Module IV: NETWORK TOPOLOGY AND TWO PORT

NETWORKS (3hrs Theory + 4hrs Practice)

By
Dr Aurobinda Bag
Network topology
Graph
• Network graph is simply called as graph.
• It consists of a set of nodes connected by branches.
• In graphs, a node is a common point of two or more branches.
• Sometimes, only a single branch may connect to the node.
• A branch is a line segment that connects two nodes.
• Any electric circuit or network can be converted into its
equivalent graph by replacing the passive elements and voltage
sources with short circuits and the current sources with open circuits.
• That means, the line segments in the graph represent the branches
corresponding to either passive elements or voltage sources of electric
circuit.
Incidence Matrix Definition:
• An incidence matrix is defined as a matrix representing a graph, with
rows for nodes and columns for branches.
• The entries in an incidence matrix are -1 for incoming branches, +1 for
outgoing branches, and 0 for others.
• To construct an incidence matrix, assign +1 to outgoing branches, -1 to
incoming branches, and 0 to other branches.
• A reduced incidence matrix is formed by deleting any row from the
original incidence matrix.
• To verify an incidence matrix, ensure the sum of each column is zero.
• An incidence matrix is defined as a matrix that represents a graph,
enabling us to draw the graph from it.
• This matrix, denoted as [AC], has rows and columns like any other
matrix.
• The rows of the matrix [AC] represent the number of nodes and the
column of the matrix [AC] represent the number of branches in the
given graph.
• If there are ‘n’ number of rows in a given incidence matrix, that means
in a graph there are ‘n’ number of nodes.
• Similarly, if there are ‘m’ number of columns in that given incidence
matrix, that means in that graph there are ‘m’ number of branches.
• In the above shown graph or directed graph, there are 4 nodes and 6
branches.
• Thus, the incidence matrix for the above graph will have 4 rows and 6
columns.
• The entries in an incidence matrix are always -1, 0, or +1,
corresponding to Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL).
According to KCL:

Steps to Construct Incidence Matrix:

• If a given kth node has outgoing branch, then we will write +1.
• If a given kth node has incoming branch, then we will write -1.
• Rest other branches will be considered 0.
Examples of Incidence Matrix:
Points to remember:
• For checking correctness of incidence matrix which we have drawn,
we should check sum of column.
• If sum of column comes to be zero, then the incidence matrix which
we have created is correct else incorrect.
• The incidence matrix can be applied only to directed graph only.
• The number of entries in a row apart from zero tells us the number of
branches linked to that node.
• The order of incidence matrix is (n × b), where b is the number of
branches of graph.
Tie Set Matrix:
• Consider a connected graph shown in Fig. 2.16 (a).
• It has four nodes and six branches, one of its trees is arbitrarily chosen
and is shown in Fig. 2.16 (b).
• The twigs of this tree are branches 4, 5 and 6.
• The links corresponding to this tree are branches 1, 2 and 3.
• Every link defines a fundamental loop of the network.
• No. of nodes n = 4.
• No. of branches b = 6.
• No. of tree branches or twigs = n — 1 = 3
• No. of link branches I = b — (n — 1) = 3
• Let i1, i2,….i6 be the branch currents with directions as shown in Fig.
2.16 (a).
• Let us add a link in its proper place to the tree as shown in 2.16 (c).
• It is seen that a loop I1 is formed by the branches 1, 5 and 6.
• There is a formation of link current, let this current be I1.
• This current passes through the branches 1, 5 and 6.
• By convention a fundamental loop is given the same orientation as its
defining link, i.e. the link current I1 coincides with the branch current
direction i1 in ab.
• A tie set can also be defined as the set of branches that forms a closed
loop in which the link current flows.
• By adding the other link branches 2 and 3, we can form two more
fundamental loops with link currents I2 and I3 respectively as shown in
Figs 2.16 (d) and (e).
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law can be applied to the fundamental loops to get
a set of linearly independent equations.
• Consider Fig. 2.17.
• There are three fundamental loops I1, I2 and I3 corresponding to the
link branches 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
• If V1, V2,…V6 are the branch voltages the KVL equations for the three
fundamental-loops can be written as
• The above equation can be written in matrix form as:
• where B is an I x b matrix called the tie set matrix or fundamental loop
matrix and Vb is a column vector of branch voltages.
• The tie set matrix B is written in a compact form as [bij].
The element bij of B is defined as
• bij = 1 when branch bj is in the fundamental-loop Ii(loop current) and
their reference directions coincide.
• bij = -1 when branch bj is in the fundamental-loop Iiloop current) and
their reference directions are opposite.
• bij = 0 when branch bj is not in the fundamental-loop Ii
Cut-set Matrix:
• A cut-set divides a graph into two parts.
• In the graph shown in Fig. 2.20, the cut-set is {2, 3}.
• It is represented by a dashed line passing through branches 2 and 3.
• This cut-set Matrix Concept separates the graph into two parts shown
as part-1 and part-2.
• We may take the orientation either from part-1 to part-2 or from part-2
to part-1.
• The orientation of some branches of the cut-set may coincide with the
orientation of the cut-set while some branches of the cut-set may not
coincide.
• Suppose we choose the orientation of the cut-set {2, 3} from part-1 to
part-2 as indicated in Fig. 2.20, then the orientation of branch 2
coincides with the cut-set, whereas the orientation of the branch 3 is
opposite.
• KCL is also applicable to a cut-set of a network.
• For any lumped electrical network, the algebraic sum of all the cut-set
branch currents is equal to zero.
• While writing the KCL equation for a cut-set, we assign positive sign
for the current in a branch if its direction coincides with the orientation
of the cut-set and a negative sign to the current in a branch
whose direction is opposite to the orientation of the cut-set.
• Consider the graph shown in Fig. 2.21.

Note: If the network elements can be separated physically from each other, then they
are called as lumped network.
• It has five branches and four nodes.
• The branches have been numbered 1 through 5 and their orientations
are also marked.
• The following six cut-sets are possible as shown in Fig. 2.22 (a)-(f).
• Applying KCL for each of the cut-set we obtain the following
equations.
• Let i1,i2,….i6 be the branch currents.
• These equation can be put into matrix form as
Branch
Cutset
-
• where the matrix Q is called augmented cut set matrix of the graph or
all cut set matrix of the graph.
• The all cut set matrix can be written as Q = [qij].
• where qij is the element in the ith row and jth column.
• The order of Q is number of cut-sets × number of branch as in the
graph.
Two port network:
• In general, it is easy to analyze any electrical network, if it is
represented with an equivalent model, which gives the relation
between input and output variables.
• For this, we can use two port network representations.
• As the name suggests, two port networks contain two ports.
• Among which, one port is used as an input port and the other port is
used as an output port.
• The first and second ports are called as port1 and port2 respectively.
• One port network is a two terminal electrical network in which,
current enters through one terminal and leaves through another
terminal.
• Resistors, inductors and capacitors are the examples of one port
network.
• One port network representation is shown in the following figure.
• Here, the pair of terminals, 1 & 1’ represents a port.
• In this case, we are having only one port since it is a one port network.
• Similarly, two port network is a pair of two terminal electrical network
in which, current enters through one terminal and leaves through
another terminal of each port.
• Two port network representation is shown in the following figure.
• Here, one pair of terminals, 1 & 1’ represents one port, which is called
as port1 and the other pair of terminals, 2 & 2’ represents another port,
which is called as port2.
• There are four variables V1, V2, I1 and I2 in a two-port network as
shown in the figure.
• Out of which, we can choose two variables as independent and another
two variables as dependent.
• The equations represent the dependent variables in terms of
independent variables.
• The coefficients of independent variables are called as parameters.
• So, each pair of equations will give a set of four parameters.
Two Port Network Parameters:
• The parameters of a two-port network are called as two port network
parameters or simply, two port parameters.
• Following are the types of two port network parameters.
❖Z parameters
❖Y parameters
❖T parameters