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Multimedia Systems Refined Notes

Multimedia technology encompasses various forms of media, including audio, images, video, and animations, categorized into digital audio, image, video, and animation technologies. Applications span education, entertainment, marketing, healthcare, and journalism, with future trends focusing on AI-generated content, 5G, and immersive experiences. Multimedia systems are classified into non-interactive, interactive, hypermedia, and conferencing systems, each serving distinct user engagement purposes.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
38 views12 pages

Multimedia Systems Refined Notes

Multimedia technology encompasses various forms of media, including audio, images, video, and animations, categorized into digital audio, image, video, and animation technologies. Applications span education, entertainment, marketing, healthcare, and journalism, with future trends focusing on AI-generated content, 5G, and immersive experiences. Multimedia systems are classified into non-interactive, interactive, hypermedia, and conferencing systems, each serving distinct user engagement purposes.

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martinanyuor2
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Multimedia-Related Technologies

Multimedia technology refers to the use of multiple forms of media—including text, audio,
images, video, and animations—to present information. They are classified into three categories
namely:
1. Digital Audio Technologies
Audio plays a significant role in multimedia applications, including music production, voice-
over recording, and virtual reality. Key aspects of audio technology include:
 Audio Formats: MP3, WAV, AAC, FLAC
 Audio Compression: Lossy vs. Lossless compression (MP3 uses lossy compression,
while FLAC is lossless)
 Audio Editing Software: Adobe Audition, Audacity, Logic Pro
 Digital Signal Processing (DSP): Used for noise reduction, equalization, and audio
enhancement
2. Digital Image Technologies
Images are essential in multimedia content, from web design to photography and animation.
Important elements include:
 Image Formats: JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, BMP
 Vector vs. Raster Graphics: Raster images (JPEG, PNG) are pixel-based, while vector
graphics (SVG, AI) use mathematical formulas for scalability.
 Image Editing Software: Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, CorelDRAW
 Computer Vision & AI: Technologies like OpenCV enable face recognition, object
detection, and image enhancement.
3. Video Technologies
Video technology is essential for streaming, film production, and virtual conferencing. Major
aspects include:
 Video Formats: MP4, AVI, MOV, MKV
 Video Codecs: H.264, H.265 (HEVC), VP9
 Video Editing Software: Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro, DaVinci Resolve
 Streaming Technologies: Adaptive Bitrate Streaming (HLS, DASH) ensures smooth
playback across different devices.
 Virtual Reality (VR) Video: 360-degree videos are used in immersive VR experiences.
4. Animation & Motion Graphics
Animation is widely used in entertainment, advertising, and education. Important technologies
include:
 2D Animation: Software like Adobe Animate, Toon Boom Harmony
 3D Animation: Tools such as Blender, Autodesk Maya, Cinema 4D
 Motion Capture (MoCap): Used in gaming and movies to capture real-life movements
and apply them to digital characters.
 AI-Driven Animation: AI tools can automate lip-syncing, character movements, and
facial expressions.
Applications of Multimedia Technologies
 Education: E-learning platforms (Coursera, Udemy), interactive simulations
 Entertainment: Streaming services (Netflix, YouTube), video games, VR movies
 Marketing: Social media ads, digital billboards, 3D product visualization
 Healthcare: AR-assisted surgeries, AI-driven medical imaging
 Journalism: AI-generated news reports, data visualization tools
Future Trends in Multimedia Technologies
 AI-Generated Content: AI will increasingly automate multimedia production.
 5G & Edge Computing: Faster content delivery and cloud-based multimedia processing.
 Holographic Displays: Future screens may allow interactive 3D projections.
 Metaverse & Web3: A new era of immersive digital experiences.
Types of Multimedia Systems
Multimedia systems integrate multiple forms of media—such as text, images, audio, video, and
animation—to create interactive and engaging experiences. Depending on their purpose and
mode of interaction, multimedia systems can be classified into several types. Below are the main
types of multimedia systems with explanations and examples.
1. Non-Interactive Multimedia Systems (Linear Multimedia)
Non-interactive multimedia systems present information in a sequential manner, without user
control. These systems follow a fixed path, similar to traditional media like television and radio.
Characteristics:
 Users have no control over the content flow.
 Content is presented in a pre-defined order.
 Often used for passive consumption of information.
Examples:
 Movies and Videos: Pre-recorded films, educational documentaries.
 Radio Broadcasts: Audio-based media with no user input.
 TV Programs: News, talk shows, and scheduled programs.
 Digital Signage: Screens displaying advertisements or information in public spaces.
2. Interactive Multimedia Systems (Non-Linear Multimedia)
Interactive multimedia systems allow users to engage with the content, offering a more
personalized and dynamic experience.
Characteristics:
 Users can control how they navigate through the content.
 Often includes hyperlinks, buttons, and interactive elements.
 Used in educational tools, gaming, and web-based applications.
Examples:
 E-learning Platforms: Coursera, Udemy, and interactive digital textbooks.
 Video Games: Games where users control characters, environments, and interactions.
 Virtual Tours: Museum tours and real estate walkthroughs using interactive images or
VR.
 Interactive Presentations: PowerPoint slides with clickable elements, Prezi presentations.
3. Hypermedia Systems
Hypermedia systems expand on interactive multimedia by allowing users to navigate through
linked multimedia elements using a non-linear approach.
Characteristics:
 Users can jump between different pieces of content through hyperlinks.
 Information is stored in a non-sequential way.
 Commonly used in websites and digital encyclopedias.
Examples:
 The World Wide Web (WWW): Websites with hyperlinks connecting various pages.
 Wikipedia & Digital Encyclopedias: Allow users to navigate through linked content.
 Multimedia Databases: Medical databases where doctors can click through case studies,
X-rays, and patient histories.
5. Multimedia Conferencing Systems
Multimedia conferencing systems enable real-time communication using audio, video, and data
sharing technologies.
Characteristics:
 Supports multiple users across different locations.
 Includes features like screen sharing, file sharing, and instant messaging.
 Used in business, education, and telemedicine.
Examples:
 Video Conferencing Software: Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Google Meet.
 Webinars & Online Meetings: Interactive training sessions with audience participation.
Multimedia Operating Systems (MOS)
A Multimedia Operating System (MOS) is an operating system designed to handle multimedia
data such as text, images, audio, video, and animations efficiently. MOS provides real-time
processing, high-speed data handling, and synchronization capabilities essential for multimedia
applications.
Key Features of Multimedia Operating Systems
Real-Time Processing
 Ensures smooth playback and recording of audio and video.
 Low-latency response for gaming, video conferencing, and VR applications.
 Example: Real-time audio rendering in digital audio workstations (DAWs) like FL
Studio.
High-Performance I/O (Input/Output) Handling
 Optimized disk access for reading/writing large multimedia files.
 Supports multiple media streams simultaneously.
 Example: Video editing software accessing multiple 4K video clips without lag.
Efficient Memory Management
 Uses caching and buffering to reduce delays.
 Supports large memory blocks for high-resolution images and videos.
 Example: Photoshop's RAM preview feature for smooth image processing.
File System Support for Large Media Files
 Supports multimedia file formats like MP4, PNG, and JPEG.
 Uses journaling and indexing for faster access to large files.
Synchronization of Multiple Media Streams
 Ensures smooth playback by synchronizing video and audio streams.
 Critical for video conferencing, gaming, and film production.
Network Support for Streaming & Cloud Multimedia
 Optimized for fast internet-based multimedia transmission (Netflix, YouTube).
 Uses protocols like RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol) for live streaming.
 Example: Netflix adaptive streaming adjusts video quality based on network speed.
Multimedia Database Systems (MMDBs)
A Multimedia Database System (MMDBS) is a specialized database system designed to store,
retrieve, and manage multimedia data such as text, images, audio, video, and animations
efficiently.
Features of Multimedia Database Systems
1. Storage of Multiple Media Types
Supports diverse media formats: text, images (JPEG, PNG), audio (MP3, WAV), video (MP4,
AVI), animations, and 3D models.
2. Large-Scale Data Management
Handles large amounts of high-resolution images, videos, and audio files efficiently.
Uses compression techniques to reduce storage requirements.
3. Advanced Indexing & Retrieval
Utilizes content-based indexing to search for images/videos using visual or audio features.
Supports metadata-based searching (e.g., searching for a video by title, date, or category).
4. Real-Time Data Processing
Enables live streaming, real-time video analytics, and multimedia retrieval for applications like
YouTube, Netflix, and Spotify.
5. Distributed & Cloud-Based Storage
Many MMDBs use cloud storage for scalable data access (e.g., Google Drive, AWS S3).
Challenges in Multimedia Database Systems
1. Large Storage Requirements
Multimedia files (especially 4K/8K videos and 3D models) require massive storage capacity.
Solution: Cloud-based storage, compression techniques (e.g., HEVC, AV1).
2. Fast & Efficient Retrieval
Searching large media files can be slow.
Solution: AI-based indexing, distributed databases for faster access.
4. Security & Copyright Protection
Digital piracy and unauthorized access are major threats.
Solution: Digital Rights Management (DRM), watermarking, encryption techniques.
Categories of Media
1. Discrete Media
Discrete media consists of elements that are static and do not change over time unless explicitly
modified. They are independent data units that do not require a fixed timing relationship.
Characteristics of Discrete Media:
 Data is stored in separate, distinct chunks.
 It does not require a continuous flow of data.
 Playback or display can occur without a strict time dependency.
 Users can interact with discrete media elements at their own pace.
Examples of Discrete Media:
 Text – Documents, articles, web pages.
 Images – JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.
 Graphics – Vector graphics (SVG), charts, diagrams.
Use Cases:
 Websites displaying text and images.
 Presentation slides with still images and diagrams.
2. Continuous Media
Continuous media involves data that changes over time and requires a timing relationship to be
maintained. It relies on a steady flow of information for proper rendering.
Characteristics of Continuous Media:
 Data is time-dependent and must be processed in sequence.
 Requires real-time processing or streaming.
 Sensitive to latency and synchronization issues.
 Can be affected by network bandwidth and processing speed.
Examples of Continuous Media:
 Audio – MP3, WAV, AAC (requires real-time playback).
 Video – MP4, AVI, MKV (requires synchronized frames).
 Animation – GIFs, Flash animations, interactive animations.
 Live Streaming – Real-time video/audio streaming (YouTube Live, Zoom, WebRTC).
Use Cases:
 Video conferencing and streaming services.
 Digital music and radio streaming.
 Gaming and interactive applications.

Comparison Between Discrete and Continuous Media


Feature Discrete Media Continuous Media
Time Dependency No Yes
Data Structure Independent data units Sequential, time-sensitive frames or samples
Interaction Type User-controlled (static) Requires synchronization and flow
Examples Text, Images, Graphics Audio, Video, Animation
Processing Non-real-time Real-time or near-real-time

Hybrid Multimedia Systems


Some applications combine both discrete and continuous media. Examples include:
 Multimedia presentations (PowerPoint with text, images, and embedded videos).
 Educational software (text content with integrated video lectures).
 Web applications (web pages with embedded live streams or audio).
Knowledge-Based Multimedia Systems (KBMS)
A Knowledge-Based Multimedia System (KBMS) is a system that integrates artificial
intelligence (AI), multimedia processing, and knowledge representation to enhance the way
multimedia content is managed, retrieved, and presented.
Advantages of KBMS
Efficient Information Retrieval – Faster and smarter multimedia searches.
Improved Decision-Making – AI-driven insights help in healthcare, business, and education.
Enhanced User Experience – Adaptive and personalized multimedia interaction.
Automation – Reduces human effort in content classification and analysis.
Problems facing Multimedia Systems
1. Large Storage Requirements
Multimedia files (especially 4K/8K videos and 3D models) require massive storage capacity.
Solution: Cloud-based storage, compression techniques (e.g., HEVC, AV1).
2. Fast & Efficient Retrieval
Searching large media files can be slow.
Solution: AI-based indexing, distributed databases for faster access.
4. Security & Copyright Protection
Digital piracy and unauthorized access are major threats.
Solution: Digital Rights Management (DRM), watermarking, encryption techniques.
5. Internet connection failure
Text and Audio
Text Technology
Text technology refers to the methods used to create, store, manipulate, and display text in digital
systems. It includes:
 Character Encoding Systems – Methods like ASCII, Unicode, and UTF-8 ensure text is
represented in a standard format.
 Fonts and Typography – Various font families (e.g., TrueType, OpenType) define how
characters appear.
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) – Converts scanned text into machine-readable
formats.
 Text-to-Speech (TTS) Systems – Converts digital text into spoken words.
Data Representation
Data representation involves encoding information into a format suitable for processing and
storage. Text and audio data are represented using:
 Binary Encoding – All data is stored as 0s and 1s.
 Character Encoding – ASCII (7-bit), Unicode (16-bit or more), UTF-8 (variable-
length).
 Sound Representation – Audio signals are stored as sampled waveforms in digital
format.
Encryption
Encryption is the process of securing text and audio data by converting it into a coded format
that can only be deciphered with a key. Common encryption methods include:
 Symmetric Encryption (e.g., AES, DES) – Uses a single key for both encryption and
decryption.
 Asymmetric Encryption (e.g., RSA, ECC) – Uses public and private keys for secure
communication.
 Hashing (e.g., SHA-256, MD5) – Converts data into a fixed-length hash, mainly for
integrity checks.
Digital Representation of Sound
Sound is an analogue wave that needs to be converted into digital form for storage and
transmission. This involves:
 Sampling – Capturing audio signals at discrete intervals (e.g., 44.1 kHz for CDs).
 Quantization – Assigning numerical values to sampled points.
 Encoding – Storing the quantized values using formats like WAV, MP3, or AAC.
Analogue and Digital Conversion
To process sound digitally, an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) and Digital-to-Analog
Converter (DAC) are used:
 ADC Process:
1. Sampling – Capturing sound at regular intervals.
2. Quantization – Assigning values to sampled data.
3. Encoding – Storing in binary format.
 DAC Process:
1. Decoding – Converting binary back to amplitude values.
2. Reconstruction – Smoothing waveform for playback.
Psychoacoustics
Psychoacoustics is the study of how humans perceive sound. It helps in:
 Lossy Audio Compression (e.g., MP3, AAC) – Removes sounds that are inaudible to
humans.
 Masking Effects – Loud sounds can make softer sounds inaudible, reducing file size.
 Equal-loudness Contours – Human ears perceive certain frequencies more strongly than
others.
Speech Recognition and Generation
 Speech Recognition – Converts spoken words into text. Used in virtual assistants like
Siri and Google Assistant.
o Uses Acoustic Models (sound waves to phonemes) and Language Models
(predicts words).
 Speech Generation (Text-to-Speech, TTS) – Converts text into human-like speech.
o Uses Concatenative Synthesis (pre-recorded speech) or Deep Learning-based
Synthesis (AI-generated voice).
Transmission of Digital Sound
Digital sound is transmitted using various protocols and technologies:
 Streaming (e.g., Spotify, YouTube Music) – Uses compression (MP3, AAC) and
buffering.
 VoIP (e.g., Zoom, Skype) – Uses audio codecs (G.711, G.729) for real-time
communication.
 Broadcasting (e.g., DAB Radio, HD Audio Streaming) – Uses digital signal processing
(DSP).
Image and Video
Types of Image Creation and Capture
Images are created and captured using different techniques:
 Photography – Capturing real-world images using digital cameras.
 Computer-Generated Graphics (CGI) – Created using software like Photoshop,
Blender, and Maya.
 Scanning – Digitizing printed images using flatbed or drum scanners.
 Medical Imaging – CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasound for diagnostic purposes
Raster Scanning Principles
Raster scanning is the process of converting an image into a grid of pixels. It is used in:
 CRT and LCD Displays – Electron beams or LED matrices scan images row by row.
 Digital Cameras and Scanners – Convert images into pixel grids.
 Television Broadcasting – Interlaced and progressive scanning methods.
Images and Colors
Digital images are represented in different color models:
 RGB (Red, Green, Blue) – Used in screens, additive color model.
 CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) – Used in printing, subtractive color model.
 Grayscale – Stores images in shades of gray.
 Indexed Color – Uses a limited color palette to reduce file size (GIF, PNG-8).
Perceptual Vision
Perceptual vision studies how humans see and interpret images:
 Contrast Sensitivity – Eyes detect differences between light and dark areas.
 Color Perception – Human vision is more sensitive to green (why green screens are used
in filmmaking).
 Persistence of Vision – Frames displayed at high speed appear as continuous motion
(basis of video playback).
Summary of Key Concepts
Concept Key Features
Text Technology Encoding (ASCII, Unicode), Fonts, OCR, TTS.
Data Representation Binary encoding for text and sound.
Encryption Securing text/audio with AES, RSA, or Hashing.
Digital Sound Representation Sampling, Quantization, Encoding (MP3, WAV).
Analog-to-Digital Conversion ADC (sampling, quantization), DAC (decoding, smoothing).
Psychoacoustics Human sound perception, used in MP3 compression.
Speech Recognition & TTS AI-based speech-to-text and text-to-speech systems.
Transmission of Digital Sound Streaming, VoIP, Broadcasting (DAB, HD Audio).
Image Creation & Capture Photography, CGI, Scanning, Medical Imaging.
Raster Scanning Converts images into pixel grids (TV, cameras).
Images & Colors RGB, CMYK, Grayscale, Indexed Color.
Perceptual Vision Contrast, color sensitivity, persistence of vision.
give elaborate notes on: Compression and decompression: evaluating a compression system,
redundancy and visibility, taxonomy of compression techniques, Entropy.
ChatGPT said:
Compression and Decompression
Compression is the process of reducing the size of data (text, audio, image, or video) to save
storage space and reduce transmission time. Decompression is the reverse process, where the
original data is reconstructed from the compressed format.
Compression is essential in multimedia systems, where large amounts of data need to be stored
or transmitted efficiently.
Evaluating a Compression System
A good compression system is evaluated based on the following criteria:
1. Compression Ratio – The ratio between the original file size and the compressed file
size. A higher compression ratio means better compression.
2. Compression Time – The time taken to compress data; lower compression times are
preferred.
3. Decompression Time – The time required to reconstruct the original data from the
compressed format.
4. Lossless vs. Lossy Compression – Lossless compression retains all original data, while
lossy compression removes some details for better compression.
5. Quality of the Reconstructed Data – In lossy compression, how much quality loss is
acceptable (e.g., in images or audio)?
6. Computational Complexity – The resources (CPU, memory) required to compress and
decompress.
Redundancy and Visibility
 Redundancy – Extra or repeated data that can be removed without affecting information
content. It includes:
o Spatial Redundancy (repeating pixels in an image)
o Temporal Redundancy (similar frames in a video sequence)
o Coding Redundancy (inefficient encoding of data)
 Visibility – Determines whether removed data is noticeable to the human eye. In lossy
compression, removing redundant or imperceptible details ensures that compression does
not significantly affect perceived quality.
Taxonomy of Compression Techniques
Compression techniques can be broadly classified into:
1. Lossless Compression
 No data is lost, and the original file can be reconstructed exactly.
 Used for text, medical images, and other applications where precision is critical.
 Examples:
o Huffman Coding – Uses variable-length codes for frequently occurring symbols.
o Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) Compression – Used in GIF and ZIP files.
o Run-Length Encoding (RLE) – Efficient for repeated data, such as simple
graphics.
2. Lossy Compression
 Some data is discarded to achieve higher compression rates.
 Used in audio, images, and video where small losses are acceptable.
 Examples:
o JPEG Compression – Removes unnecessary image details.
o MP3 Compression – Removes inaudible sound frequencies.
o MPEG Compression – Reduces video file size by eliminating temporal and
spatial redundancy.
Entropy
Entropy is a measure of the amount of information in a data set. In compression, it determines
the minimum number of bits required to encode data without redundancy.
 Higher Entropy → More randomness (harder to compress).
 Lower Entropy → More predictable patterns (easier to compress).
For example, a text file with many repeated characters (like "aaaaaaa") has low entropy and can
be compressed effectively. A random sequence of characters has high entropy and requires more
storage.
Entropy-based coding methods, such as Huffman coding and arithmetic coding, aim to assign
shorter codes to frequently occurring symbols and longer codes to rare symbols to optimize
compression.
Image Compression System
An image compression system reduces the size of image files while maintaining acceptable
visual quality. It works by removing redundant and unnecessary information to optimize storage
and transmission.
Components of an Image Compression System:
1. Preprocessing – Enhances image quality, adjusts color depth, and prepares the image for
compression.
2. Transformation – Converts the image into a different domain (e.g., Discrete Cosine
Transform (DCT) in JPEG).
3. Quantization – Reduces precision of less important data to save space.
4. Encoding – Uses entropy coding (e.g., Huffman coding) to store compressed data
efficiently.
5. Decoding and Reconstruction – The decompression process restores the image,
possibly with some loss in quality (in lossy compression).
Types of Image Compression:
 Lossless Compression – Original image is perfectly reconstructed.
o Examples: Run-Length Encoding (RLE), Huffman Coding, LZW Compression.
 Lossy Compression – Some data is discarded, reducing file size but slightly degrading
image quality.
o Examples: JPEG, WebP.
Video Compression Techniques
Video compression is essential for storing and transmitting video efficiently. It reduces file size
by eliminating redundant information in both spatial and temporal domains.
Types of Video Compression:
1. Spatial Compression – Reduces redundancy within individual frames (like image
compression).
o Example: JPEG compression for individual frames in a video.
2. Temporal Compression – Reduces redundancy between consecutive frames.
o Example: MPEG uses keyframes (I-frames), predicted frames (P-frames),
and bidirectional frames (B-frames) to eliminate unnecessary data.
3. Hybrid Compression – Combines spatial and temporal techniques for better
compression efficiency.
o Example: H.264, H.265 (HEVC) codecs.
JPEG Image Standard
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a widely used lossy image compression standard
that reduces file sizes significantly while maintaining visual quality.
Key Features of JPEG:
 Uses Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to convert image data into frequency
components.
 Applies quantization to remove less important data.
 Uses Huffman coding for final compression.
 Supports adjustable compression levels (higher compression = lower quality).
JPEG Compression Process:
1. Convert the image from RGB to YCbCr color space.
2. Divide the image into 8×8 pixel blocks.
3. Apply DCT transformation to each block.
4. Perform quantization by reducing precision in less important frequency components.
5. Use Huffman coding to compress the data.
6. Save the image in .jpg format.
JPEG is commonly used for web images, photography, and digital storage due to its high
compression ratio and acceptable quality loss.
MPEG Motion Video Compression Standard
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) is a standard for compressing digital video and audio.
Key MPEG Standards:
 MPEG-1 – Used for Video CDs (VCDs), supports MP3 audio format.
 MPEG-2 – Used for DVDs, digital TV (DVB), and broadcast video.
 MPEG-4 – Optimized for streaming, used in online video platforms, MP4 format.
 MPEG-7 – Provides metadata for multimedia content.
 MPEG-21 – Focuses on digital rights management (DRM).
MPEG Compression Techniques:
1. Intra-frame Compression – Similar to JPEG, compresses individual frames (I-frames).
2. Inter-frame Compression – Uses motion estimation to eliminate redundant frames.
o P-frames (Predicted frames) store only changes from previous frames.
o B-frames (Bidirectional frames) store differences between past and future
frames.
3. Entropy Coding – Uses Huffman and Arithmetic coding to further compress data.
MPEG compression significantly reduces storage size and bandwidth requirements, making
it ideal for streaming and broadcasting.
DVI Technology (Digital Video Interactive)
DVI (Digital Video Interactive) was an early multimedia technology developed by Intel for
compressing and playing back digital video and audio.

Key Features of DVI Technology:


 Used hardware-assisted compression for video playback.
 Supported real-time decompression of video files.
 Provided higher quality video playback compared to early computing systems.
 Used Interactive Multimedia Applications (e.g., interactive learning, gaming).
However, DVI was eventually replaced by more advanced MPEG, H.264, and H.265
standards, which offered better compression and quality without requiring expensive hardware
acceleration.
Summary of Key Concepts
Concept Key Features
Reduces image file size using transformation, quantization, and
Image Compression System
encoding.
Video Compression Spatial, temporal, and hybrid compression for reducing video file
Techniques sizes.
Uses DCT, quantization, and Huffman coding for image
JPEG Standard
compression.
Uses I-frames, P-frames, B-frames for efficient motion video
MPEG Compression
compression.
Early multimedia standard for digital video playback, later
DVI Technology
replaced by MPEG.

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