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This document outlines Homework 2 for ESE 551, which includes various mathematical problems related to sets, supremum and infimum, operations on sets, functions, infinite sets, vector spaces, and matrices. The homework requires definitions, calculations, and proofs regarding the properties of sets and functions, as well as the verification of vector space criteria. The due date for the homework is September 15, 2023.

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Rohan Lakhani
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27 views3 pages

hw2 1

This document outlines Homework 2 for ESE 551, which includes various mathematical problems related to sets, supremum and infimum, operations on sets, functions, infinite sets, vector spaces, and matrices. The homework requires definitions, calculations, and proofs regarding the properties of sets and functions, as well as the verification of vector space criteria. The due date for the homework is September 15, 2023.

Uploaded by

Rohan Lakhani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ESE 551 Homework 2 Due date: 09/15/2023

1. Review on sets.
(a) Define a set that contains all the even numbers between 1 and 10.
(b) Define the complement of the set from part (a).
(c) Determine the cardinality (number of elements) of the set from part (b).

2. Supremum and Infimum of sets.


(a) Consider the set S = {x ∈ R : x < 3}. Find the supremum (if it exists) and the infimum (if it
exists) of S.
(b) Let T = {y ∈ R : 2 < y ≤ 5}. Find the supremum (if it exists) and the infimum (if it exists) of T .
(c) For the set U = {z ∈ Q : z > 0}, determine whether the supremum and infimum exist. If they do,
find their values.
3. Operations on Sets
(a) Define two sets A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}. Find the union A ∪ B and the intersection A ∩ B.
(b) Define a set C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and a set D = {3, 4}. Find the relative complement (set difference)
C \ D.

4. Supremum and Infimum of Functions


(a) Consider the function f (x) = x2 for x in the interval [0, 2]. Find the supremum and infimum of the
range of f (x) on this interval.
(b) Let g(x) = x1 for x in the interval (0, 1]. Determine whether the supremum and infimum of the
range of g(x) on this interval exist. If they do, find their values.
5. Infinite Sets
(a) Define the set of natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, . . .}. Does N have a supremum or infimum? Explain
your answer.
(b) Consider the set R+ = {x ∈ R : x > 0}. Does R+ have a supremum or infimum? If yes, find their
values.
6. Consider a sequence of sets An defined as follows:
A1 = [0, 1]
A2 = [0, 21 ]
A3 = [0, 13 ]
...
An = [0, n1 ]
(a) Determine whether the supremum and infimum of each set An exist.
(b) If they exist, find the values of the supremum and infimum for each An .

7. Find domain, codomain, image of the given functions.


√
(a) h(x) = x − 3.
(b) f (x) = 2x.
(c) g(x) = x2 .
√
(d) q(x) = sin( x).
(e) (f ◦ g)(x).
(f) k(x) = |x|
(g) b(x) = x3 .
ESE 551

(h) (k ◦ b)(x).
(i) (
2x + 1, if x ≤ 0
f (x) =
x2 , if x > 0

8. Check if the following functions are injective, surjective, or bijective.


(a) Let f : R → R be defined as f (x) = 2x2 .
(b) Consider the function g : Z → Z defined as g(n) = n3 .
(c) Consider a function M : R2 → R2 that takes a point (x, y) and transforms it using the following
matrix operation:
  
2 1 x
M (x, y) =
1 3 y
Determine whether M is injective, surjective, or bijective.
9. Recall the following:
Definition 1 (Vector space). A vector space over the field F is a set V equipped with two operations,
addition (+) and scalar multiplication (·), which satisfy the following properties:

1. Closure under Addition: For any v, w ∈ V , v + w ∈ V .


2. Associativity of Addition: For all u, v, w ∈ V , (u + v) + w = u + (v + w).
3. Commutativity of Addition: For all v, w ∈ V , v + w = w + v.
4. Existence of an Additive Identity: There exists an additive identity 0 such that for any v ∈ V ,
v + 0 = v.
5. Existence of Additive Inverses: For every v ∈ V , there exists an additive inverse −v such that
v + (−v) = 0.
6. Closure under Scalar Multiplication: For any scalar α ∈ F and any v ∈ V , αv ∈ V .
7. Associativity of Scalar Multiplication with Field Multiplication: For all α, β ∈ F and v ∈ V ,
(α · β) · v = α · (β · v).
8. Identity Element of Scalar Multiplication: There exists a multiplicative identity of the field F ,
denoted as 1, such that for any v ∈ V , 1 · v = v.
9. Distributive Properties: Scalar multiplication distributes over vector addition and field addition:
• α · (v + w) = α · v + α · w
• (α + β) · v = α · v + β · v

Check if the following are vector spaces:


(a) The set R of real numbers, over the field R.
(b) The set R of real numbers, over the field C.
(c) The set of all fifth-degree polynomials over the field R.
(d) V = (x, 12 x) : x ∈ R.
10. Let R2×2 be the set of all 2 × 2 real matrices.
(a) Verify that R2×2 is a vector space under usual matrix addition and scalar multipli- cation.
(b) What is the dimension of R2×2 ?
(c) Find a basis for R2×2 .

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ESE 551

(d) Consider the set of matrices I, A, A where


 
1 1
A=
0 2

Is this set linearly dependent in R2×2 ?

11. What is the dimension of the vector space (Cn , R)? Exhibit a base for this space.
12. Let U and W be subspaces of (V, R). Prove that U ∩ W is a subspace of (V, R).
Hint: Recall the following theorem:
Theorem 1. A set W ⊆ V is a subspace if and only if it is closed under vector addition and scalar
multiplication, i.e.
αw1 ∈ W, w1 + w2 ∈ W
for all α ∈ F and w1 , w2 ∈ W .

13. Let there be a set of vectors {v1 , . . . , vn } for the vector space V on the field R. Prove that the span of
the vectors v1 , . . . , vn (denoted as span{v1 , . . . , vn }) is a subspace of V .
Hint: The definition of span is below
Definition 2. The span of the vectors {v1 , . . . , vn } (denoted as span{v1 , . . . , vn }) is the set of linear
combinations of vectors from {v1 , . . . , vn }

span{v1 , . . . , vn } = {α1 v1 + · · · + αn vn | αi ∈ R}

14. Given a basis B of (V, R) and a vector v ∈ V , prove that there exists a unique representation of v in B.

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