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computer architecture

The document outlines the evolution of computer systems from early counting devices like the abacus to modern computers, detailing significant contributions from key figures such as John Napier, Blaise Pascal, Charles Babbage, and Ada Lovelace. It describes the transition through various generations of computers, highlighting advancements in technology, such as the introduction of vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits, as well as the development of programming languages and artificial intelligence. The document concludes with an overview of the components of modern computers and their functionalities.

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7 views

computer architecture

The document outlines the evolution of computer systems from early counting devices like the abacus to modern computers, detailing significant contributions from key figures such as John Napier, Blaise Pascal, Charles Babbage, and Ada Lovelace. It describes the transition through various generations of computers, highlighting advancements in technology, such as the introduction of vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits, as well as the development of programming languages and artificial intelligence. The document concludes with an overview of the components of modern computers and their functionalities.

Uploaded by

vishiattitude18
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© © All Rights Reserved
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TEM ON Evolution of Computer System The present Computer System has evolved after centuries of efforts ftom different intellectuals who contributed their works during different periods of time Abacus is (most likcly) considered as the carlicr counting device gen Sq a aw ABACUS tear an ae Ce Ti (evechanical) Feary fa sare atone 2400 § ee tot ae Fear John Napier Napicr was a Scottish mathematician who invented logerithms “BW calculation device Ht metal rod, RT ae wa “aed Rear rarer on “rae aera a te a ea “Fas FATT AP algorithm) 3 fore Pear ara eT ate “ae Wet Compute history emer fag a arr ae caret eet wets ah oy ~~ mmr 2 cesar TT acs eon pgp a Re GO ae Be Le Blaise Pascal Pascal was a French mathematician who invented a machine based on gear wheels, which helped greatly in calculation 17 ot araredt apron fry creer eto ree 1642-1644 % ra |= mechanical calculator facen fae FaweT a Pascaline Tar wey ite WH arithmetic machine Pascal's calculator er 31a7 #1 EGF mechanical 4M automatic calculator ®, FAT vara sfaean sae far es at & fem fear om waft Se Fier e5 F tax accountant MH ea atta a aver a Gera a ad ates se Ter aA aA rg TT TAT TT aT te HT aT Fer ‘Stepped Reckoner (Leibnitz Wheel) yee Brae 1672 & omer fearven ate 1694 7 ‘{HHL-FSM Stepped reckoner W Leibniz calculator TH efecto 7m © euer ffeFr pascal calculator 4 que #3 % fare fear oe geen Seagate Se ant wa ae ent ‘itt (arithmetic operations) # F#AT Charles Babbage Babbage was an English Polymath, Mathematician, Mechanical Engineer, Philosopher, and Inventor, In 1822, he developed a machine capable to calculate the successive difference of expression and prepared a table which helped him in his calculations History of Computer 3 182091 35577 @ Charles Babbage® Difference engine #1 7% Fa SiR 1822 7 ET ET oT ne UF mechani Difference e a0 era aTAT a puter at ar We Hea & a sets FT eS Se a ST wate arse Saari aah TT Charles Babbage WHA SGT aac aa mae sr a fee afer aca a wee are ara et re ea ear oe SA ae SA AEA vii Difference engine a7 18374 first modern computer “Analytical engine” =e >free em Analytical c memory 4M ALU (arithmetic logical unit) 43 sedan tai fats ar, eae ATT aie Charles Babbage 03 Stara eT anrfrcgre ar at Fe Stes aa wer Pear stk ayer & whe sears ae ne # basic flow control, integrated OUR COURSES of computer #21 Fm aad, rh aw 1910 Fi we 1 an att Fi 3 basic calculation a3 der sera am 1091 ea angrier area ta ot rr fee sar a eH et wT FTA Amalytical engine 235 Fam Fata) Lady Ada Lovelace Lovelace was an English mathematician, who researched on Bubbage’s work, She has given the concept that ‘computers can be programmed’. Her work helped a great deal in the advancement af computer system. John Atanstoff With the assistance of Berry, John Atanstoff developed the popular as ABC) in 1937. ft marked the beginning of anstoff Berry Computer (more the development of electronic digital computer. Tabulating machine Tabillting raichine @ Holterith Tabulating machine wt wearer, “wife ar Fini 1800 Herman Hollerith EF seit ‘efeitos are fear a © FE clectromagnetically machine fh Ft sre punch cand #20 Per aan an sit ger ay electronically sort 4% count Fa Sra = © Tabulating machine #1 S7arT 1890 9 sitar A waren a & fer Pear, a art aM PIS See aoe Maley @ F987 Herman Hollcrith # tabulating machine #4 St wart #4 fawat a az A IBM (Intcrnational Business Machine} 721 77211 a- i We hiswory of computer 4 IBM company = yang atte oma gir ttaad afaa sires age ah it wh HE Big Bluc Fa aT TTT Differential Analyzer “ae ee gfe Teh To Differential analyzer wi anferr 1930 4 fara eae sie Seis (sant iar apr ara ee Gabe 3 Fe (Bea sree fantes ire (ditferential equations) * Fe wi 8 ee es = fer fer ae ol hfe site ehtfratin & arate Feed ore ret oe fa eT a safe ae a & fore clon nals "1 vacuum tube ara Reve rar at om we a ef frci HF 20 @ af TT ea aT Mark 1 Computer © FE SULT History of computer HGF aT AAT IM, Wa TEAM programmable digital computer e0RM © Fae 1937 7 Harvard University % TEA Howard Aiken TURF #2 frafac a ft tear a © Mark 1 computer # 1944 4 IBM iT Harvard ‘fra afer ara aaa TATA TAT © -TETEET fully functional computer FAT FAM can Pron Pores] ss) pgp a Re GO ae Pee ae ea rage itt areas Fare A poper-tape readers, i card readers, GF puch card A typerwirers 37 3a ATTA Howard Aiken SRT 208 3p are Slt at maha fests Pare ‘Bret Mar: 2, Marc 3st Marc 4-9 Pear = Aiken 31 first fully automatic large-scale calculator Fee a ret Fea ar John Mauchiy and Eckart In 1947, John Mauchly and Eckart developed the frst lange scale Electronic Di 1 Computer. It was called the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC), Maurice V, Wilkes In 1949, Wilkes (at Cambridge University) designed Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC). It was the first computer that started its operating system on the stored program concept GENERATION The period of first gencration was from 1940-1956. The computers of first gencration used vacuum tubes The main features of the first generation are — ‘Vacuum tube technology Unreliable Supported machine language only Very costly Generated a lot of heat Slow input and output devices Huge size Need of AC Non-portable Consumed a lot of electricity Some computers of this generation were — ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC 1BM-701 IBM-650. ¢ period of second generation was from 1956-63, The main features of second generation are— Use of transistors Reliable in comparison to first generation computers Smaller size as compared to first generation computers Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers Faster than first generation computers Still very costly OUR COURSES © AC required * Supported machine and assembly languages Some computers of this generation were ~ © IBM 1620 © IBM 7094 © EDC 1604 © EDC 3600 © UNIVAC 1108 The period of third generation was from 1964-71 The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL PASCAL PL/I, BASIC, ALGOL-68 ete.) were used during this generation The main features of third generation a © 1Cused © More refiable in comparison to previous two generations Smaller size Gencrated less heat Faster Lesser maintenance Costly AC required Consumed lesser electricity Supported high-levet language Some computers af this gener: IBM.360 series 4 Honcywell-6000 series © PDP (Personal Data Processor) © IBM.s70it68 * TDC-316 ‘he period of fourth generation was from 1971-91 All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc were uscd in this gencratioa, The main features of fourth generation are ~ * VLSI technology used + Very cheap + Portable and reliable + Use of PCs Very small size * Pipcline processing © NoAC required + Concept of internct was introduced «Great developments in the fields of networks «Computers became easily available Some computers af this generation were — * DECIO «STAR 1000 * PDP LI © CRAY-1(Super Computer) © CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer) OUR COURSES riod of fifih generation athe high-level languages like C and C+, e., are used in this generation. Al includes — + Robotics # Neural Networks © Game Playi * Development of expert systems to make decisions in real-te situations + Natural language understanding and generation The main features of fifth generation are — * ULSI technology * Development of true artificial intelligence + Development of Natural language processing + Advancement in Parallel Processing + Advancement in Superconductor technology * More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia fearures, + Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates Some computer types of this generation are — + Desktop > arg & falter sara a A res a aT ‘area Fy ATT (Architecture) Hed el > equ dda eae 1. Input / Output Unit 2. CPU (Central Processing Unit) 3. Memory Unit Memory ee > Input Unit arr et sear Sat ar Fee sea Siro arora ert 81 sit ate ar Wen fear rar? Sa Se Fafa ea aa fear arava > caer Tet HUW, FN a sa wT faa aaa > CU (Control Unit) #1 ifta ax frat ara 2 > ang wae aaa Input Unit (FRE GR) oye ie a da aa tt a eT ae ret feeret at STAT al © ae svar eat arr feu ve reat wear Sar Ft edt an dren acct 8 eae ta oh fan a eee oo te fa a are ea A acer | ‘Outpat Unit. © Saran feat 1 ators & era oasis ea fre Far fice an avin Pier er & Fe TSE afte Fe el eae weeagge are fee, re feo et ettaere aca Sot aett ais eT aa a o Fe SST HVT ae aa ee ama ©) me seed ex oft at ent erat weg TAT eI ‘CPU (Central Processing Unit)- © CPU ® St Arithmetic and Logical Operation #4 €1 @ Instruction, Decode #7 Execute fT aT él ALU (Arithmetic and Logical unif)- ome ay & far wt san A antici fene Gits, FeMT, TT TT AT AA she ger ea ae 4 4 ret 21 © Fart fen agri wala A are a ‘Register © zeta aren ar ane @, fet Sar ar Pe aa 1 aed ea da nia arett srearg ire afr ar oat & spe a ised #1 geet ca al CU (Control Unit) wows eee © meager & wht aii & erat wae va? att wa wen aati dar & fare shar ara saz Microprocessor (NPRUTEER) © ditty feat ft aeger a fer ar 81 a sear alt errr A rar site tee sre eat sae re omen seer & form fare sree a Sea fae ‘arated eee th © Intel-404 Teen HTemTsTaaT aT ° Sa aaa. 2a, Sua aM, oe thea safe Fart afie (Memory Unit)- eRe saree & Fe aT Bo Ser ae Peat aT ‘aineta er 21 © wiiqadaradel Instruction Forza! (FRM) © sg aa Raat a dae 0a 1 eT aT ‘aren #1 fara att ST area a wm greg sia Pea ar oe aE 21 Instruction Of Cycle- Instruction Cycle LRT eo tnt & fea at be ae fre ee ara 2h 2. femiftn. © feu am fate aa feats om area feu mm fén A erent em 3. ear aT TR © of fan we aaa eae aT aa vem 4.Prenet. Rr here Farag (Mother Board). 7a até feat afer sae fines: Ba argh eee Satta aT yer afte até eter 21 SH — Main Board, system Board, Logic Board tet STAT 81 WH (Bus) CPU 2a, fea ca Ea I fafa sama wen titer feast at to a1 ean feet ar wa seer a ar ait eT ware ra & fer fara sar 2) ema min at g wh aE see aferat a1 ttre aferat wee © pomTE gi fas 1. Sats (Key Board). Fi aid er var ear ai sen ah fig ey a Sar th qe A & fee a a eyo fie var % O a ae QWERTY, DVORAK 3 AZERTY ere aan aaa QWERTY 1 até # er 104 Halt art a © wat fo, a aa (OK BUTTON) art are Safera aia &) Shift key 3 Gar Fait (combination) wed A Caps lock #% Num lock #1 T wera en Fars Hi eae & sree Te get Pisa HH anna ate wate 1. FF (Function Keys) 2. 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