Artificial

Intelligence
BIOMEDICAL DATA ANALYSIS
 Types of Biomedical Data
1. Genomic data: DNA sequences, gene expression data, and
genomic variations.
2. Proteomic data: Protein structures, functions, and interactions.
3. Transcriptomic data: RNA sequences and gene expression data.
4. Metabolomic data: Metabolic pathways, metabolite
concentrations, and fluxes.
5. Phenotypic data: Clinical observations, medical images, and
physiological measurements.
6. Imaging data: Medical images, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans,
and ultrasound images.
7. Signal processing data: Electrocardiogram (ECG),
electroencephalogram (EEG), and electromyogram (EMG)
signals.
 .
Sources of Biomedical Data
1. Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Clinical data collected during patient
care.
2. Genomics and proteomics databases: Public databases containing genomic
and proteomic data.
3. Medical imaging archives: Collections of medical images.
4. Clinical trials: Data collected during clinical trials.
5. Wearable devices and mobile apps: Data collected from wearable devices
and mobile apps.
6. Biobanks: Collections of biological samples and associated data.
Characteristics of Data

1. High dimensionality: Biomedical data often has

many features or variables.

2. Complexity: Biomedical data can be complex,

with non-linear relationships between
variables.

3. Noise and variability: Biomedical data can be

noisy and variable, with errors and
inconsistencies.

4. Heterogeneity: Biomedical data can come from

different sources and have different formats.

5. Large size: Biomedical data can be very large,

with millions or billions of data points.

6. Sensitivity and privacy: Biomedical data can be

sensitive and private, requiring careful
handling and protection.
Challenges
1. Data integration: Integrating data from different sources
and formats.

2. Data quality: Ensuring the accuracy and consistency of

the data.

3. Data analysis: Analyzing complex and high-dimensional

data.

4. Data visualization: Visualizing complex data to facilitate

understanding.

5. Data protection: Protecting sensitive and private data.

Artificial
Intelligence
AI AND MEDICAL IMAGING ANALYSIS
Medical Imaging
Analysis
 AI and Medical Imaging Analysis is a rapidly growing
field that combines artificial intelligence (AI)
techniques with medical imaging data to improve
diagnostic accuracy, streamline clinical workflows,
and enhance patient care.
 Applications of AI in Medical Imaging
Analysis
1. Image Segmentation: AI algorithms can automatically
segment medical images to identify and isolate specific
features, such as tumors or organs.

2. Image Classification: AI models can classify medical

images into different categories, such as normal or
abnormal, to aid in diagnosis.

3. Image Registration: AI algorithms can register medical

images from different modalities or time points to enable
accurate comparison and analysis.

4. Image Reconstruction: AI models can reconstruct

medical images from incomplete or noisy data, improving
image quality and diagnostic accuracy.

5. Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD): AI models can

provide diagnostic suggestions based on medical image
analysis, enhancing clinical decision-making.
AI Techniques Used in Medical Imaging Analysis

 1. Deep Learning (DL): DL algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs)

and recurrent neural networks (RNNs), are widely used in medical image analysis.

 2. Machine Learning (ML): ML algorithms, such as support vector machines (SVMs)

and random forests, are used in medical image analysis for tasks like image
classification and segmentation.

 3. Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP techniques are used to analyze and
extract relevant information from medical reports and images.
 Challenges and Limitations of AI in Medical Imaging Analysis

1. Data Quality and Availability: AI algorithms require

high-quality and diverse medical imaging data to
learn and improve.
2. Regulatory Frameworks: There is a need for clear
regulatory frameworks to ensure the safe and
effective deployment of AI in medical imaging
analysis.
3. Clinical Validation: AI algorithms must be clinically
validated to ensure they are safe and effective in
real-world clinical settings.
4. Explainability and Transparency: AI algorithms
must be explainable and transparent to ensure that
clinicians understand the basis for their decisions.
Future Directions of AI in
Medical Imaging Analysis

1. Integration with Electronic Health Records (EHRs): AI

algorithms will be integrated with EHRs to provide
a more comprehensive understanding of patient
health.
2. Multimodal Imaging: AI algorithms will be
developed to analyze and integrate data from
multiple imaging modalities.
3. Personalized Medicine: AI algorithms will be used to
develop personalized treatment plans based on
individual patient characteristics.
4. Explainable AI: AI algorithms will be developed to
provide clear and transparent explanations for
their decisions.
Applications of AI in Healthcare

1. Clinical Decision Support Systems: AI algorithms can analyze patient data and provide
healthcare professionals with personalized treatment recommendations.
2. Disease Diagnosis and Prediction: AI models can analyze medical images, lab results, and
patient histories to diagnose diseases and predict patient outcomes.
3. Personalized Medicine: AI algorithms can analyze patient genomics, medical histories, and
lifestyle data to provide personalized treatment plans.
4. Patient Engagement and Empowerment: AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants can
engage patients in their care, provide education, and support behavior change.
5. Population Health Management: AI algorithms can analyze large datasets to identify high-
risk patients, predict disease outbreaks, and optimize resource allocation.
6. Medical Imaging Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze medical images to detect
abnormalities, diagnose diseases, and monitor treatment response.
7. Robot-Assisted Surgery: AI-powered robots can assist surgeons during procedures,
improving accuracy and reducing recovery time.
8. Telemedicine and Remote Monitoring: AI-powered platforms can enable remote
consultations, monitoring, and care coordination.
Applications of AI in Healthcare
Artificial
Intelligence
DEEP LEARNING ARCHITECTURES FOR BIOMEDICAL
APPLICATIONS
Deep Learning Architectures for
Biomedical Applications
1. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): CNNs are widely used for image analysis
tasks, such as tumor segmentation, disease diagnosis, and medical image
classification.

2. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): RNNs are used for sequence analysis tasks, such
as predicting protein structure, analyzing genomic sequences, and modeling patient
outcomes.

3. Autoencoders: Autoencoders are used for dimensionality reduction, feature

extraction, and anomaly detection tasks, such as identifying abnormal medical
images or detecting rare diseases.

4. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs): GANs are used for generating synthetic
biomedical data, such as medical images or genomic sequences, for training and
validation purposes.
Artificial neural network (ANN)
Artificial neural network (ANN)
In machine learning, a neural network (also artificial neural network or neural net,
abbreviated ANN or NN) is a model inspired by the structure and function of biological neural
networks in animal brains.[1][2]
A neural network consists of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model
the neurons in the brain. Artificial neuron models that mimic biological neurons more closely have
also been recently investigated and shown to significantly improve performance. These are
connected by edges, which model the synapses in the brain. Each artificial neuron receives signals
from connected neurons, then processes them and sends a signal to other connected neurons. The
"signal" is a real number, and the output of each neuron is computed by some non-linear function of
the sum of its inputs, called the activation function. The strength of the signal at each connection is
determined by a weight, which adjusts during the learning process.
Typically, neurons are aggregated into layers. Different layers may perform different transformations
on their inputs. Signals travel from the first layer (the input layer) to the last layer (the output layer),
possibly passing through multiple intermediate layers (hidden layers). A network is typically called a
deep neural network if it has at least two hidden layers.[3]
Artificial neural networks are used for various tasks, including predictive modeling, adaptive control,
and solving problems in artificial intelligence. They can learn from experience, and can derive
conclusions from a complex and seemingly unrelated set of information.
Artificial neural network (ANN)
Artificial neural network (ANN)
Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNNs):
 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a type of deep learning algorithm that are
widely used for image and signal processing tasks.
 Architecture of a CNN
1. Convolutional Layers: These layers apply filters to the input data to extract features.
2. Activation Functions: These functions introduce non-linearity to the model, allowing it to
learn complex patterns.
3. Pooling Layers: These layers downsample the data to reduce spatial dimensions and retain
important features.
4. Flatten Layer: This layer flattens the output of the convolutional and pooling layers into a
one-dimensional array.
5. Dense Layers: These layers are fully connected and are used for classification or regression
tasks.
Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNNs):

1. Convolutional Layers: These layers apply filters to the input data to extract features.
2. Activation Functions: These functions introduce non-linearity to the model, allowing it to
learn complex patterns.
3. Pooling Layers: These layers downsample the data to reduce spatial dimensions and retain
important features.
4. Flatten Layer: This layer flattens the output of the convolutional and pooling layers into a
one-dimensional array.
5. Dense Layers: These layers are fully connected and are used for classification or regression
tasks.
Types of CNNs

1. LeNet-5: A classic CNN architecture that was

introduced in the 1990s.

2. AlexNet: A CNN architecture that won the

ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition
Challenge (ILSVRC) in 2012.

3. VGGNet: A CNN architecture that is known for its

simplicity and effectiveness.

4. ResNet: A CNN architecture that uses residual

connections to ease the training process.

5. Inception Network: A CNN architecture that

uses multiple parallel branches with different
filter sizes.
Applications of
CNNs
1. Image Classification: CNNs are widely
used in image classification tasks,
such as object recognition and
scene understanding.

2. Object Detection: CNNs are used in

object detection tasks, such as
detecting pedestrians, cars, and
other objects in images.

3. Image Segmentation: CNNs are used

in image segmentation tasks, such
as segmenting objects from the
background.
 A Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)
 A Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is a type of
neural network designed to handle sequential
data, such as time series data, natural language
processing, or speech recognition.

The Main Components of RNNs:

•Input Layer: Takes sequential data as input,

processing one sequence element at a time.
•Hidden Layer: The hidden layers in RNNs
process data sequentially, maintaining a hidden
state that captures information about previous
elements in the sequence. This state is updated as
the network processes each element of the
sequence.
•Output Layer: The output layer generates a
sequence or value for each input based on the
input and the recurrently updated hidden state.
Types of RNN

1. Simple RNN: Basic RNN architecture with a single layer.

2. LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory): RNN architecture
designed to handle long-term dependencies.
3. GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit): RNN architecture designed
to handle long-term dependencies with fewer
parameters than LSTM.
4. Bidirectional RNN: RNN architecture that processes
input sequences in both forward and backward
directions.
 Applications of RNNs
1. Handling sequential data: RNNs are designed to handle sequential data, making them ideal for applications
such as natural language processing, speech recognition, and time series forecasting.

2. Learning long-term dependencies: RNNs can learn long-term dependencies in data, allowing them to capture
complex patterns and relationships.
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)

GANs are an innovative class of AI algorithms used in

unsupervised machine learning, implemented by two neural
networks competing in a zero-sum game framework. This
setup enables GANs to generate new data with the same
statistics as the training set. For example, they can generate
photographs that look authentic to human observers. GANs
consist of two main parts: the generator that generates data
and the discriminator that evaluates it. Their applications
range from image generation, photo-realistic image
modification, art creation, and even generating realistic
human faces.
Generative Adversarial Networks
(GANs)
The Main Components of GANs:

Generator: The generator network takes random

noise as input and generates data (e.g., images)
similar to the training data. The generator aims to
produce data indistinguishable from real data by
the discriminator.
Discriminator: The discriminator network takes
real and generated data as input and attempts to
distinguish between the two. The discriminator is
trained to improve its accuracy in detecting real vs.
generated data, while the generator is trained to
fool the discriminator.
Applications of GANs
1. Image generation: GANs can
generate highly realistic images.

2. Data augmentation: GANs can

improve data augmentation by
generating new data that can be
used to train machine learning
models.

3. Style transfer: GANs can transfer the

style of one image to another.
Ethics and Future Directions

1. Respect for Autonomy: Ensure that AI systems respect patients' autonomy and
decision-making capacity.

2. Non-Maleficence: Avoid harm to patients and ensure that AI systems are designed to
minimize risk.

3. Beneficence: Ensure that AI systems provide benefits to patients and improve

healthcare outcomes.

4. Justice: Ensure that AI systems are fair and unbiased, and that they do not perpetuate
existing healthcare disparities.

5. Transparency and Explainability: Ensure that AI systems are transparent and

explainable, so that patients and healthcare professionals can understand their
decisions.
Thank you