59060
59060
Jaime Gallardo-Alvarado
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Technological Institute of Mexico/Celaya Campus
Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico
José Gallardo-Razo
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Technological Institute of Mexico/Celaya Campus
Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico
Series editor
Quan Min Zhu
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Notices
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ISBN: 978-0-323-95348-1
Jaime Gallardo-Alvarado
Jaime Gallardo-Alvarado is currently Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Tec-
nológico Nacional de México en Celaya. He received the BSc degree and the MSc degree both in
Mechanical Engineering from Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, and the DSc in Electrical
Engineering from Tecnológico Nacional de México en La Laguna. His research interests include kine-
matics, dynamics, robotics, Lie algebras, and screw theory. Dr. Gallardo-Alvarado is a member of the
National Network of Researchers of México.
José Gallardo-Razo
José Gallardo-Razo is currently a Design Engineer at ZKW, México. He received the BSc degree from
Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya. His research interests cover mechanical design, kinemat-
ics, robotics, and CAD-CAM-CAE.
xxiii
Preface
Theory of Mechanisms is an applied science of mechanics that studies the relationship between ge-
ometry, mobility (degrees of freedom), topology, and relative motion between rigid bodies connected
by geometric forms. During the last decades, knowledge in the areas of kinematics and mechanisms
has been increased considerably, causing a whole renovation of the methods of kinematic analysis. Si-
multaneously, with the progress of the algebras of the kinematics and the mathematical methods used
in the optimal solution of polynomial equations, it has been possible to formulate and elegantly solve
problems that at the time were considered by Freudenstein, better known as the father of mechanisms,
as the Everest of modern kinematics. The main objective of this book is to provide an updated ap-
proach to kinematic analysis methods as well as a review of the mobility criteria most used in planar
and spatial mechanisms. Applications in the kinematic analysis of robot manipulators complement the
material presented in the book. The material exposed in the book can be useful for undergraduate and
graduate students, professors, researchers, and professionals in the areas of Mechanical Engineering,
Mechatronics, Electrical, Robotics, Aeronautics, and related careers. The material has been organized
in 7 parts. Part 1 introduces the subject of the book while Part 2 focuses on the study of systems of
polynomial equations and their solution applying numerical and algebraic methods. Polynomial equa-
tions frequently emerge from the displacement analysis of complex kinematic chains. The inclusion of
mathematical procedures such as the algebraic method, Sylvester’s dialytic method of elimination and
homotopy principles, are subjects that undoubtedly allow the formulation and resolution of the displace-
ment analysis of mechanisms in an accurate and legible way. Furthermore, these methods allow solving
the spatial position analysis of robot manipulators by minimizing, and even avoiding in some cases,
conventional numerical methods. The study of time derivatives of arbitrary vectors involving various
rotating reference frames, an essential topic in higher order analyzes, completes Part 2. Part 3 addresses
the classic theme of any book on mechanism theory: the geometry of motion. In this part, in addition
to studying the constitutive elements of the mechanisms, a review is made of conventional criteria in
the calculation of the mobility of mechanisms, such as the Grübler criterion, the Kutzbach-Grübler-
Chebyshev formula and the Kutzbach-Grübler-Malyshev criterion. The applications and exceptions to
these mobility criteria are illustrated with applications in planar and spatial manipulators. In Part 4 the
displacement analysis is divided into closed and open kinematic chains. In the displacement analysis
of closed kinematic chains, algebraic geometry is used with the intention of obtaining closed-form so-
lutions or, if this is not possible given the complexity of the mechanism, numerical methods such as
the Newton-Raphson technique and the Newton-homotopy method are employed. On the other hand,
in open kinematic chains, homogeneous coordinate transformation matrices are used, which are pre-
cursors of the Denavit-Hartenberg representation. In Part 5 the subject of velocity is approached by
applying vectorial, graphical, and analytical methods in the solution of the velocity analysis of mech-
anisms. In particular, the derivation of the input-output equation of velocity by the analytical method
makes it possible to clearly elucidate the possible singular configurations of the mechanisms. Follow-
ing the trend of Part 5, Part 6 provides the acceleration analysis using vectorial and analytical methods.
The jerk analysis using the vectorial method is included in Part 6. However, the graphical method is
excluded from the acceleration analysis due to its impractical application in higher order kinematic
xxv
xxvi Preface
analyses. Lastly, Part 7 reviews the fundamentals of screw theory and its applications in the kinematic
analysis of both serial and parallel manipulators up to the jerk level.
Finally, the authors are sure about the usefulness of the material reported in this book. The the-
ory is easy to follow and can be applied in the solution of related problems of any standard book of
mechanisms as well as in the kinematic analysis of robot manipulators.
List of figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Jaime Gallardo-Alvarado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
José Gallardo-Razo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
PART 1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 Overview of kinematics and its algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Origins of kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Algebras of kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1 Complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Quaternion and vector algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.3 Lie algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.4 Motor algebra and screw algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
CHAPTER 2 Overview of mechanisms and robot manipulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Machines and mechanisms, their origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Robot manipulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.1 Serial manipulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.2 Parallel manipulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.3 Hybrid manipulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Cayley-Hamilton theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
CHAPTER 4 The Lie algebra se(3) of the Euclidean group SE(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2 Chasles’ theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Properties of the Chasles’ theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.3 Plücker coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Hightlights of the reciprocal product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.4 Operations of the Lie algebra se(3) of the Euclidean group SE(3) . . . . . . . . . 71
Addition (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Multiplication by a scalar (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Lie product ([ ]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Killing form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Klein form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
CHAPTER 5 Polynomial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.2 Newton-Raphson method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.3 Newton-homotopy method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.4 Sylvester dialytic method of elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.4.1 Tsai’s method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
CHAPTER 6 Vector derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.2 Angular velocity vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.3 Orthonormal dextrogyrous basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Time derivative of vector bˆ1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Time derivative of vector bˆ2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Time derivative of vector bˆ3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.4 Time derivative of an arbitrary vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.4.1 Time derivative of a vector with fixed orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.4.2 Time derivative of a vector with arbitrary orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
PART 4 DISPLACEMENT
CHAPTER 9 Closed kinematic chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
9.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Graphical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Numerical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Algebraic geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
9.2 Graphical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
9.3 Numerical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Newton-Raphson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Newton-homotopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
9.4 Algebraic geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Euclidean norm and natural coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Sylvester dialytic method of elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
CHAPTER 10 Open kinematic chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
x Contents
PART 5 VELOCITY
CHAPTER 11 Angular velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
11.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
11.2 Rotation about a fixed axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
11.3 Instantaneous velocity center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
11.4 Instantaneous screw axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
11.5 The angular velocity tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
11.6 Vector decomposition of angular velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
11.7 The three-body method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Generalization of the three-body method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
CHAPTER 12 Vectorial method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
12.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
12.2 Velocity of a particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
12.3 Relative velocity in the rigid body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
12.4 The three-body method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Generalization of the three-body method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
12.5 Applications of the vectorial method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Sliding and rotating link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Crank-slider mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
CHAPTER 13 Graphical method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
13.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
13.2 Instantaneous center of velocity in mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
13.3 Aronhold-Kennedy theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
13.4 Applications of the graphical method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Four-bar mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Contents xi
PART 6 ACCELERATION
CHAPTER 15 Angular acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
15.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
15.2 Rotation around a fixed axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
15.3 Instantaneous center of acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
15.4 The three-body method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Generalization of the three-body method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
15.5 Angular jerk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
15.5.1 Rotation around a fixed axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
15.5.2 Instantaneous center of jerk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
15.5.3 The three-body method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
CHAPTER 16 Vectorial method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
16.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
16.2 Acceleration of a particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
16.3 Relative acceleration in a rigid body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
16.4 The three-body method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Generalization of the three-body method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
16.5 Jerk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
16.5.1 Relative jerk of rigid body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
16.5.2 The three-body method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
16.6 Applications of the vectorial method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Translational and rotating link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
xii Contents
PART 7 ROBOTICS
CHAPTER 18 Fundamentals of screw theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
18.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
18.1.1 Helicoidal vector field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
18.1.2 Velocity state of rigid body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
18.1.3 Accelerator: the acceleration state of rigid body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
18.1.4 Jerkor: the jerk state of rigid body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
18.2 Velocity analysis in screw form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
18.2.1 Kinematic pairs in screw form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
18.3 Acceleration analysis in screw form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
18.4 Jerk analysis in screw form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
CHAPTER 19 Robot manipulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
19.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
19.2 3-RRR planar parallel manipulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
19.2.1 Position analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
19.2.2 Velocity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
19.2.3 Acceleration analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
19.2.4 Singularity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
19.3 Gough-Stewart platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
19.3.1 Position analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
19.3.2 Velocity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
19.3.3 Acceleration analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
19.3.4 Jerk analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
19.3.5 Singularity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
19.4 SCARA robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
19.4.1 Position analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
19.4.2 Velocity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
19.4.3 Acceleration analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Contents xiii
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
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Language: Finnish
KALEVALA NÄYTTÄMÖLLÄ: I
SARJA
Sovittanut
EINO LEINO
SISÄLLYS
Kalevala näyttämöllä (esisana).
Alkukuvaelma.
Maailman luominen.
Aino.
Sammon taonta.
KALEVALA NÄYTTÄMÖLLÄ.
Eino Leino.
NÄYTTÄMÖ
1:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
2:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
1:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
Lähe nyt kanssa laulamahan, saa kera sanelemahan,
yhtehen yhyttyämme, kahta'alta käytyämme.
MOLEMMAT
(Vaitiolo.)
KANTELETAR
HENKILÖT:
ESILAUSUJA (harvakseen)
1:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
2:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
Ikävystyi aikojansa, ouostui elämätänsä, jop' on astuikse
alemma, laskeusi lainehille, aalto impeä ajeli, tuuli tuuli
kohtuiseksi.
1:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
2:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
1:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
(Vaitiolo.)
2:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
1:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
2:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
1:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
2:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
ESILAUSUJA (nousee)
KUORO
ESILAUSUJA
2:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
1:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
2:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
(Vaitiolo.)
VÄINÄMÖINEN (voimakkaasti)
ESILAUSUJA
Heitä herja valloillensa, olevillen onnillensa, vuota vielä yötä
kolme, saman verran päiviäki, käypä siitä katsomahan, viikon
päästä viimeistäki!
(Vaitiolo.)
ESILAUSUJA
(Yleinen säpsähdys)
2:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
VÄINÄMÖINEN
2:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
VÄINÄMÖINEN (ylenkatseellisesti)
ESILAUSUJA
(Yleinen hämmästys.)
1:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
1:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
MOLEMMAT (riemuiten)
KANTELETAR
2:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
ESILAUSUJA (miettivästi)
1:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
2:NEN VUOROLAUSUJA
Nouse maa makoamasta, Luojan nurmi nukkumasta, pane
korret korttumahan sekä varret varttumahan, tuhansin neniä
nosta, saoin haaroja hajota kynnöstämme, kylvöstämme,
varsin vaivamme näöstä.
ESILAUSUJA
KANTELETAR (vienosti)
VÄINÄMÖINEN
ESIRIPPU.
AINO
HENKILÖT:
ESILAUSUJA (tyynesti)
ÄITI
JOUKAHAINEN (kerskaten)
VÄINÄMÖINEN (tyynesti)
JOUKAHAINEN
VÄINÄMÖINEN
JOUKAHAINEN (ylpeästi)
VÄINÄMÖINEN
Mitäpä minusta ompi laulajaksi, taitajaksi, ain' olen aikani
elellyt näillä yksillä ahoilla, kotipellon pientarilla kuunnellut
kotikäkeä; vaan kuitenki, kaikitenki sano korvin kuullakseni,
mitä sie enintä tieät, yli muien ymmärtelet.
JOUKAHAINEN
(Lyhyt vaitiolo.)
VÄINÄMÖINEN (hymähtäen)
JOUKAHAINEN (rehennellen)
VÄINÄMÖINEN
JOUKAHAINEN
(Paljastaa miekkansa.)
VÄINÄMÖINEN