Lecture 2

Differentiation Rules
Derivatives of Trigonometric
Functions
Differentiation with
Applications and Algebra
(EMP111)
Dr. Basma Magdy
 Derivatives and Rates of Change
Definition
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be a function ( y depends on x ), and 𝑥 changes by Δ𝑥 i.e 𝑥
becomes 𝑥 + Δ𝑥, then 𝑦 must be changed by Δ𝑦 and

Δ𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

Δ𝑦
The ratio is called the average rate
Δ𝑥

of Change of
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to 𝑥
 Rates of Change
Definition
The limit of the average rates of change (if it exists) is called the rate of
change of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 or The first derivative of 𝒚 with respect
to 𝒙, and we denote the first derivative by

𝑑𝑦
or 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) or 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Where,
Δ𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim = lim
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥

The Process to finding the First Derivatives is called The Differentiation

 Remarks

1- The most important geometrical significance of differentiation is the

Slope . Slope is defined as the tangent of the angle of a curve that it
makes with the X axis. The equation of the tangent of any curve 𝑓(𝑥) is
at the point 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 on the curve

𝒚 − 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 . Where 𝒎 = 𝒇′ 𝒙𝟎

2- If , if 𝑚1 is the slope of tangent and 𝑚2 the slope of the normal line

which is perpendicular to the tangent line

−𝟏
𝒎𝟏 ⋅ 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏 𝒎𝟐 =
𝒎𝟏
Example 1: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 Find:
a) the equation of the tangent at the point (𝟒, 𝟐).
b) the equation of the normal at the point (𝟒, 𝟐).
Solution:
The equation of the tangent is :
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥0
Where 𝑚 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥0 So we use the definition to find f ′ (x)

′
Δ𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = lim = lim = lim
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥
𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + 𝑥
= lim ⋅
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑥 Δ𝑥
= lim = lim
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + 𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + 𝑥
1 1
= lim =
Δ𝑥→0 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑥
Then, the slope of the tangent at the point (𝟒, 𝟐) is:

′
1 1
𝑦ቚ =𝑚= ቤ =
(4,2) 2 𝑥 (4,2)
4

The equation of the tangent is :

1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ⇒ 𝑦 − 2 = (𝑥 − 4) ⇒ 4𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4
4
−1 𝑓 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥
𝑚2 = = −4
𝑚1 Δ𝑥
The equation of the normal is: 𝑦 − 2 = −4 𝑥 − 4 ⇒ 𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 18
 Differentiation Rules
𝒅
1) [𝒄] = 0, where 𝑐 is a constant.
𝒅𝒙

𝒅
2) 𝒙𝒏 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ; for any 𝑛
𝒅𝒙

𝒅 𝑑𝑓
3) [𝒄𝒇(𝒙)] =𝑐 , where 𝑐 is a constant
𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥

𝒅 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
4) [𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)] = ± .
𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒅 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
5) [𝒇(𝒙) ⋅ 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝑔 +𝑓 .
𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
𝒅 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑔𝑑𝑥−𝑓 𝑑𝑥
6) = .
𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) (𝑔(𝑥))2

𝒅
7) [𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 ⋅ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥);
𝒅𝒙
 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
𝒅
1- [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒇(𝒙))] = cos(𝑓(𝑥)) ⋅ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
2- [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒇(𝒙))] = −sin(𝑓(𝑥)) ⋅ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
3- [𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝒇(𝒙))] = sec(𝑓(𝑥))tan(𝑓(𝑥)) ⋅ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
4- [𝐜𝐬𝐜(𝒇(𝒙))] = −csc(𝑓(𝑥))cot(𝑓(𝑥)) ⋅ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
5- [𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒇(𝒙))] = sec 2 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⋅ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
6- [𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝒇(𝒙))] = −csc 2 (𝑓(𝑥)) ⋅ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝒅𝒙
 Important Rules
2 1 2 1
1 − sin (x) = (1 − cos(2x)) 2 − cos ( x) = (1 + cos(2x))
2 2
1 1
3−sinh 2(x) = (cosh(2x) −1) 4 −cosh 2( x) = (cosh(2x) +1)
2 2
5− tan 2(x) =sec 2( x) −1 6 −cot 2( x) =cos ec( x) 2 −1

7 − tanh 2(x) =1−sech 2( x) 8−coth 2( x) =cos ech 2( x) +1

1
9 −sin(ax) sin(bx) = cos(a +b)x −cos(a −b)x
2
1
10 − sinh(ax) sinh(bx) = (sinh(a + b) x − sinh(a − b) x)
2
1
11 − sin(ax) cos(bx) = (sin(a + b)x + sin(a − b)x)
2
1
12 − sinh(ax) cosh(bx) = (sinh(a + b) x + sinh(a − b) x)
2
1
13 − cos(ax) cos(bx) = (cos(a + b)x + cos(a − b)x)
2
1
14 − cosh(ax) cosh(bx) = (cosh(a + b)x + cosh(a − b) x)
2
Example 2: Find 𝒚′ of the following functions:
a) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏
b) 𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙𝟕 + 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟗
𝟑𝒙+𝟏
c) 𝒚 =
𝟏−𝟒𝒙
𝟐 𝟑 𝟔𝒙𝟐+𝟐
d) 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟑
𝒙 +𝟕

Solution:

a) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1.

3
b) 𝑦 = 5𝑥 7 +3 𝑥−9⇒ 𝑦′ = 35𝑥 6 + .
2 𝑥

3𝑥+1 (1−4𝑥)(3)−(3𝑥+1)(−4) 3−12𝑥+12𝑥+4 7

c) 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑦′ = = = .
1−4𝑥 (1−4𝑥)2 (1−4𝑥)2 (1−4𝑥)2
 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟐
d) 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝒙𝟑 +𝟏 − ⇒
𝒙𝟑 +𝟕

𝑦′ = 3𝑥 2 − 11 12𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 + 1 ⋅ 6𝑥
𝑥 3 + 7 12𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 + 2 ⋅ 3𝑥 2
−
𝑥3 + 7 2
Example 3: Find 𝒚′ of the following functions:
a) 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑(𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏).
b) 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟖𝒙𝟐
c) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒙
𝒆𝒙
d) 𝒚=
𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝒙
e) 𝒚=
𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒙

Solution:

a) 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 (𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏).

Notice that Sin3 (𝑥) ≠ Sin 𝑥 3
𝑦 = [sin(4𝑥 + 1)]3
𝑦 ′ = 3[sin(4𝑥 + 1)]2 ⋅ 4cos(4𝑥 + 1).
b)𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟖𝒙𝟐
4sec 2 (4𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = ta n 4 𝑥 ⋅ se c 8𝑥 2 ta n 8𝑥 2 ⋅ 16𝑥 + sec 8𝑥 2 ⋅
2 tan 4𝑥
c) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒙 𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1

𝒆𝒙 𝑒 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
൫1 − 𝑥 ) 2
d)𝒚 = 𝑦′ = =
𝟏+𝒙𝟐
1 + 𝑥2 2 1 + 𝑥2 2
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝒙
e)𝒚 =
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒙
sec 𝑥 (sec 𝑥tan 𝑥)(1+tan 𝑥)−sec 𝑥⋅sec2 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥+tan2 𝑥−sec2 𝑥
𝑦′ = = =
1+tan 𝑥 (1+tan 𝑥)2 (1+tan 𝑥)2

sec 𝑥(tan 𝑥−1)

since tan2 𝑥 + 1 = sex 2 𝑥 ⇒ ℎ′ (𝑥) =
(1+tan 𝑥)2
 Example 4: Find 𝒚′ of the following functions:
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟔𝒙𝟐
a) 𝒚 =
(𝟔𝒙+𝟏)
𝟑 𝟑
b) 𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕

Solution:

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝟔𝒙𝟐 cosec 6𝑥 2 2

a) 𝒚 = = .
𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏 6𝑥 + 1

6𝑥 + 1 ⋅ 2 cosec 6𝑥 2 −cosec 6𝑥 2 co t 6𝑥 2 ⋅ 12𝑥 − 6cosec 2 6𝑥 2

𝑦′ =
൫6𝑥 + 1)2
𝟑 𝟑
b) 𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕
1
𝑦= 6𝑥 2 + 11 1/3 ⋅ 2𝑥 3 −1 + 2
𝑥 3 −𝟕
1 2
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 2 + 11 1/3 ⋅ 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 − 1 ⋅ 6𝑥 2 + 11 −2/3 (12𝑥) + 𝑥 −1/3 .
3 3