ppt. — A Set is an Unordowd Well dofired Collection of Objects oma these. Objects are Called oy mombeng of the Sek. ’ — Setp an2 denoled a) Capttel Letters — Elomnts a dimoted by ower letters Exar ee — > There ane Several tuo Ways te dlascria a Set. | rea Roski Method Set Builder Defines a Set by Lishng all We Characterize all these. the mumbew of a Sef, When elements In the Set this {5 possible. A 4=>. SAE ts: er eloent et imas ie ae a =) a a ho Empty Sek :- Thee ts a special Set that hay mo elements . ‘This Set ts Called the emphy Set, or null set & fs olonoted by The net Set Can alos be clined by 2Y , Finite Set £ Infinite Set» A sot will be Calbd finite 4S etthe, tt ts emply er hap Countable ne. ef eloments , Example par — > Some Sets Whith Play on fmportant gole th “discrete Mlohemati ts i) The Set of Natal Numbus babaQusszons 1 { haw a ie | Me. a ae ae U) The Set of Poshve integers less tran how it is ene oy Infnite Seb | @) The set of atl ‘mie fs te) The ‘Set of odd posikve tmiegew lest than 10, how Con express 4% } \ WW) The se V of all Vowels im the english alphabet, Now Com wre 4 Equal Ses :— “Tbe sets ae equal if and only Uf th hove te Same elamandp « Thoulve, Lf ALR og on ‘ap then BAR aot Agua Ne sis Yel NOTE: @ The orde, fnWhith the elomentsSingin Set :— A Set with exactly one olemirt Caled a Sa oats fete ee Unit Sed. ; ie Eodamele 3- Subsey :— A set A’ fs Contaimd fr a Set B’ Cin Symp AER) tf every elements of Ais — mm BR. A ts then Called Subset of B® 4 B is Called Supersek of A- Entample >— Tr Paoptr Subset :_ There fs at lost one elommt in B Whith is mot mA, we Soa A is Shictly Contamad in B CACB) £ Called A is Proper Substt of R.3 Ver Diagrams :- "Sets Gan be! abprevented graphically ting Vern cliagrams. Tn. Vem clagrams the Universag Set U, With Contalng all the objec Unoloy Considanalitn , is wepreserdtd “big a weclangte. Amsice tris eclangle, Circles oy Othe geomabical figurez au URA to vepresent Saiz. Edomple 2 ver cliagoam that Atprecents V, ts Seb of Vowels , [7 Vv i) Union :— ket A LB bk Set. Te Union ot the Sets AL B, clonoted by AUG, is the Set trot Containg those elements that ane eithe, tr A oy in B, oy in bok. AUB = {x | HEA v xeByGO Micjoint -- Te cet areca digjoimt Uf tty ts tha empty set: MIRE Ets: Eaomple 3 GV) Diffewnce :— het AL Ge TSelp AZ B, clonoted by -6.Laws of Soby 2 Oy commute. AUS = 8UA , ANG = BNA ay Assodatve AU (BUC) = (AUBUC, AN(BNc= (ANN Gi) Dishibulive + AuCBnc) = (AUBIA (AUC), ANRC) = CANK)ULANC) A aldo on te right ; (BMC) MUA = (BUA) (CUA), (uc) A A= (ana) U ConA) GY) Qouble Gmplamnt » (ANE= A om (A) A W) De Morgan's Laws + (AuB)o- acne : cAng)* atuac Wi) Tdowity » DUA SA, UNA= A Wi) Ldempkna > AUA = A, ANA= A (wit) Dewinene : AUU =U , ANb= d Gx) Absorplim : AU (ANB)= A, AN (AuB)= A w — Complament 7 AUR =U , ANK=@ Examee: wut A,B AC be Sez. Shas thet (aviene)*= CCS UBS) A Ae. Sittin s we Er yegnc)e= ASN (REC) © (ey 44 DM tog) = ASN (BE UCT) (bg m4 Ominyy = (Bou) NAS hy CefY BD) NAS (bg te © tow by unten) Set ee EEThe Size of a Sot s_ hot S be a Sot, Tt thew ont exactly 12 shntt vored, in S$, Wet n is 9 Torragative integer, we = that S is a fie Set L thet nn ‘6 the Condinality of S$, The Cardimality of S is danoted by IS]. Example 3 at A be te Set of odd poririve Ing bss than we. Tuan 1aAl= 5 Gy eS te the Sek of ew im tee english alphabed | « Ten 1S1= 26. Power Sets + Criven a Set S, the Power Sot of S$ is the Set af alk Subsets of the Set S$. The Powe, Sef of S$ is danced by PIS). Example *- Pi see, Cris set £ He Sek. Hitd Jace mnogo Seb of Subsets. ie oh Oa Sel ha ony clarence ed oe oe 2 elemanty . f myCogesian Products? Jat Ad B be Selp. The Cantesion Poslact of ALR, olomkd by AXxB, is tha Se of oll ovdewd pairs (asb) » WH nelpee ee AXG = 4 law) 1 AeA A be Bh. Example '— NOTE: 6 The Conttsim Produce Ax6 £BXA one mot equal, always , Unless Aap oy B= ($0 that AXG = $) or Ask. © ALKA KAn= 1% aagevdn) | EAL fev faineen | phat is the Cartesian product vf AX XC, Whe SES Aedony, Bediny £¢>ronry ¢ Relations :— at A LR te two Sets. A aelatim RQ ove, Sets A ord BR fs a Subset of AX. a fos, acm MS SemamplesRelation _ on a Set: aie on a Set A ts a welotin fo Ate A. In othe wevde, OO welotim on a seb A is a Subset of AXA Glawple:— fat A be the Seb 2V7Z4Y . WHI. Ordeed Palys ane inthe welafn R= law) 14 divides bY? Counting velar qlatio: A Relation from A to B, it Follows frat it A ER one frile Setz, than the numb of relaking fron % jAx6! yA 161 SOE IS OY ke sacs » Stmilady, af Ar is Fnite set dev the numer of relatiung on A is iAHAl Erampte -— < Boperties of Raladions >: Gy Reflexive — vi Relation Ron a Set A is Colled veflexive iF (aayeR fr oy coment ACA. Exaraple -— ComFider oe Se era ae relations on WAY With of Fa, reppxive t sie d in 15) i (Q),0229, G4), (4), won y Rue LOn) G2) lay Rae {,(2)/ C4) 12) 9 (227, 3,3),L40), (4) 7 ta = (21) 630), G2), (4D (RP), las) Ks = 4 (ri), C2) 03) C9), (2:2), 213), (24) , aD) . a &eo= Lun 2M, (3)¥Symmenhic: ee ily oe oom a Set A is Called Symmubic Hf (ba) ER whiner (Ab)ER, dv all abe A. Gi) Arti. Symmehic > A Relation R on a Set A Such teak fv a aber, if (abeR ond (hale R then eb is called antigymmetic . Noves- A Relatun Connet be beth Soyminebic oral OMT Symmadric if Tk Conbaing Some pair of the dm (ab), Wiese a tL, Echample a (Y) Transivive :- A Qetatin R on 4 get A is Colle bandikve Sf Whenever CartheR amd CbidER, ten (a0) ER , fy all Aw CER, harps Question: O het p= 412 Y . (a) Ust all the element of AXA. Cb) Lips all postible velahioms we Con dahne onthe set A, @® A Prlation ow Vee SAARN2, T4), dedde' Whether it ts 14 Sywreebie 1 OH Symineic and rantitive. + Ce 4) 10213), (214), 8.9 15,3) (3.9) Y ‘ ti) A001 (12), ON), (12) , 89) jC4on f ieNOTE: — ee ona wth oe A Palatio Rats Cabkd equivalence yolatio if He IS BUEN ee ad hold yeflxive , Symmehic amel taansi dive popety. GW) A Reletinken a set A TS Calbd a Rertkial order alatio, if it is vefladive , anti-symmedic £ trantidive Paopertics -Composite of Relations »— Ga pee RE ie Airlie Siac aera cee toa St B ond § tea velotion B te a St C, The Compote of Rolationd R amd § is the velotion Conrishs at ovdowd polis (ait) , Wha O€ A, CEC, amd fy WL tree O65} an elomat bEB fulh that (aib)eK 4 Cho eS. Ne denok fe Compose of RL S by Sok, Ehample> Pind the Compone of the vyelatons RLS phe R= 10), 6 ,@.3), (31), (2,4) J ond S= 10.9) , (2.0); (2.19, (aD Lanny , Equiveltnce Clann :— pt A be a St amd R be an equivalence qotion on A. Fev eath eltmmt AEA, He equivalenie Clasg of a , clomoted by Ca], is the Set of all clomenta eq Suth Prot % is yeloted te AbeR _ Cal = { HEA eRaY Gomples- bat feo A234 and define a yolettn R nf ts; (fe 40109: (01) 1,3), (229,031) G 1G fe] 2 2ter (eR Tide LreA| XR1h= Gis {xen | *EB CRY = G) = 4xeA] cRBY= 3), (4,9), (ay Crd = 2x LR Ue0) Funttions- A furdtion € fom a Gt Xb a 34 ¥, denoted as XY , is & Yebtion from X, the clonal to Y, the Con domalm frit Sattishiea two EHO) properties > w evs clorant m X 15 yeladad +2 Sore Clinard in y, uy mo clement m xX is rebel Ye more than ont pltrnerct ™Y, Ths, given any elrmont xn X, thee is a Unique lament im Y that 1S related to 2 by f, range of > Te St of alt value of f tan topcher Is allel fe ov ts WO oe range of € = AYEY | go fO0, fov Sime xix Ciwen an elorant YEY, thre may exist elomarde in x with 9 ao thiv dag. TH f0029 ,then % iS Coltd a Preimage of 9 o an ‘vege Wage of G The Set of sivcNhaer SE 2 antl = donee all {wverpe irrages of G iS Called the tnveye of 9. the Snverpe Frage of y *1Xex] fovea} : ¥ f F Aro diagram| Ghampte :- White of fhe ammo. cleppsim | dafine flatts | Ko dab ey BYSABGAYE ’ ) wD Grampte keh = dab) LY = LU 3MY, Define bom X tY by te anew cliogvan, a A) While the domain 2 Co-domain off, () werd 4a, ty ste Crt 4 eae ae ) Gnd the Twenge ‘mage of 2421, (©) Repretent f ad a Set of ordoud 5 Se Quasiion +- aeSum A Reoduct of Functions : het 2, £ £5 be two functions from AAR. Then Net, and f., A te R oid fr all xe A by an aloo fundiions fom (fi +4.) 09 = HOO +* Ho9 (8 4) C= A0O doe). , Crample > hat A amd f2 be two functions fom Rte 1 Such Meet BOOS and Blo exh, What aedhe funtion hat ad fh 71 One-+te- One Funttions , _ sib bdr Lay at A function P from a Set X to a St Vix ‘Said +o be one-to-one (oy injetive) Uf, and ony if, fy all Clements 1 md XW In X, Uo fou) = Pin) , ten eX } = eyilivalentey 1 Ad abe hen fly fon) | cas One-to-one htevi Ramok:- Ar Amita t2X—>Y Sy et rere fe ‘3 Mat 4s, BD elomentp 0 amd my tm Xx Wit FON) ote) oom Pm, ates bees a A Fanthon teed “iy net Ona. tee Oha, Dust sath) Delemmine whether the function Frm Rancid to Aira ysy wrk Ftme4 fires, flor is Fale 3 is OnE 4e- one . UW) Determine Whe the finnttion fo 2 i Botm the get of Tnreges te fhe Sel of Imiegug ts one-to-oneOnto Tunctions a A function f Baim a Set x to a sey tae Seid Ae phe Aa, Cor Sunjedtive) OT aa ea Gas ans only if, for ewy an Qlemot XE K with Pajey. f q A orto funtion. Remark -- A function fs XY is met PSs op # 2A dey Suh eet ¥ xEX, footy. Thot 1S, thee is Some eltmant in y trot fs met of any alemart me xX. ig.Example -— a f be the Rmitin fom Jayb,cidy 21,055 difined by flaye 3, F(b)-2, 400) =I , BE franfid}>s, ds £ a ont Function 7 Quin 2- Dekmine Whethe the given Pigue is one-d-ore ov aba als onto. +sBijection ye yeep A function -f fom a Set X te a Set Y Ge f: x9 Y) ts Seid de be one-to-one Conespondlonce (oY bijection) , if jt is beth on-b-one and onto. fas [be A one-to-one Correspondance Ghample>- Lit f ie the Ametion Bomtedarb, c,d & Bday with fla) = 4 pFlb)>2, £021 and Pid) a3, IS £ a bijection 2 Cramples- Lek A be a St. The identity funtion fon A ig the function FE ADSA , Whee Fi) =x ,# xEA, TS Pa bijection 2Tmwese Functfons 3— Mat PX ts a one-to-one Coreportons, The frverse funtion of f (Is claneted by F's yox) ts ne function ast Assign to an alamo DY , the Unique elevnrovet xn X such tot fo = 49, An oth words , See 2 ye toy, NOTE: A function ‘is seld fo be Tnvertibte Whin Ih has an tnverte. Example .- The function fi RR A fired by few Foye ux-1, ¥ LER Solution *— Ehampte:- het be the fanctin Prin Laie 40 2) Play =2 f(by=3 Lflzt Whot {sits invent 2 U3 Such Heat +S f bijective ong ip it ts,oe ponte ain = a 7 Composition af functions 1 het fix > Y' and 92 YZ be tw fimetieng with the property that the vange af f Is a Subset of the clhmain of g. Defing a ywur function wh xX DZ a holla > (821) = 9(fo) , v xex, The function gef fs Called te Gmposivon of fla Example - at P22 52% be te Successor funen ancl Lak BI222 me te Squaring function, Then FAYE nt YNZ and Ban wea. UW) Bred tof. diy ts ge = 9 7Example :— het 9 be Findon fom fe set Arla b,cy to tse, fulh heat Bla)= b, a(b)= CL 8le)2q, hod f be funttion fron Phe fet Ae Labi te te SABAN23Y Such Mel f(a) = , flb)= 9 4(&)=) of # amol By anol What ts He Compost ion af Bardt a What is the Competition A Sek §s Called Count. infinite if, anal only if, tk has the Same. Cordinali}y a4 the set Of Positive tntege, ot A Sa is GllkA Countable Hy and ony if Countably infinide « is Collect Unbounlable . 1 Is finite oyExample > Countability of 2, te Set of alk inigerd, Solutio :- Ap, Set Z of all Integes is Contant net fire, Se U it Gene Camabea , Ht mut be pecause it is Countably infivide - To Show thet ZB is Gunbakly Infinite , Fird @ funtion, frown faeiea 2 te zt js given ky f(m) = 2h, Ro amd Fim) = 2bn)at, Wf nZo. Cantor's dliagonaligation Prrguimant :- Saleen ee The ont Tnfinide sely which Con rot be put ‘inte “onr-to-one Covresponde nce ash the fivdie sed of poritve ‘wrtegtd. Sul Sets are kam ay Untountatt febx , The Sek af veal numbew is an uncountable Set, Ahip important Prosf Inbrodutad ry 123) by braorg Cantor and Kuaon ag fhe Canbor's dingemalization Argtirnsrcd,Theovem:. Cantey) The Set of all veal wombiy belwern O ond | ty Unloundale, Proof (ey Crrradiaten) - Suppose the fet af all yea numbers -betwath Cand | is Countalt.. Then the olecimal stpresentationg af tse numbed Can be writen in a tpt oy follows + Or An Ais o-> Am- > O* 421022 423 .-- Aawnee 0+ 431 432.033 --. Agnes. O1 Ani an, ang wre Amn eee Fey each poly af positive fndeges “i and'S' the 4m decimal Aigit of the YA number on the Li isa’ In Continton, the fipt dowimad digit of the Fog un bey on te Ue ts ayy » the Setond glecimall higit of He Seord numb on te SH 1s ara, and So fovth. AB an example, Suppee tu Lt of veal united” Laser O amd) Sjade ot as fillous » e@®oiuneegor.s. Oot: 66. m2 calor: OOF Bt Dre ere eee ot 5 nt 0-9 64+ ME? O9-. 0+ 0 0: 0°38 A) Or 6 5) eeConshuct a new cletimal nombr A= o.dida dy.. ch. ay follows > tt ds 1 tf anny] 4) if anne} In te Previow Sample , Aas 1 become ay ao | Ar is 2 because a2 21, a3 fs 1 because 433 2 3 dy is) became O44 os Fe as Is 2 became Asso 4, Oma So forth, Hin 4 weuld Gra equal O-121)2... Heme, dis a yead Mike, betwen oO £ | Wat 15 not betweon 0 amd 1 fs UnCoundakle , Oo. Lmportant Results :— W DT A amd B are Countake See, thor AUB 1s alm Couette . @) Any Subset of ary Coundate Set TS Coumdabste, (3) Ana Set Wik an UnCoundalte Subse 1, UnCoundabte.“Theorems (Schroder - Bornstein Thaovem ) TH Aad & aw Sets with Al 2 IB] and IB} < jal hen tare 18), In Othe, wurelo, ff thet aw ona--to-one function f fom A te B ord 9 hom BA, ten | thet 1S 4 One-to-one Gorvespoardene behvesn A omd 6, Thttsrem (Power set Theorem ) Ma F be a wegp map from wt A “te ib Power Sed Pray TRn F> A> Pl) ts ot Surjectve | 1 AB 4 Contequsnces | VAY 2 | RCA) nels fr ang st A. |