Unit No.

Fundamentals of Statics
Prof. V. V. Waghmare

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 Basic Concepts
• Mechanics
The branch of physical science that deals with the state of
rest or the state of motion is termed as mechanics.
• Classification of Engineering Mechanics
Depending upon the body to which the mechanics is applied,
the engineering mechanics classified as
A) Mechanics of solids
B) Mechanics of fluids

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Classification of Engineering Mechanics

Engineering
Mechanics

Mechanics of Mechanics of
solids Fluids

Mechanics Mechanics of
Rigid Bodies Deformation
Bodies

Static Dynamic Theory of Theory of

Elasticity Plasticity

Kinematics Kinetics

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Classification of Engineering Mechanics

Mechanics of Solids
Rigid bodies Mechanics
The body which will not deform or the
body in which deformation can be
neglected in the analysis.

Mechanics of Deformation Bodies

1.Theory of Elasticity
2. Theory of Plasticity

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Classification of Engineering Mechanics

Mechanics of Rigid Body

Static
The mechanics of the rigid bodies
dealing with the bodies at rest

Dynamic
Dealing with bodies in motion

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Classification of Engineering Mechanics

Dynamics
Kinematics
The dynamics dealing with the problems without
referring to the forces causing the motion of the body
is termed as

Kinetics
It deals with the forces causing motion also called

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Basic Terminology in Mechanics
• Mass- The quantity of the matter possessed by
a body is called mass.
• Time – Time is the measure of succession of
events.
• Space- The geometric region in which study of
body is involved.
• Length- It is concept to measure linear
distance.

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Basic Terminology in Mechanics
• Displacement- Distance moved by body in the
specific direction.
• Velocity- Rate of change of displacement with
respect to time.
• Acceleration – Rate of change of velocity with
respect to time.
• Momentum – Product of mass and velocity.

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 Fundamentals of Laws
• Newton’s First Law-
– It states that every body continues in its state of rest or of
uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled by an
external agency acting on it
• Newton’s Second Law-
– It states that the rate of change of momentum of body is directly
proportional to the impressed force and it takes place in the
direction of the force acting on it.
⸫ Force α mass x Acceleration
⸫Fαmxa
• Newton’s Third Law-
– It states that for every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.

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 Fundamentals of Laws
• Newton’s Law of Gravitation –
Every body attracts the other body. The force
of attraction between any two bodies is
directly proportional to their masses &
inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
⸫ F = G . (m1. m2 / d2 )

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 Fundamentals of Laws
• Law of Transmissibility of force-
The state of rest or motion of rigid
body is unaltered if a force acting
on the body is replaced by another
force of the same magnitude and
direction but acting anywhere on
the body acting along the line of
action of the replacement force.

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 Fundamentals of Laws
• Parallelogram Law of forces-
– If two forces acting simultaneously on a body at a
point are represented in the parallelogram which
passes through the point of intersection of the two
sides representing the forces.

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 Fundamentals of Laws
• Parallelogram Law of forces-

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 Example No. 1
Two forces of 100 N and 150 N are acting
simultaneously at a point. What is the resultant
of these two forces, if the angle between them
is 45°?
Solutions: F1 = 100 N , F2 = 150 N , θ = 45°.
R = √F12 + F2 2 + 2 F1 F2 cos θ
R = 232 N

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 Example No.2
• Two forces act at an angle of 120°. The bigger
force is of 40 N and the resultant is
perpendicular to the smaller one. Find the
smaller force.

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Example No.2

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 System of Forces
• Collinear forces: The forces, whose lines of
action lie on the same line, are known as
collinear forces.
• Coplanar forces: The forces, whose lines of
action lie on the same plane, are known as
coplanar forces.
• Concurrent forces: The forces, which meet at
one point, are known as concurrent forces. The
concurrent forces may or may not be collinear.

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 System of Forces
• Coplanar concurrent forces: The forces, which meet at one point and
their lines of action also lie on the same plane, are known as
coplanar concurrent forces.

• Coplanar non-concurrent forces: The forces, which do not meet at

one point, but their lines of action lie on the same plane, are known
as coplanar non-concurrent forces.

• Non-coplanar concurrent forces: The forces, which meet at one

point, but their lines of action do not lie on the same plane, are
known as non-coplanar concurrent forces.

• Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet

at one point and their lines of action do not lie on the same plane,
are called non-coplanar non-concurrent forces

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System of Forces

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 Composition Of Forces
• Resultant Force: If a number of forces, P, Q, R ... etc.
are acting simultaneously on a particle, then it is
possible to find out a single force which could replace
them i.e., which would produce the same effect as
produced by all the given forces. This single force is
called resultant force and the given forces R ...etc. are
called component forces.

• Composition Of Forces: The process of finding out the

resultant force, of a number of given forces, is called
composition of forces or compounding of forces.

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 Method For Resultant Force
1. Parallelogram law of forces
2. Method of resolution.
The process of splitting up the given force into a number of
components, without changing its effect on the body is called
resolution of a force. A force is, generally, resolved along two
mutually perpendicular directions. In fact, the resolution of a force is
the reverse action of the addition of the component vectors.

• Principle Of Resolution: It states, “The algebraic sum of the

resolved parts of a no. of forces, in a given direction, is equal to the
resolved part of their resultant in the same direction.”

• Note : In general, the forces are resolved in the vertical and

horizontal directions.

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 Method Of Resolution For The
Resultant Force
1. Resolve all the forces horizontally and find the algebraic sum of all the
horizontal components (i.e., Σ Fx).
2. Resolve all the forces vertically and find the algebraic sum of all the vertical
components (i.e. Σ Fy).
3. The resultant R of the given forces will be given by the equation :
R = √(Σ Fx) 2 + (Σ Fy ) 2
4. The resultant force will be inclined at an angle θ, with the horizontal, such
that,
tan θ = Σ Fy / Σ Fx
Note : It should be noted that all component forces act at the given force.
Resolution of forces into its rectangular components is more useful for the
analysis. In this case, if the force F makes an angle θ with x- axis
Σ Fx = F cos θ
Σ Fy = F sin θ

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Method Of Resolution For The
Resultant Force

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 Examples 3
• Determine resultant of three forces acting on a hook as shown in fig.

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 Examples 4
• A system of force acting on a body is as shown
in fig . Determine the resultant.

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Examples 5

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 Examples 6
• Two forces acting on a body are 500 N and 1000 N as shown
in fig. Determine the third force F such that the resultant of all
the three forces is 1000 N directed along at 45 degree to x axis.

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 Examples 7
• A system of forces are acting at the corners of
a rectangular block as shown in Fig. Determine
magnitude and direction of the resultant force.

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Moment of force

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Moment of force

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 Varignon’s Theorem
• The algebraic sum of moments of a system of
coplaner force about a moment centre is equal
to the moment of their resultant forces about
the same moment centre.
• Rd = F1 d1 + F2 d2

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 Example No.8
• Find a moment of 100 N force acting at B about point A as
shown in fig.

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 Couple
• Two parallel forces equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction and separate by a definite distance are said to form a
couple.
M1 = Fd1 + Fd2 M2 = Fd3 – Fd4 M3 = Fd6 – Fd5
M1 = Fd M2 = Fd M3 = Fd

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 Example No. 9
• A system of loads acting on a beam is shown in fig. Determine
the resultant of the load.

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Example No. 9

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 Example No. 10
• Find the resultant of force system shown in fig. acting on a
lamina of equilateral triangular shape.

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Example No. 11

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Example No. 12

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Example No. 13

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