Vectors 1

VECTORS
1.1 1.4: Introduction to the basic concepts of Vectors
Task 1 : Write down all the vectors as shown in each of the following diagrams.
(1)
AB

(2)
GH

(3)
Task 2 : Determine the vectors that are equal in each of the following diagrams.
(1) (2)
(3)
b

E
H
G
a

F
r

M
b

N E
e

F
G
H
A
B
D C
K L
b

AB

= x

=
EF

= b

=
x

B
A
y

Q
P
f

A
a

B J
I
F
E
b

P
Q
x

Vectors 2
Task 3 : Determine the negative vectors as shown in the following diagrams.
(1)
XY

= ST

= CD

= VW

=
(2)
The negative vector of p

:
p

=
(3)
The negative vector of c

:
c

=
Answers :
Task 1 :
(1) AB x

; y PQ

(2) GH b

; a EF

(3) AB a

; x PQ

; EF c

; b IJ

Task 2 :
(1) a q

(2) a f

(3) a d

; b e

; c f

; AB GH

; CD MN

; EF KL

Task 3 :
(1) XY x

; ST a

; CD c

; VW b

(2) p q

(3) c a

a

V
W
T
S
X
C
D
a
b
Y
c

Vectors 3
VECTORS
1.5 Multiplication of Vectors by Scalars
Task 1 : State the following vectors in terms of
~
a .
(1)
(a) AB

= (b) CD

=
(2)
(a) EF

= (b) GH

=
(3)
(a) PQ

= (b) RS

=
(4)
(a) EF

= (b) GH

=
(5)
(a) AB

= (b) CD

=
(6)
(a) PQ

= (b) RS

=
Answers: (1) (a) 2 (b) 3 AB a CD a


(2)
3
2
(a) 2 (b) EF b GH b


(3) (a) 3 (b) 2 PQ c RS c


(4) (a) 2 (b) 3 EF d GH d


(5)
3
2
(a) 2 (b) AB e CD e


(6)
1
2
(a) 2 (b) PQ f RS f


Task 2 : In each diagram below, determine the vectors that are parallel and state their relationships.
(1) AB

and ________ are parallel vectors.

=
(2) CD

and ________ are parallel vectors.

=
(3) EF

and ________ are parallel vectors.

=
(4) IJ

and ________ are parallel vectors.

=
Answers : (1)
1
2
; GH AB GH

(2)
; 2 MN CD MN

(3)
1
2
; KL EF KL

(4)
3
2
; QP IJ QP

a

B
D C
A
b

E F
G H
d

E
H
G
F
e

D
C
B
A
A
B
C
D
K
L
J I
F
E
Q P
M
N
G
H
f

Q
P
R
S
c

R
P
S
Q
Vectors 4
VECTORS
2.1 2.4 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors.
Task 1 : Determine the resultant vector of two or more parallel vectors by addition and subtraction
operations.
(1)
1
2
2a a a

7
2
a

(2)
1 1
2 3
2 x x x

17
6
x

(3)
3 1
2 4
5y y y

25
4
y

(4) 5 3 b b

2b

(5)
1
2
7 3 a a a

7
2
a

(6) 12 2 5 b b b

5b

(7)
1 1
3 2
2a b a b

5 4
2 3
a b

(8)
1
4
2 3 a b a b

9
4
4a b

(9)
1 1 1
2 5 6
4u v u v

21 2
5 3
u v

(10) 6 4 2 x y x y


5 2 x y

(11) 4 5 2 3 u v u v

2 2 u v

(12) 6 8 9 2 s t s t

3 10 s t

Task 2 : Determine the resultant vector of two or more non-parallel vectors by addition and
subtraction operations.
(1) (2)
(3) (4) ABCD in the diagram is a parallelogram.
(5) PQRS in the diagram is a parallelogram. (6) ABCDEF in the diagram is a regular
Hexagon
.
(a) a b

=
(b) b c

=
(c) c d

=
(d) AB BD

=
(a) x y

=
(b) w x

=
(c) DC CB

=
(d) BC CA

=
(a) a b

=
(b) b c

=
(c) QP PT

=
(d) RT TQ

=
(a) AB AD

=
(b) BA BC

=
(c) DA DC

=
(d) CB CD

=
(a) PQ PS

=
(b) SP SR

=
(c) QP QR

=
(d) RQ RS

=
(a) AB AF

=
(b) OC OE

=
(c) FA FE

=
(d) CB CD

=
Vectors 5
(7) ABCDE in the diagram is a pentagon. (8) PQRST in the diagram is a pentagon.
(9) KLMNOP in the diagram is a hexagon. (10) ABCDE in the diagram is a pentagon.
(11) PQRST in the diagram is a pentagon. (12) ABCDEF in the diagram is a hexagon.
(13) ABCDEF in the diagram is a regular hexagon with centre O.
(a) AB BC CD

=
(b) AC CD DE

=
(c) CD DA AE

=
(a) PQ QR RT

=
(b) RS ST TQ

=
(c) TP PR RQ

=
(a) PO ON NM ML

=
(b) KM MN NP PL

=
(c) MN NL LP PN

=
(a) AD CD

=
=
(b) CB EB

=
=
(a) PS TS

(b) RQ PQ

(c) SP TP

(a) AD DC

=
=
(b) BC DC ED

=
(c) CA FA EF

=
(a) a b

=
(b) 2 b a

=
(c) b c

=
(d) 2 a b

=
(e) a c

=
(f) 2 c b

=
Vectors 6
VECTORS
2.5 Represent Vectors as Linear Combination of other Vectors.
Task 1 : Express the following vectors in terms of x

and y

.
(1)
ABCD is a parallelogram.
AC

=
(2)
QR

=
(3)
TQ

=
PR

=
(4)
EFGH is a parallelogram.
EG

=
(5)
FG

=
(6)
BC

=
AD

=
Answers : (1) AC x y

(2) QR y x

(3)
1
2
2 ; TQ x y PR x y



(4) 2 EG x y

(5) 2 FG x y

(6)
1 1
2 2
; BC y x AD y x



Task 2 : For each of the following diagrams, express the vector PQ

in terms of x

and y

.
(1)
PQ

=
(2)
PQ

=
y

2x

P
Q
y

Q
P
Vectors 7
(3)
PQ

=
(4)
PQ

=
(5)
PQ

=
(6)
PQ

=
(7)
PQ

=
(8)
PQ

=
Answers : (1) 2 PQ x y

(2) PQ x y

(3) 3 PQ x y

(4) 2 2 PQ x y

(5) 3 2 PQ x y

(6) 2 PQ x y

(7) 2 PQ x y

(8) 3 PQ x y

P
Q
y

P
Q
x

P
Q
y
x

P
Q
y

P
Q
x

Q
P
Vectors 8
VECTORS
3.1 Express Vectors in Cartesian Plane in the form of x i y j +

or
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
.
Task : Express the following vectors in the form of x i y j +

or
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
.
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(5) (6)
(7) (8)
Answers : (1) (3 , 4) ;
3
4
| |
|
\ .
; 3 4 i j +

(2) (6 , 3) ;
6
3
| |
|
\ .
; 6 3 i j +

(3) (4 , 6) ;
4
6
| |
|
\ .
; 4 6 i j +

(4) (6 , 4) ;
6
4
| |
|
\ .
; 6 4 i j +

(5) (5 , 3) ;
5
3
| |
|
\ .
; 5 3 i j +

(6) (4 , 4) ;
4
4
| |
|
\ .
; 4 4 i j +

(7) (5 , 4) ;
5
4
| |
|

\ .
; 5 4 i j

(8) (7 , 3) ;
7
3
| |
|

\ .
; 7 3 i j

B( , )
OB
| |
=
|
\ .

OB =

C( , )
OC
| |
=
|
\ .

OC =

D( , )
OD
| |
=
|
\ .

OD

=
F( , )
OF
| |
=
|
\ .

OF

=
G( , )
OG
| |
=
|
\ .

OG

=
H( , )
OH
| |
=
|
\ .

OH

=
Q( , )
OQ
| |
=
|
\ .

OQ

=
R( , )
OR
| |
=
|
\ .

OR

=
B
y
4
2
2 4
x
O
x
C
2 4 6
2
4
y
O
D
2 4 6
O
2
6
4
y
x
O
x
F
- 2 - 4 - 6
4
2
y
O
x
- 2 - 4 - 6
4
2
y
G
O O
4
x
2
y
H
- 2 - 4 - 6
Q
O
x
2 4 6
y
- 2
- 4
O
x
2 4 6
- 2
- 4
y
R
Vectors 9
(9) (10)
(11) (12)
(13)
OP
| |
=
|
\ .

=
OQ
| |
=
|
\ .

=
(14)
OP
| |
=
|
\ .

=
OQ
| |
=
|
\ .

=
(15) O(0 , 0) , A(1 , 4) and B(5 , 2).
OA
| |
=
|
\ .

=
OB
| |
=
|
\ .

=
(16) O(0 , 0) , A(4 , 8) and B(3 , 6).
OA
| |
=
|
\ .

=
OB
| |
=
|
\ .

=
Answers : (9) (6 , 3) ;
6
3
| |
|

\ .
; 6 3 i j

(10) (5 , 6) ;
5
6
| |
|

\ .
; 5 6 i j

(11) (7 , 4) ;
7
4
| |
|

\ .
;
7 4 i j

(12) (-6 , -3) ;
6
3
| |
|

\ .
; 6 3 i j

(13)
4
1
| |
|
\ .
= 4i j +

;
2
3
| |
|
\ .
= 2 3 i j +

(14)
6
2
| |
|
\ .
=
6 2 i j +

;
3
4
| |
|

\ .
= 3 4 i j

(15)
1
4
| |
|
\ .
= 4 i j +

;
5
2
| |
|
\ .
= 5 2 i j +

(16)
4
8
| |
|

\ .
= 4 8 i j

;
3
6
| |
|

\ .
=
3 6 i j

Y( , )
OY
| |
=
|
\ .

OY

=
T( , )
OT
| |
=
|
\ .

OT

=
X( , )
OX
| |
=
|
\ .

OX

=
Z( , )
OZ
| |
=
|
\ .

OZ

=
O
- 2
- 4
T
y
x
2 4 6
O
y
- 2
- 4
- 6
Y
- 2 - 4 - 6
x
- 2
- 4
- 2 - 4 - 6
O
X
y
x
Z
- 2
- 4
- 2 - 4 - 6
O
y
x
P(4, 1)
x
O
Q(-2, 3)
y
Q(3, - 4)
P(6, 2)
x
O
y
Vectors 10
VECTORS
3.2 3.3Determine the Unit Vectors in the Direction of given Vectors.
Task 1 : For each of the following vectors in terms of i

and j

, find the magnitude and the unit

magnitude of OP

OP

=
Unit vector in the direction
of OP

OP
.

=
5 ;
3 4
5 5
i j +

(2) 12 5 OW i j = +

magnitude of OW

OW

=
Unit vector in the direction
of OW

OW
.

=
13 ;
5 12
13 13
i j +

(3) 9 12 AB i j =

magnitude of AB

AB

=
Unit vector in the direction
of AB

AB
.

=
15 ;
3 4
5 5
i j

(4) 15 8 PQ i j =

magnitude of PQ

PQ

=
Unit vector in the direction
of PQ

PQ
.

=
17 ;
15 8
17 17
i j

(5) 4 3 a i j = +


magnitude of a

=
Unit vector in the direction
of a

=
5 ;
3 4
5 5
i j +

(6) 7 24 b i j = +


magnitude of b

=
Unit vector in the direction
of b

=
25 ;
7 24
25 25
i j +

Vectors 11
Task 2 : For each of the following vectors in the form
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
, find the magnitude and the unit
vector in the direction of the given vector.
(1) PQ

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
6
8
magnitude of PQ

PQ

=
Unit vector in the direction
of PQ

PQ
.

=
10 ;
4
5
3
5
| |
|
\ .
(2) ST

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
8
15
magnitude of ST

ST

=
Unit vector in the direction
of ST

ST
.

=
17 ;
15
17
8
17
| |
|

\ .
(3) ) CD

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
8
6
magnitude of CD

CD

=
Unit vector in the direction
of CD

CD
.

=
10 ;
3
5
4
5
| |
|
\ .
(4) VW

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
40
9
magnitude of VW

VW

=
Unit vector in the direction
of VW

VW
.

=
41 ;
9
41
40
41
| |
|

\ .
(5) u

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
9
12
magnitude of u

=
Unit vector in the direction
of u

=
15 ;
4
5
3
5
| |
|

\ .
(6) v

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
7
24
magnitude of v

=
Unit vector in the direction
of v

=
25 ;
24
25
7
25
| |
|
\ .
Vectors 12
VECTORS
3.4 3.7 Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Vectors
Task 1 : Given 2 5 a i j = +


, 4 b i j =


and 3 7 c i j = +


, find the following vectors in terms of i

and j

.
(1) 2b

=
2 8 i j

(2) 3a

=
6 15 i j +

(3) 4c

=
12 28 i j +

(4)
1
2
a

=
5
2
i j +

(5) 3 a b +

=
5 7 i j

(6) 2a b +

=
5 6 i j +

(7) b c +

=
2 3 i j

(8)
1
2
b a +

=
5
2
3 i j +

(9) 3 a b

=
17 i j +

(10) 4b c

=
7 23 i j

(11) 3 2 c a

=
13 11 i j +

(12)
1
2
b a

=
13
2
j

Vectors 13
Task 2 : Given
3
4
a
| |
=
|
\ .

,
2
5
b
| |
=
|
\ .

and
6
1
c
| |
=
|

\ .

, express the following in the form of

\
|
y
x
.
(1) 4b

=
8
20
| |
|
\ .
(2) 2c

=
12
2
| |
|

\ .
(3)
1
2
a

=
3
2
2
| |
|
\ .
(4) 2a b +

=
4
13
| |
|
\ .
(5) 3 b c +

=
16
2
| |
|
\ .
(6) 2c a +

=
15
2
| |
|
\ .
(7) 3a b

=
11
7
| |
|
\ .
(8) 2b c

=
10
11
| |
|
\ .
(9) 2 c a

=
0
9
| |
|

\ .
(10) 3 2 c b

=
22
13
| |
|

\ .
(11) 3b a +

=
3
19
| |
|
\ .
(12) 4a c

=
6
17
| |
|
\ .
Vectors 14
Task 3 : Write vector PQ

in the form
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
x
and determine its magnitude. Hence, find the unit
vector in the direction of vector PQ

.
(1)
8
6
| |
|

\ .
; 10 ;
4
5
3
5
| |
|

\ .
(2)
12
5
| |
|
\ .
; 13 ;
12
13
5
13
| |
|
\ .
Task 4 : Write vector AB

in terms of i

and j

and find its magnitude. Hence, find the unit

.
(1) O(0 , 0) , A(4 , 30) and B(3 , 6).
7 24 i j +

; 25 ;
7 24
25 25
i j +

(2) O(0 , 0) , A(5 , 2) and B(3 , 4).
8 6 i j

; 10 ;
3 4
5 5
i j

Task 5 : Given 3 4 a i j = +


, 2 b i j =


and 5 c i j = +


, find in terms of i

and j

, the unit vector

; 41 ;
5 4
41 41
i j +

(2) 3 2 a b c +

4 19 i j +

; 377 ;
19 4
377 377
i j +

y
x
Q(3 , 4)
P(11, 2)
O
y
x
P(5 , 4)
Q(7 , 9)
O