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Learn AI-Assisted Python Programming
1. Copyright_2023_Manning_Publications
2. welcome
3. 1_Introducing_AI-Assisted_Programming_with_Copilot
4. 2_Getting_Started_with_Copilot
5. 3_Designing_Functions
6. 4_Reading_Python_Code_–_Part_1
MEAP Edition

Manning Early Access Program

Learn AI-Assisted Python Programming

With Copilot and ChatGPT

Version 1

Copyright 2023 Manning

Publications
©Manning Publications Co. We welcome reader comments about anything in
the manuscript - other than typos and other simple mistakes.

These will be cleaned up during production of the book by copyeditors and

proofreaders.

https://livebook.manning.com/#!/book/learn-ai-assisted-python-
programming/discussion
For more information on this and other Manning titles go to

manning.com
welcome
Thank you for purchasing the MEAP for Learn AI-Assisted Python
Programming.

We’re at the start of a new era in programming. AI coding assistants are here
—ChatGPT, Copilot, and others—and they’re transforming how people
program. The two of us have spent our careers researching and enhancing
student learning of programming. We have never been more excited about
the possibilities that AI coding assistants bring for the beginner or would-be
programmer.

In this book, we fully embrace these tools and use them to offer an alternative
way to learn how to write software. We believe that new learners of Python
shouldn’t be spending time learning low-level details that are now mostly
solved by the AI coding assistants. Instead, we believe that these tools
empower you to write larger and more powerful software faster.

This book is for those who are interested in learning how to write software
with Python or for the many people who tried and failed (we get it!) to learn
how to write Python code in the traditional way. No prior programming skills
are required, but we expect you to be comfortable with installing software
and managing files.

We’ve organized the book to get you started writing software with Copilot
right from the start. Then we teach you the essential skills that you need to
program with Copilot effectively: code reading, problem decomposition, and
testing. After that, we’ll bring all the skills together to write small software
projects in meaningful domains.

At the same time, we need to caution you: it’s early. These tools seem to be
changing on a daily basis. We don’t know what programming will look like
when the dust settles. The two of us are exploring new territory with few
established answers and we are excited to start this journey with you.
If you have any questions, comments, or suggestions, please share them in
Manning’s liveBook Discussion forum for our book.

—Leo Porter and Daniel Zingaro

In this book

Copyright 2023 Manning Publications welcome brief contents 1 Introducing

AI-Assisted Programming with Copilot 2 Getting Started with Copilot 3
Designing Functions 4 Reading Python Code – Part 1
1 Introducing AI-Assisted
Programming with Copilot
This chapter covers
AI-assisted computer programming
How AI-assistants change how new programmers learn how to program
Why programming is never going to be the same
How AI assistants like Copilot work
How Copilot can solve many classic introductory programming
problems
What else you can do with an AI coding assistant
Possible perils of AI assisted programming

In this chapter, we’ll talk about how humans communicate with computers.
We’ll introduce you to your AI Assistant, Copilot, an amazing tool that uses
Artificial Intelligence (AI) to help people write software. More importantly,
we’ll show you how Copilot can help you learn how to program. We’re not
expecting that you’ve written any programs before. If you have, please don’t
skip this chapter, even if you already know a little bit about programming.
Everyone needs to know why writing programs is different now that we have
AI assistants like ChatGPT and Copilot, and that the skills we need to be
effective programmers change. As we’ll see, we also need to be vigilant,
because sometimes tools like ChatGPT and Copilot lie.

1.1 How we talk to computers

Would you be happy if we started by asking you to read and understand this?
[1]

section .text
global _start
_start:
mov ecx, 10
 mov eax, '0'
l1:
mov [num], eax
mov eax, 4
mov ebx, 1
push ecx
mov ecx, num
mov edx, 1
int 0x80
mov eax, [num]
inc eax
pop ecx
loop l1
mov eax, 1
int 0x80
section .bss
num resb 1

That monstrosity prints out the numbers from 0 to 9. It's written using code in
assembly language, a low-level programming language. Low-level
programming languages, as you can see, are very far from languages that
humans can easily read and write. They’re designed for computers, not
humans.

No one wants to write programs like that. But, especially in the past, it was
sometimes necessary. Programmers could use it to do exactly what they
wanted the computer to do, down to individual instructions. This level of
control was needed in order to squeeze every bit of performance out of
underpowered computers. For example, the most speed-critical pieces of
1990s computer games such as Doom and Quake were written in assembly
language like the code above. It simply wouldn't have been possible to make
those games otherwise.

Making it a little easier

Okay, no more of that. Let's move on. Would you be happier with this?
for num in range(0, 9):
print(num)

This, by contrast, is code in the Python language and is what many

programmers use these days. Unlike assembly language, which is a low-level
language, Python is considered a high-level language because it's much closer
to natural language. Even though you don't know about Python code yet, you
might be able to guess what this program is trying to do. The first line looks
like it's doing something with the range of numbers from 0 to 9. The second
line is printing something. It may not be too hard for you to believe that this
program, just like the assembly language monstrosity, is supposed to print the
numbers from 0 to 9. Unfortunately, something is wrong with it.

While this code is closer to English, it isn’t English. It's a programming

language that, like assembly language, has specific rules. As in the code
above, misunderstanding the details of those rules can result in a broken
program.

The holy grail of communicating with a computer is to do so in a natural

language such as English. We've been talking to computers using various
programming languages over the past 70 years not because we want to, but
because we have to. Computers were simply not powerful enough for the
vagaries and idiosyncrasies of a language like English. Our programming
languages improved—from symbol soup assembly language to Python, for
example—but they are still computer languages, not natural languages.

This is changing.

Making it a lot easier

Using an AI assistant, we can now ask for what we want in English and have
the computer code written for us in response. To get a correct Python
program that does actually print the numbers from 0 to 9, we can ask our AI
assistant (Copilot) in normal English language like this:
# Output the numbers from 0 to 9

Copilot might respond to this prompt by generating something like this:

for i in range(10):
print(i)

Unlike the example we showed you before, this piece of Python code actually
works!
AI coding assistants can be used to help people write code. In this book, we
will learn how to use Copilot to write code for us. We will ask for what we
want in English, and we will get the code back in Python.

More than that, we'll be able to use Copilot as a seamless part of our
workflow. Without tools like Copilot, programmers routinely have two
windows open: the one where they write code and the other where they ask
on Google how to write code. This second window would have Google
search results, Python documentation, or forums of programmers talking
about how to write code to solve that particular problem. They're often
pasting code from these results into their code, then tweaking it slightly for
their context, trying alternatives, and so on. This has become a way of life for
programmers—but you can imagine the inefficiency here. By some estimates,
up to 35% of programmer’s time may be spent searching for code [1], and
much of the code that is found is not readily usable. This will be much
improved with Copilot helping us write our code.

1.2 About the technology

We’ll be using two main technologies in this book: Python and GitHub
Copilot.

Python is a programming language. It’s a way to communicate with a

computer. People use it to write all kinds of programs that do useful things,
like games, interactive websites, visualizations, apps for file organization,
automating routine tasks, and so on.

There are other programming languages, too, like Java, C++, Rust, and many
others. Copilot works with those, too, but at the time of writing, it works
really well with Python. Python code is a lot easier to write compared to
many other languages (especially assembly code). Even more importantly,
Python is easy to read. After all, we’re not going to be the one writing the
Python code. Our AI assistant is!

Computers don’t actually know how to read and run Python code. The only
thing computers can understand is something called machine code, which
looks even more ridiculous than assembly code as it is the binary
representation of the assembly code (yep, just a bunch of 0s and 1s!). Behind
the scenes, your computer takes any Python code that you provide and
converts it into machine code before it runs, as shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Your Python program goes through several steps before you see the output on your
screen
Copilot, your AI Assistant

What is an AI Assistant? An AI Assistant is an Artificial Intelligence (AI)

agent that helps you get work done. Maybe you have an Amazon Alexa
device at home, or an iPhone with Siri—these are AI assistants. Those ones
help you order groceries, learn the weather, or determine that, yes, the woman
who played Bellatrix in the Harry Potter movies really was in Fight Club. An
AI assistant is just a computer program that responds to normal human inputs
like speech and text with human-like answers.

Copilot is an AI Assistant with a specific job: it converts English into

computer programs. (It can also do a whole lot more as we will soon see.)
There are other AI assistants like Copilot, including CodeWhisperer,
Tabnine, and Ghostwriter. We chose Copilot for this book by a combination
of the quality of code that we have been able to produce, stability (it has
never crashed for us!), and our own personal preferences. We encourage you
to check out other tools as well when you feel comfortable doing so.

How Copilot works behind the scenes—in 30 seconds

You can think of Copilot as a layer between you and the computer program
you’re writing. Instead of writing the Python directly, you simply describe
the program you want in words—this is called a prompt—and Copilot
generates the program for you.

The brains behind Copilot is a fancy computer program called a large

language model, or LLM. An LLM stores information about relationships
between words, including which words make sense in certain contexts, and
uses this to predict the best sequence of words to respond to a prompt.

Imagine that we asked you what the next word should be in this sentence:
"The person opened the ________". There are many words that you could fill
in here, like “door” or “box” or “conversation,” but there are also many
words that would not fit here, like “the” or “it” or “open.” An LLM takes into
account the current context of words to produce the next word, and it keeps
doing this until it has completed the task.

Notice that we didn't say anything about Copilot having an understanding of

what it is doing. It just uses the current context to keep writing code. Keep
this in mind throughout your journey: only we know whether the code that's
generated actually does what we intended it to do. Very often it does, but you
should always exercise healthy skepticism regardless.
Figure 1.2 will give you an idea of how Copilot goes from prompt to
program.

Figure 1.2 Going from prompt to program with Copilot

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
keinoin siihen valmistettu; sillä onhan kuitenkin oikeudellinen, jos
kohta vähemmässä määrin oikeudenmukainen valtiojärjestys
parempi kuin olematon, jommoinen kohtalo (anarkia) olisi
seurauksena liian kiireellisestä uudistuksesta. — Valtioviisauden on
siis asiain nykyisellään ollen omaksuttava velvollisuudekseen pyrkiä
uudistuksiin, jotka vastaavat julkisen oikeuden ihannetta;
vallankumouksia taas, milloin luonto nostattaa ne itsestään, ei sen
ole käytettävä vielä suuremman sorron kaunistelemiseksi, vaan
niissä on kuultava luonnon kehoitus pyrkiä perinpohjaisilla
uudistuksilla aikaansaamaan vapauden periaatteille rakennettu
laillinen valtiojärjestys, jommoinen on ainoa kestävä. (Tekijän huom.)

[19] Joskin vielä saattaisi epäillä jonkunlaisen ihmisluontoon

juurtuneen, saman valtion piirissä yhdessä elävissä ihmisissä asuvan
häijyyden olemassaoloa ja löytää jossakin määrin todenmukaisuutta
arvelulle, että ihmisten ajatustavassa esiintyvien lainvastaisten
ilmiöiden syynä onkin se, että kulttuuri ei ole vielä kehittynyt kyllin
pitkälle (siis raakuus), niin pistää tuo häijyys silmiin ainakin
valtioiden ulkonaisissa suhteissa toisiinsa peittelemättömän ja
epäämättömän selvästi. Kunkin valtion omassa piirissä verhoaa sitä
yhteisten lakien pakko, kun kansalaisten taipumusta keskinäiseen
väkivaltaisuuteen voimakkaasti ehkäisee toinen, suurempi valta,
nimittäin hallitusmahti, mikä ei ainoastaan anna olosuhteille
kokonaisuudessaan jonkunlaista moraalista silausta (causae non
causae), vaan helpottaa todella myös siveellisen taipumuksen
kehittymistä suoranaiseksi kunnioitukseksi oikeutta kohtaan siten,
että lainvastaisten taipumusten puhkeamisen tielle tulee asetetuksi
sulku.

Jokainenhan luulee näet itsestään, että hän kyllä pitäisi pyhänä ja

seuraisi uskollisesti oikeuden aatetta, jos hän vain voisi odottaa
samaa kaikilta muiltakin, minkä viimeksimainitun seikan hallitus
hänelle osittain takaakin, joten samalla tulee astutuksi pitkä askel
moraalisuutta kohti (vaikkakaan ei vielä moraalinen askel), kohti
uskollisuutta velvollisuusaatteelle sen itsensä tähden, ajattelematta
mahdollista palkintoa. — Mutta kun itsekukin, samalla kun ajattelee
hyvää itsestään, kuitenkin edellyttää kaikissa muissa pahoja
aivoituksia, lausuu jokainen siten molemminpuolisesti arvostelunsa
toisestaan: etteivät he tosioloissa ole juuri kelvollisia yksikään
(jääköön pohtimatta, mistä tämä johtuu; ainakaan ei siitä voi syyttää
ihmisen luontoa, jos kerran ihminen on vapaa olento). Mutta kun
kumminkin jo ihmisen oikeuden aatetta kohtaan tuntema
kunnioituskin, josta hän ei millään muotoa voi riistäytyä irti, on mitä
juhlallisimpana vahvistuksena sille teorialle, jonka mukaan meillä on
kyky sopeutua siihen, niin huomaa jokainen, että hänen omasta
puolestaan pitäisi toimia sen mukaisesti, tehköötpä toiset siinä
suhteessa miten hyvänsä. (Tekijän huom.)

[20] Kantin mielilauselma, suomeksi: Älä väisty onnettomuutta,

vaan astu sitä uskaliaammin sitä vastaan. — Vergilius, Aeneis VI, 95.

[21] Todisteita tuommoisista toiminnanohjeista voi löytää herra

hovineuvos Garven tutkielmasta "Moraalin yhteensoveltamisesta
politiikan kanssa", 1788. Tämä kunnioitettava oppinut tunnustaa heti
alussa, ettei hän voi antaa tuohon kysymykseen tyydyttävää
vastausta. Mutta hyväksyä silti selitys, jos kohta myöntämällä, ettei
voi täysin kumota sitä vastaan nousevia vastaväitteitä, näyttää
kuitenkin niitä kohtaan, jotka ovat hyvin taipuvaisia käyttämään sitä
väärin, suuremmalta myötenantamiselta kuin kenties olisi otollista.
(Tekijän huom.)

[22] 1700-luvun.
[23] "Liian myöhään viisastuvat frygialaiset." (Vanha sananparsi.)
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