Computer Networks Concepts
1. Introduction to Computer Networks
A computer network is a system that connects multiple computing devices to share data, resources,
and services. Networks enable communication and data exchange among devices.
2. Evolution of Networking
Networking has evolved from simple direct connections between two devices to modern complex
networks involving millions of devices worldwide. Key milestones include the development of packet
switching, ARPANET, and the rise of the Internet.
3. Network Types
There are three main types of networks:
- LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small geographical area such as a home, office, or campus.
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Spans a large geographical area, often connecting multiple LANs.
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a city or large campus, larger than LAN but smaller than
WAN.
4. Network Devices
Various devices enable network communication:
- Modem: Converts digital signals to analog and vice versa for Internet access.
- Ethernet Card: Provides network connectivity to a computer.
- Repeater: Amplifies weak signals to extend network range.
- Hub: Broadcasts data to all connected devices.
- Switch: Forwards data to specific devices based on MAC addresses.
- Router: Routes data between different networks.
- Gateway: Acts as a bridge between different networking protocols.
5. Network Topologies
Network topology refers to the arrangement of network elements. The main types are:
- Mesh: Each device is connected to every other device, providing high redundancy.
- Ring: Devices are connected in a circular manner, and data travels in one direction.
- Bus: All devices share a common communication line (bus).
- Star: All devices connect to a central hub or switch.
- Tree: A hierarchical structure combining multiple star networks.
6. MAC and IP Address
MAC Address (Media Access Control Address) is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface
for communication within a network.
IP Address (Internet Protocol Address) is an address assigned to a device for communication across
different networks over the Internet.
7. Difference Between Internet and Web
- Internet: A global network of interconnected devices that facilitates data exchange.
- Web: A system of web pages and services accessible via the Internet.
- The Internet consists of networking hardware, whereas the Web consists of websites and
applications.
- The Web is accessed using web browsers, while the Internet enables multiple services like email
and file sharing.
