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.8.

Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must
first uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one.

Check how the Python IDLE works Step 1: Click on Start

Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

22
Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.8 64-bit) and launch the program

Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File > Click
on Save

Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have
named the files as Hey World.

Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print (“Hey World”) and Press Enter.

Figure 4.4.6: Execution in IDLE

You will see that the command given is launched. With this, we end our tutorial on how
to install Python. You have learned how to download python for windows into your
respective operating system.

Note: Unlike Java, Python does not need semicolons at the end of the statements otherwise
it won’t work.

23
 5. SYSTEM DESIGN

5.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECURE

The system architecture for the image captioning model comprises several key components,
each playing a crucial role in processing input images and generating corresponding textual
descriptions. The architecture utilizes a combination of Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
units. The architecture can be described as follows:

1. Input Image:

o The process begins with an input image, typically of size 224x224x3, which serves as the
initial data for the captioning system.

2. CNN Encoder:

o Feature Extraction: The CNN encoder, specifically DenseNet201, is used for feature
extraction. This network, pretrained on the ImageNet dataset, extracts relevant features
from the input image. These features are represented as a vector, typically of size
1x1x1920, which serves as a high-level summary of the visual content in the image.

o Linear Layer: The extracted feature vector is passed through a linear layer to reduce its
dimensionality and make it suitable for input to the LSTM decoder. This step is crucial for
aligning the image features with the textual data that will be generated.

3. RNN Decoder with LSTM:

o Embedding Layer: The system utilizes an embedding layer to convert the input words
(including a special <start> token) into a dense vector representation. This embedding layer
is shared across the entire sequence.

o LSTM Units: The encoded image features are concatenated with the initial word
embedding and passed to the LSTM units. The LSTM network is responsible for generating
the next word in the sequence based on the current input and the hidden state from the
previous step. This process continues until the <end> token is produced, indicating the
24
 completion of the sentence

o Softmax Layer: After each LSTM unit, a softmax layer is used to predict the most
probable next word in the sequence. This layer outputs a probability distribution over the
vocabulary for each time step.

4. Data Flow:
o The data flow begins with the input image being processed by the CNN encoder to extract
features. These features are then transformed and fed into the LSTM decoder, which
generates a sequence of words that describe the image. The entire process is conducted in a
sequential manner, leveraging the temporal nature of LSTMs to maintain context
throughout the sentence generation.

5. Dataset:
o The model is trained using the Flickr8k dataset, which provides pairs of images and their
corresponding captions. This dataset is crucial for training the network to understand and
generate meaningful descriptions.

Fig 5.1.1: CNN Encoder -RNN decoder

Fig 5.1.2 :Image feature extraction using layers of DenseNet201

25
5.1 UML Diagrams:

UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the
artifacts of software systems.
UML was created by Object Management Group (OMG) and UML 1.0 specification
draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997.OMG is continuously putting effort to make
a truly industry standard.
 UML stands for Unified Modeling Language.
 UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints.

UML Modeling Types:

It is very important to distinguish between the UML model. Different diagrams are used for
different type of UML modeling. There are three important type of UML modelings

5.1.1 Structural Things:

Structural things are classified into seven types those are as follows:

Class diagram:
Class diagrams are the most common diagrams used in UML. Class diagram consists
of classes, interfaces, associations and collaboration. Class diagrams basically represent the
object oriented view of a system which is static in nature. Active class is used in a class
diagram to represent the concurrency of the system.

Class diagram represents the object orientation of a system. So it is generally used for
development purpose. This is the most widely used diagram at the time of system
construction.

The purpose of the class diagram is to model the static view of an application. The
class diagrams are the only diagrams which can be directly mapped with object oriented
languages and thus widely used at the time of construction.

26
Fig 5.1.3 :Class Diagram

27
5.1.2 Behavioral Things

Behavioural things are considered as verbs of a model.These are the ‘dynamic ' parts
which describes how the model carry out its functionality with respect to time and space.
Behavioral things are classified into two types:

From the term Interaction, it is clear that the diagram is used to describe some type of
interactions among the different elements in the model. This interaction is a part of dynamic
behavior of the system.

Purpose of Interaction Diagrams

The purpose of interaction diagrams is to visualize the interactive behavior of the system.
Visualizing the interaction is a difficult task. Hence, the solution is to use different types of
models to capture the different aspects of the interaction.

Sequence and collaboration diagrams are used to capture the dynamic nature but from a
different angle.

The purpose of interaction diagram is −

 To capture the dynamic behaviour of a system.
 To describe the message flow in the system.
 To describe the structural organization of the objects.
 To describe the interaction among objects.

How to Draw an Interaction Diagram?

As we have already discussed, the purpose of interaction diagrams is to capture the

dynamic aspect of a system. So to capture the dynamic aspect, we need to understand what a
dynamic aspect is and how it is visualized. Dynamic aspect can be defined as the snapshot of
the running system at a particular moment

We have two types of interaction diagrams in UML. One is the sequence diagram and
the other is the collaboration diagram. The sequence diagram captures the time sequence of
the message flow from one object to another and the collaboration diagram describes the
organization of objects in a system taking part in the message flow.

28
 Following things are to be identified clearly before drawing the interaction diagram

 Objects taking part in the interaction.

 Message flows among the objects.
 The sequence in which the messages are flowing.
 Object organization.

Following are two interaction diagrams modeling the order management system. The first
diagram is a sequence diagram and the second is a collaboration diagram

1.The Sequence Diagram

Fig 5.1.4 : Sequence Diagram

29
 Where to Use Interaction Diagrams?

We have already discussed that interaction diagrams are used to describe the dynamic
nature of a system. Now, we will look into the practical scenarios where these diagrams are
used. To understand the practical application, we need to understand the basic nature of
sequence and collaboration diagram.

The main purpose of both the diagrams are similar as they are used to capture the
dynamic behavior of a system. However, the specific purpose is more important to clarify and
understand.

Sequence diagrams are used to capture the order of messages flowing from one object
to another. Collaboration diagrams are used to describe the structural organization of the
objects taking part in the interaction. A single diagram is not sufficient to describe the
dynamic aspect of an entire system, so a set of diagrams are used to capture it as a whole.

Interaction diagrams are used when we want to understand the message flow and the
structural organization. Message flow means the sequence of control flow from one object to
another. Structural organization means the visual organization of the elements in a
system.Interaction diagrams can be used −

 To model the flow of control by time sequence.

 To model the flow of control by structural organizations.
 For forward engineering.
 For reverse engineering.

2. State chart diagram

The name of the diagram itself clarifies the purpose of the diagram and other details. It
describes different states of a component in a system. The states are specific to a
component/object of a system.

A Statechart diagram describes a state machine. State machine can be defined as a

machine which defines different states of an object and these states are controlled by external
or internal events.

30
 Activity diagram explained in the next chapter, is a special kind of a Statechart
diagram. As Statechart diagram defines the states, it is used to model the lifetime of an object.

Purpose of Statechart Diagrams

Statechart diagram is one of the five UML diagrams used to model the dynamic nature
of a system. They define different states of an object during its lifetime and these states are
changed by events. Statechart diagrams are useful to model the reactive systems. Reactive
systems can be defined as a system that responds to external or internal events.

Statechart diagram describes the flow of control from one state to another state. States
are defined as a condition in which an object exists and it changes when some event is
triggered. The most important purpose of Statechart diagram is to model lifetime of an object
from creation to termination.

Statechart diagrams are also used for forward and reverse engineering of a system.
However, the main purpose is to model the reactive system.

Following are the main purposes of using Statechart diagrams −

Fig 5.1.5 :State chart Diagram

31
3.Activity Diagram
Activity Diagrams are a type of UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagram used to model
the workflow of a system or a process. They describe the sequence of activities or actions and
their interactions, capturing the dynamic aspects of a system.

Key Elements of Activity Diagrams:

1.Activities: Represent tasks or actions performed in the system. Each activity is depicted as a
rounded rectangle.
2.Transitions: Arrows that show the flow of control from one activity to the next.
3.Decisions: Diamond shapes used to represent decision points where the flow can diverge
based on conditions.
4.Start and End Nodes: Circles or filled circles indicating the beginning and end of the
workflow.
5.Forks and Joins: Bars that split the flow into parallel activities (forks) or join multiple
flows into a single path (joins).
6.Swimlanes: Horizontal or vertical sections that group activities based on the actor or
system component responsible for them.

Fig 5.1.6 :Activity Diagram

32
 5.2 Data Flow Diagram

The DFD is also called as bubble chart. It is a simple graphical formalism that can be
used to represent a system in terms of input data to the system, various processing
carried out on this data, and the output data is generated by this system.
The data flow diagram (DFD) is one of the most important modeling tools. It is used to
model the system components. These components are the system process, the data used
by the process, an external entity that interacts with the system and the information
flows in the system.
DFD shows how the information moves through the system and how it is modified by a
series of transformations. It is a graphical technique that depicts information flow and
the transformations that are applied as data moves from input to output.

Levels of DFD:

1. Level 0 (Context Diagram): Provides a high-level overview of the system,

showing the system as a single process with its interactions with external entities.

Fig 5.2.1 :Level 0 DFD

2. Level 1: Breaks down the system into major processes and data stores, showing
how data flows between these processes.

Fig 5.2.2 : Level 1 DFD

33
3. Level 2 and Beyond: Provides more detailed views of each process, breaking them
into sub-processes and detailing the flow of data.

Fig 5.2.3 : Level 2 DFD

34
 6. CODING AND IMPLEMENTATION

Source code:

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import os
import tensorflow as tf
from tqdm import tqdm
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator, load_img, img_to_array
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.text import Tokenizer
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.sequence import pad_sequences
from tensorflow.keras.utils import Sequence
from tensorflow.keras.utils import to_categorical
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential, Model
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, GlobalAveragePooling2D, Activation,
Dropout, Flatten, Dense, Input, Layer
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Embedding, LSTM, add, Concatenate, Reshape, concatenate,
Bidirectional
from tensorflow.keras.applications import VGG16, ResNet50, DenseNet201
from tensorflow.keras.optimizers import Adam
from tensorflow.keras.callbacks import ModelCheckpoint, EarlyStopping, ReduceLROnPlateau
import warnings
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
from textwrap import wrap

plt.rcParams['font.size'] = 12
sns.set_style("dark")
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

image_path = '../input/flickr8k/Images'

def readImage(path,img_size=224):
img = load_img(path,color_mode='rgb',target_size=(img_size,img_size))
img = img_to_array(img)
img = img/255. 35
 return img

def display_images(temp_df):
temp_df = temp_df.reset_index(drop=True)
plt.figure(figsize = (20 , 20))
n=0
for i in range(15):
n+=1
plt.subplot(5 , 5, n)
plt.subplots_adjust(hspace = 0.7, wspace = 0.3)
image = readImage(f"../input/flickr8k/Images/{temp_df.image[i]}")
plt.imshow(image)
plt.title("\n".join(wrap(temp_df.caption[i], 20)))
plt.axis("off")

def text_preprocessing(data):
data['caption'] = data['caption'].apply(lambda x: x.lower())
data['caption'] = data['caption'].apply(lambda x: x.replace("[^A-Za-z]",""))
data['caption'] = data['caption'].apply(lambda x: x.replace("\s+"," "))
data['caption'] = data['caption'].apply(lambda x: " ".join([word for word in x.split() if
len(word)>1]))
data['caption'] = "startseq "+data['caption']+" endseq"
return data

tokenizer = Tokenizer()
tokenizer.fit_on_texts(captions)
vocab_size = len(tokenizer.word_index) + 1
max_length = max(len(caption.split()) for caption in captions)
images = data['image'].unique().tolist()
nimages = len(images)
split_index = round(0.85*nimages)
train_images = images[:split_index]
val_images = images[split_index:]

train = data[data['image'].isin(train_images)]
36
test = data[data['image'].isin(val_images)]
train.reset_index(inplace=True,drop=True)
test.reset_index(inplace=True,drop=True)

tokenizer.texts_to_sequences([captions[1]])[0]

weights_path='/kaggle/input/dense12/densenet201_weights_tf_dim_ordering_tf_kernels.h5'
model = DenseNet201(weights=weights_path)
fe = Model(inputs=model.input, outputs=model.layers[-2].output)

img_size = 224
features = {}
for image in tqdm(data['image'].unique().tolist()):
img = load_img(os.path.join(image_path,image),target_size=(img_size,img_size))
img = img_to_array(img)
img = img/255.0
img = np.expand_dims(img,axis=0)
feature = fe.predict(img, verbose=0)
features[image] = feature

class CustomDataGenerator(Sequence):

def __init__(self, df, X_col, y_col, batch_size, directory, tokenizer,

vocab_size, max_length, features,shuffle=True):
self.df = df.copy()
self.X_col = X_col
self.y_col = y_col
self.directory = directory
self.batch_size = batch_size
self.tokenizer = tokenizer
self.vocab_size = vocab_size
self.max_length = max_length
self.features = features
self.shuffle = shuffle

37
 self.n = len(self.df)
def on_epoch_end(self):
if self.shuffle:
self.df = self.df.sample(frac=1).reset_index(drop=True)

def __len__(self):
return self.n // self.batch_size

def __getitem__(self,index):
batch = self.df.iloc[index * self.batch_size:(index + 1) * self.batch_size,:]
X1, X2, y = self.__get_data(batch)
return (X1, X2), y

def __get_data(self,batch):
X1, X2, y = list(), list(), list()
images = batch[self.X_col].tolist()
for image in images:
feature = self.features[image][0]
captions = batch.loc[batch[self.X_col]==image, self.y_col].tolist()
for caption in captions:
seq = self.tokenizer.texts_to_sequences([caption])[0]
for i in range(1,len(seq)):
in_seq, out_seq = seq[:i], seq[i]
in_seq = pad_sequences([in_seq], maxlen=self.max_length)[0]
out_seq = to_categorical([out_seq], num_classes=self.vocab_size)[0]
X1.append(feature)
X2.append(in_seq)
y.append(out_seq)
X1, X2, y = np.array(X1), np.array(X2), np.array(y)
return X1, X2, y

input1 = Input(shape=(1920,))
input2 = Input(shape=(max_length,))

img_features = Dense(256, activation='relu')(input1)

38
img_features_reshaped = Reshape((1, 256), input_shape=(256,))(img_features)
sentence_features = Embedding(vocab_size, 256, mask_zero=False)(input2)
merged = concatenate([img_features_reshaped,sentence_features],axis=1)
sentence_features = LSTM(256)(merged)
x = Dropout(0.5)(sentence_features)
x = add([x, img_features])
x = Dense(128, activation='relu')(x)
x = Dropout(0.5)(x)
output = Dense(vocab_size, activation='softmax')(x)
caption_model = Model(inputs=[input1,input2], outputs=output)
caption_model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',optimizer='adam')
train_generator =
CustomDataGenerator(df=train,X_col='image',y_col='caption',batch_size=64,directory=image_path,
tokenizer=tokenizer,vocab_size=vocab_size,max_length=max_length,features=features)
validation_generator =
CustomDataGenerator(df=test,X_col='image',y_col='caption',batch_size=64,directory=image_path,
tokenizer=tokenizer,vocab_size=vocab_size,max_length=max_length,features=features)

model_name = "model.h5"
checkpoint = ModelCheckpoint(model_name,
monitor="val_loss",
mode="min",
save_best_only = True,
verbose=1)
earlystopping = EarlyStopping(monitor='val_loss',min_delta = 0, patience = 5, verbose = 1,
restore_best_weights=True)
learning_rate_reduction = ReduceLROnPlateau(monitor='val_loss',
patience=3,
verbose=1,
factor=0.2,
min_lr=0.00000001)

history = caption_model.fit(
train_generator,
epochs=50, 39
 validation_data=validation_generator,

callbacks=[checkpoint,earlystopping,learning_rate_reduction])

def preprocess_image(image_path, img_size=224):

img = load_img(image_path, color_mode='rgb', target_size=(img_size, img_size))
img = img_to_array(img)
img = img / 255.0
img = np.expand_dims(img, axis=0)
return img

def extract_features(image_path, fe_model):

img = preprocess_image(image_path)
features = fe_model.predict(img, verbose=0)
return features

def idx_to_word(integer, tokenizer):

for word, index in tokenizer.word_index.items():
if index == integer:
return word
return None

def predict_caption_for_unknown_image(model, image_path, tokenizer, max_length, fe_model):

features = extract_features(image_path, fe_model)
in_text = "startseq"
for i in range(max_length):
sequence = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences([in_text])[0]
sequence = pad_sequences([sequence], max_length)

y_pred = model.predict([features, sequence])

y_pred = np.argmax(y_pred)

word = idx_to_word(y_pred, tokenizer)

if word is None:
break
40
 in_text += " " + word

if word == 'endseq':
break
return in_text

# Path to your unknown image

unknown_image_path = "/kaggle/input/flickr-image-dataset/flickr30k_images/flickr30k_images/
100759042.jpg" # Provide the path to your unknown image

# Generate the caption

caption = predict_caption_for_unknown_image(caption_model, unknown_image_path, tokenizer,
max_length, fe)
print("Generated Caption:", caption)

# Display the image

def display_image(image_path):
img = load_img(image_path)
plt.imshow(img)
plt.axis('off') # Hide axes
plt.show()

# Display the image

display_image(unknown_image_path)

41
 7.SYSTEM TESTING
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality
of components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of
exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its
requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are
various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS

Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal
program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All
decision branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual
software units of the application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before
integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is
invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business
process, application, and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a
business process performs accurately to the documented specifications and contains clearly
defined inputs and expected results.
Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to
determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned
with the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the
components were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the
combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed
at exposing the problems that arise from the combination of components.

Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are
available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and
user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:
42
 Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.
Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.
Functions : identified functions must be exercised.
Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.
Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.
Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements,
key functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify
Business process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be
considered for testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified and
the effective value of current tests is determined.

System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of
system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on
process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has
knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its
purpose. It is purpose. It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner
workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other
kinds of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or
requirements document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in
which the software under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot “see” into it. The test
provides inputs and responds to outputs without considering how the software works.

Unit Testing
Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test
phase of the software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be
conducted as two distinct phases.

43
 Test strategy and approach
Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in
detail.
Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.
 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format
 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.

Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more
integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface
defects.
The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g.
components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company
level – interact without error.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.

Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant
participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional
requirements.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.

44
 8.OUTPUT SCREENS

Fig 8.1: Output for Image1

Fig 8.2: Output for Image2

45
Fig 8.3: Output for Image3

Fig 8.4: Output for Image4

46
 9. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

Several potential enhancements could improve the performance and applicability of the proposed
image captioning model:
1. Use of Larger Datasets: Incorporating larger datasets like MSCOCO can further improve the
model’s ability to generalize across a broader array of image types and scenes.
2. Transformer Models: Exploring Transformer-based architectures, such as Vision Transformers
(ViT) or BERT-based captioning, could increase the model’s performance by capturing global
image features and contextual word relationships more effectively.
3. Attention Mechanisms: Integrating attention mechanisms could refine the model's focus on
specific regions of an image, resulting in captions that more accurately describe important aspects
of the image content.
4. Optimization Techniques: Implementing advanced optimization techniques like learning rate
scheduling, dropout, and regularization methods can enhance training stability and reduce
overfitting, particularly when working with smaller datasets.
5. Real-time Deployment: Adapting the model for real-time applications, such as on mobile devices
or embedded systems, could increase its accessibility and broaden its usability in various fields,
including assistive technology for visually impaired individuals.
6. Multimodal Learning: Further exploration into multimodal learning approaches could facilitate
the integration of additional data types, such as audio or contextual text, enhancing the
descriptive richness of generated captions.

47
 10. CONCLUSION

In this study, we introduced an image captioning model that integrates the DenseNet201 CNN with
an LSTM network to generate descriptive captions for images. By using DenseNet201 for feature
extraction, we demonstrated the effectiveness of its detailed feature representations, which proved
advantageous over traditional CNN architectures like ResNet50, Inception-v3, and Xception. The
combination of DenseNet201 and LSTM enabled the generation of captions that closely align with
the content of the images, achieving meaningful, contextually accurate descriptions.Our model,
trained on the Flickr8k dataset, exhibited strong performance in terms of accuracy and relevance in
caption generation. Through this approach, we contributed insights into the potential of DenseNet201
for image captioning tasks, highlighting its impact on the quality of generated captions. This project
underscores the significant role of CNN and LSTM networks in bridging the gap between visual and
textual data, which has promising implications for accessibility and multimedia content management.

48
 11. REFERENCES

 Karpathy, A., & Fei-Fei, L. (2015). "Deep visual-semantic alignments for generating image
descriptions." In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR), 3128-3137.
 Vinyals, O., Toshev, A., Bengio, S., & Erhan, D. (2015). "Show and tell: A neural image caption
generator." In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
(CVPR), 3156-3164.
 Huang, G., Liu, Z., Van Der Maaten, L., & Weinberger, K. Q. (2017). "Densely connected
convolutional networks." In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and
Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 4700-4708.
 Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A. N., … Polosukhin, I.
(2017). "Attention is all you need." In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems
(NeurIPS), 5998-6008.
 Wang, Y., & Wang, W. (2020). "Exploring CNN architectures for image captioning." In IEEE
Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 1-11.
 Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., & Sun, J. (2015). "Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object
detection with region proposal networks." In Advances in Neural Information Processing
Systems (NeurIPS), 91-99.

49