Unit 1

Introduction To
Quality
TYBSCIT
 2

Quality View
 Transcendental View
 User View
 Manufacturing View
 Product View
 Value-based View

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 3

Financial Aspect of Quality

 Prevention Cost – the cost that arises from
efforts to prevent defects.
 Appraisal Cost - – the cost that arises from efforts
to detect defects.
 Failure cost
 Internal Failure Cost
 External Failure Cost

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 4

Core components of Quality

 Functionality
 Reliability
 Performance
 Flexibility
 Usability
 security

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi


5
Customer : In ST consumer or end user is very important. The
entire testing revolves around the expectation of the user.
 Suppliers : Is a person, company or organization. The
organization adds some more value to the goods and
equipment.
 Processes: are activities carried out in order to achieve a
particular end.
 Streamlines the work you are doing
 Brings consistency
 Creates a standard of working
 Follow process
 Makes future maintenance easier.

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 6

Total Quality Control(TQM)

 High quality service has become a critical factor
for a successful business
 TQM describes a management approach to long-
term success through customer specification.
 In a TQM effort, all members of an organization
participate in improving processes, products,
services and the culture in which they work

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 7

Quality Principles of TQM

 Process-centered
 Customer-focused
 Total Employee involvement
 Integrated System
 Strategic and systematic approach
 Decision making based on facts
 Communication
 Continues Improvement
 Top Management Commitment

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 8

TQM through Statistical Process

Control
 Quality Planning at all Levels
 Quality Planning at Organizational Level
 Quality Planning at Unit Level
 Quality Control
 Quality Improvement

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 9

TQM through Cultural Changes

 An organization must step across functional
workgroups.
 Priorities the improvements depending upon the
recourses available.
 Improvements in Processes Instituting teams and
team work helps in achieving the goals with reference
to customer expectation.
 Quality improvement should be demonstrated by
management
 Must evaluate goals to be achieved.

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 10

Continual Improvement Cycle

It is an ongoing effort to improve products, services or
processes.
 Process selection and definition
 Process Evaluation and standardization
 Process Improvement
 Plan
 Do
 Check
 Act

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 11

Plan
 Based on vision and mission definition
 It includes all the questions like who, when,
what, where etc.
 Expected results should be defined and activities
should be planned accordingly.
 Baseline studies are important
 Synchronization is must

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 12

Do
 Should work according to road map
 Plan sets the tone while executing makes the
plan work
 Do process needs inputs like hardware, software,
resources etc. for execution of plan

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 13

Check Act
 Actions should be
 Compare actual decided to correct
outcome with of “DO” situations if any deviation
with expected result is observed in actual
 Should be done outcome or planned
periodically to check result
the progress.  It includes change in
plan, approach or
expected outcome.

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 14

Quality in Different Areas

 Product Quality – its related to quality of the product that fit
customers need
 Service Quality – It involves intangible elements of quality
such as environment, customer services etc.
 Experience Quality – It includes quality of experiences in
areas like medicine, education, entertainment etc.
 Quality of Life – The health, happiness, security, prosperity &
fulfillment of individuals and community.

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 15

Benchmark

 Benchmark can defined as something that serves as a

standard by which others may be measured or judge.
 It is a matric or a point of reference against which
products or services can be compared.
 Benchmark testing is a process of load testing a
component or an entire end to end IT system to
determine the performance of the software or
hardware.

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 16

Advantages of Benchmarking:

 Implements creative ideas

 Increased competitions
 Developing improvement
 Identifies essential activities
 Quality of work
 Increased performance

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 17

Disadvantages of Benchmarking

 Insufficient information
 Stabilized standards:
 Decreased results
 Lack of customer satisfaction:
 Lack of understanding
 Increased dependency

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 18

Metrics
A software metric is a standard of measure of a degree
to which a software or process processes some
property.
The goal of software metrics is to identify and control
essential parameters that affect software development.
Metrics are defined for collecting information about the
product capabilities, process variability and outcome of
the process in terms of attributes of product.

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 19

Problem solving Techniques

 Identify the problem
 Determine the cause
 Iterate potential solutions
 Test Action

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 20

Types of problem solving technique

Qualitative: only qualitative index like

high, low, medium

Quantitative: In numbers

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 21

Problem Solving Tools

 Flowchart : A flowchart is a diagram that
represents a process.
 Fishbone chart(Ishiwaka Diagram): It is also
called a cause and effect diagram
 It’s a visualization tool for categorizing the
potential causes
 It is useful in brainstorming sessions to focus
conversation

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 22

How to create a fish diagram

 Create a head, which lists the problem or issue to be
studied.
 Create a backbone for the fish
 Identify at least four :causes” that contribute to the
problem
 Connect these four causes with arrows to the spine.
 This will create the first bone of the fish
 Brainstorm around each cause to document those
things that contributed to the cause

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 23

Example

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 24

Advantages of Problem solving

Tools
 No manual variation
 Tools can be implemented theoretical means of
assessing metrics
 Gives accurate and fast result
 Can be integrated with systems to provide a
systematic and highly integrated means of
solving problems.
 No hard work is required to perform hand or
calculator driven computations.

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 25

Disadvantages of Problem solving

Tools
 Needs training
 Tools can have some mistakes while building
 More time to learn and implement
 Decision has to be taken by human being and not
by the tool.

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 26

Introduction to Software Quality

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 27

Constraints of Software Product

Quality Assessment
 Software is virtual
 Communication gap between programmer and user.
 Software is product that is unique in nature
 Testing requires more time which is generally not
possible
 The finer requirements, designs foundation,
architecture is different for different projects.

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 28

Customer as King

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 29

Quality and Productivity Relationship

 Productivity is the relationship between the
amount of outputs and amount of inputs needed
to produce a product.
 Quality improvement is not only about product
quality but also about process quality used for
making such a product.
 Quality must improve productivity by reducing
wastage

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 30

……Continues
 Improvement in quality directly leads to
improved productivity
 Quality improvements lead to cost reduction
 Customers also happy when they get value for
their money
 All these says that quality and productivity are
indirectly related.

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 31

Requirements of a Product
 Stated/ Implied Requirements
 Generic/Specific Requirements
 Present and future Requirement
 Primary Requirements
 Secondary Requirements
 Tertiary Requirements

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 32

Requirements of a Product
 User Expectation
 Customer requirements
 Usability
 Customer Experience
 Functions
 Performance

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

33

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 34

Organizational Culture
 Listing to Customers
 Concentrate on identifying cost of quality
 Concentrate on Continues Process
 Set guidelines should be there for employees
 No two organizations can have same culture

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 35

Characteristics of Software
 Reliability
 Functionality
 Efficiency
 Portability
 Usability
 Maintainability
 Security
 Interoperability
 Scalability

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 36

SDLC

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 37

Types Of Products
 Life Affecting Products
 Product affecting huge sum of money
 Products which can be tested only by simulators
 Other products
 Software
 Application Software
 System Software

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 38

Schemes of Critical Definitions

 Classes of Defect Severity(Degree of impact)
 Critical
 Major
 Minor
 Low

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 39

Problematic Areas of SDLC

 Lack of Flexibility
 Lack of user feedback and Inputs
 Quality issues
 Integration Issues
 Excessive Overhead
 Lack of Ownership
 Inspection can be Exhaustive/Impossible

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 40

SOFTWARE QUALITY MANAGEMENT

It is a process that ensures the required level of
software quality is achieved when it reaches the
users, so that they are satisfied by its performance.
 Quality assurance
 Quality Planning
 Quality Control

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 41

Why Software Has Defects

 Miscommunication of requirements introduces
error in code
 Unrealistic time schedule for development
 Lack of designing experience
 Poorly documented code
 Human factors introduces errors in code
 Buggy third-party tools
 Last minute changes in the requirement introduce
error
 Poor Software testing skill

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

Software Quality Assurance
Elements
42

 Standards
 Reviews and audits
 Testing
 Error/defect collection and analysis
 Change management
 Education
 Vendor management
 Security management
 Safety
 Risk management

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 43

SQA Tasks
 Prepare SQA plan
 Participate in development of the project
 Audit should be done to verify
 Documentation
 Review software engineering software

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 44

SQA Goals
 Requirement Quality
 Ambiguity
 Volatile
 Model clarity
 Design Quality
 Architectural Integrity
 Interface complexity
 Code Quality
 Complexity
 Understandability
 Documentation
 Quality control effectiveness
 Resource allocation
 Review effectiveness

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 45

Quality Management System

Structure

Records
Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi
 46

Pillars of Quality Management

System
 Management Responsibility
 Resource Management
 Product Realization
 Measurement, analysis and improvement

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 47

Management Responsibility

 Management commitment
 Customer focus
 Quality policy
 Planning
 Responsibility, authority & Communication
 Management Review

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 48

Resource Management

 Provision of resources
 Human Resources
 Infrastructure
 Work Environment

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 49

Product Realization

 Planning of Product realization

 Customer related process
 Design and/or development
 Purchasing
 Production and service operations
 Control of measuring and monitoring devices

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 50

Measurement, analysis and

improvement

 General
 Planning
 Monitoring and measurement
 Control of non-conforming product
 Analysis of data
 improvement

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 51

Important Aspect of Quality

Management
 Design
 Build
 Deployment
 Control
 Measurement
 Review
 Improvement

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi

 52

References:
 Software Testing: Principles, Techniques and
Tools by M. G. Limaye
 Software Quality Assurance-Techmax
Publication
 Software Quality Assurance-Sheth Publication

Compiled by Ms. Prajakta Joshi