UPSC SYLLABUS

PRELIMS
General Studies Paper – I

• Current events of national and international importance.

• History of India and Indian National Movement.
• Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Geography of
India and the World.
• Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System,
Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
• Economic and Social Development – Sustainable Development, Poverty,
Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector initiatives, etc.
• General issues on Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate
Change – that do not require subject specialisation
• General Science

Defined

Ancient History of India

1. Prehistoric cultures in India

2. Indus Valley Civilization. Origins- the different phases- society, economy, and
culture- Contacts with other cultures- factors lead to the decline.
3. Geographical distribution and characteristics of pastoral and farming society.
4. Vedic society-Vedic texts- change from Rigvedic to later Vedic phases.
5. Vedic society Religion- Upanishad thought-Political and social organisation,
the evolution of the Varna system and monarchy.
6. Formation of the State and urbanisation, from the Mahajanapadas to the
Nandas.
7. Buddhism and Jainism- Factors for the spread of Buddhism.
8. The Mauryan Empire- Chandragupta and Megasthenes.
9. Ashoka and his inscriptions, his dhamma, culture, administration, and art
10. Society of Post-Mauryan India, BC 200- AD 300- Evolution of Jatis.
 11. The Satavahanas and formation of the state in the Peninsula.
12. Sangam texts and society.
13. Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Parthians, Kushans, Kanishka-Contacts with the outer
world.
14. Different Religion- Bhagavatism, Shaivism, Mahayana Buddhism and
Hinayana, Jainism and Culture and art.
15. The Guptas and their descendants.
16. Literature Science, Arts, Economy, and society -Modification in the political
organisation of empire.
Medieval Indian History

1. Early Medieval India. Major dynasties; Political and Agrarian organisation.

Status of women, Extent of social mobility. The Arabs in Sind and the
Ghaznavids.
2. Cultural trends, 750-1200, Religious circumstances: the significance of temples
and monastic institutions; Sankaracharya; Islam; Sufism. Art and architecture.
Literature and Science.
3. 13th and 14th Centuries: Ghorian invasions reasons and consequences. Delhi
Sultanate under the Slave Rulers. Aladdin Khalji: invasion; administrative,
agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad Tughlug’s innovations. Firuz
Tughluq and the decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Development of urbanisation
and commerce. Spiritual movements in Hinduism and Islam. Literature.
Architecture, Technological changes.
4. The 15th and early 16th Century: Key Provincial dynasties; Vijayanagara
Empire. The Lodhis, First stage of the Mughal Empire: The Sur Empire and
administration. Monotheistic movements: Kabir; Guru Nanak and Sikhism;
Bhakti. The spread of regional literature. Art and Culture.
5. The Mughal Empire, Akbar: invasion, administrative measures, Policy of Sulh-
I-Kul. Jagir and Mansab systems; Jahangir, Shahjahan, and Aurangzeb:
extension of Mughal empire in the Deccan; religious policies. Shivaji. Persian
and regional literature. Religious idea: Abul Fazl; Maharashtra dharma.
Architecture. Painting. Economy: state of affairs of peasants and artisans,
escalation in trade; trade with Europe. Social stratification and position of
women.
6. The decline of the Mughal Empire, Reason behind the decline. Maratha power
under the Peshwas. The Afghans. Regional states. Most important components
of composite culture. Sawai Jai Singh, astronomer. The rise of the Urdu
language.

Modern India -Indian National Movement

 1. British extension: The Carnatic Wars, invasion of Bengal. Mysore and its
confrontation to British expansion: The three Anglo-Maratha Wars. Regulating
and Pitt’s India Acts. Early composition of the British raj.
2. Economic Impact of the British Raj: land revenue settlements like Zamindari,
Ryotwari, Mahalwari; Deindustrialisation; Railways and commercialisation of
agriculture; increase of landless labour.
3. Cultural encounter and social changes: the inception of western education and
modern thoughts. Indian Renaissance, religious and social reform movements;
Social reforms events before 1857. Development of Indian middle class; the
vernacular press and its effects: the rise of modern literature in Indian
languages.
4. Confrontation to British rule: Early uprisings; The 1857 Revolt-reasons,
character, course and result.
5. Indian Freedom struggle the first stage: Growth of national consciousness;
creation of Associations; Establishment of the Indian National Congress and its
Moderate stage; Swadeshi Movement; Economic Nationalism; The
development of Extremism and the split in Congress; The policy of Divide and
Rule; Congress-League Pact of 1916.
6. Gandhian thoughts and techniques of mass mobilisation- Civil Disobedience,
the Khilafat movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, and Quit India
Movement; another strand in the National Movement-Revolutionaries,
Subhash Chandra Bose, and the Indian National Army.
7. Separatist movements in Indian politics- the Hindu Mahasabha and the Muslim
League; Partition and Independence; The post -1945 developments.
8. India independent to 1964. A parliamentary, democratic, secular. Jawaharlal
Nehru’s vision, Foreign policy of Non-alignment, Planning and state-controlled
industrialisation. Agrarian modification.

Indian Geography

1. The basic idea about India

1. Location, latitude, longitude, time zone,
2. Neighbouring countries
3. States and its position and the states on International boundaries
4. Important straits
2. Physical features of India
1. The Himalayas
1. Geological Formation
2. Physiographic divisions
 3. Climate, Vegetation, Soil and Biodiversity
4. Major passes
5. Significance
6. Recent issues
2. The Great North Indian plains
1. Geological Formation
2. Physiographic divisions
3. Climate, Vegetation, Soil and Biodiversity
4. Significance
3. Peninsular Plateau
1. Geological formation
2. Deccan plateau
3. Central Highlands
4. Western and Eastern Ghats
5. Socio-economic issues related
4. Indian Desert
5. Coastal plains and Islands
3. River systems – Characteristics, comparison and significance
1. Himalayan rivers
2. Peninsular rivers
3. River basins
4. Hydro-Power projects, Power plants and Major Dams
5. Regional development and planning
6. West flowing and east-flowing rivers
7. Interlinking of rivers
4. Climate in India
1. Monsoon
1. Driving mechanism
2. Effects of La-Nino and El-Nino
3. Recent theories
2. Season of India
3. Cyclones
5. Mineral and industries
1. Distribution of minerals
 2. Industrial policies
3. Location factors
4. Issues and challenges of the industries
5. Industrial clusters
6. Agriculture and Allied-characteristics and Problems
1. Land utilisation
2. Types of agriculture practices
3. Soils and Crops
4. Trends agriculture (Green revolution )
5. Irrigation
6. Major irrigation projects
7. Land reforms
8. Government policies and schemes
9. Animal husbandry (livestock resources)
7. Natural vegetation and fauna- Characteristics, importance, comparison and
significance
1. Classification of natural vegetation
2. Rainfall distribution
3. Wildlife sanctuaries
4. National Forest Policy
5. Biosphere reserve
6. National parks
7. Environmental issues
8. Red-listed species (in recent news)
8. Economic infrastructure
1. Transportation,
2. Road(National Highways)- Rail- Air- Water(Major inland waterways)
and its Significance
3. Power and energy sector
4. Sources of conventional and non-conventional energy
5. Energy conservation and crisis
6. Recent developments
9. Human Geography
1. Demographics
2. Recent census- 2011
World Geography & Physical Geography

1. Universe
1. Theories related to Solar System
2. Theories related to the formation of the universe
3. Recent updates on the same
2. The basic idea about Earth
1. The motion of the Earth – Rotation and Revolution
2. Latitudes and Longitudes
3. The inclination of the Earth’s Axis – effect on seasons
4. Solar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse and Tides and their significance
3. Geomorphology
1. Earth’s movement (exo-genetic and endo-genetic)
2. Earthquakes, volcanic activity
3. The basic idea about Continental Drift Theory, Plate Tectonics Theory,
Sea Floor Spreading
4. Interior of the earth
1. lithosphere
2. Interaction of lithosphere with other spheres
3. Boundaries and composition
5. Mass Movements of landforms, erosion and deposits
1. Basic information about geographical landforms and their significance
2. Rock system and Classification of Rocks
6. Climatology
1. Structure and composition of the atmosphere
2. Factors controlling the temperature distribution
3. Insolation and terrestrial radiation
4. Heat budget
5. Global warming and ozone layer
6. Humidity and condensation
7. Clouds
8. Classification of clouds
9. Precipitation
10. Precipitation mechanism
11. Different types and forms of precipitation
 12. Pressure belts
13. Atmospheric circulation
14. Winds
15. Planetary Winds
16. Seasonal and Local Winds
17. Cyclones Tropical and Temperate cyclone
18. Formation of cyclone, characteristics and impact
19. Jet streams
20. Various atmospheric phenomenon
7. The hydrosphere
1. Bottom relief of ocean
2. Salinity and temp variation
3. Ocean Currents
4. Ocean deposit
5. Ocean resources
6. Recent issues and development with ref to oceanography- Eg: UNCLOS
8. Biosphere
1. Major Biomes
2. Flora and fauna
3. International organisation for biodiversity
4. Conservation of Biodiversity
5. Recent issues
9. Economic geography
10. Map work
11. Places in News

Indian Polity and Governance

1. Preamble
◦ Features of preamble
◦ 42nd Amendment
◦ Swaran Singh committee
2. Schedules
◦ The basic idea about 12 schedules
3. Constitution of India
 ◦ The basic idea about All articles
◦ Historical Background
◦ Drafting committee and the making of the Constitution
◦ Influence of other constitutions
◦ Its salient features
4. Union and its Territory
◦ The basic idea about Article 1-4
◦ State reorganisation and different Commissions
◦ Federal nature
◦ Recent issues
5. Citizenship
◦ The basic idea about Article 5-11
◦ PIO, NRI, OCI and Pravasi Bharatiya Divas
◦ Privileges available for Indian citizens and foreigners
◦ Citizenship Amendment Act of 2016
◦ New policies, schemes and recent changes in voting.
6. Fundamental Rights (FR)
◦ The basic idea about Article 12-35
◦ A thorough understanding of Articles 14- 30 and Art. 32
◦ Rights and privileges available to citizens of India only and both to
citizens and foreigners
◦ 44th amendment act
◦ Different types of Writs
◦ Enforcement and Exceptional cases with regard to FR’s
◦ RTE and recent issues related to FR
7. Fundamental Duties(FD)
◦ Article 51A
◦ Difference between FR and FD
◦ Significance and Criticism
◦ Enforcement of FD’s
◦ Recent issues about FD
8. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
◦ The basic idea about Article and Article 36-51 and Article 368
◦ Sources and key features of DPSP
◦ Classification of DPSP
 ◦ Comparison/ conflicts between Fundamental Rights and Directive
Principles
◦ Keshavananda Bharathi, Minerva Mills, Golaknath Case, Maneka
Gandhi case.
◦ Important Amendments- 42nd Amendment, 44th Amendment, and 97th
amendment
9. Union
◦ The basic idea about Article 52-73
◦ Qualification and Election
◦ Function and Powers- (Executive, Legislative, Financial, Judicial,
Diplomatic, Military and Emergency Powers)
◦ Resignation and impeachment
◦ Role and responsibilities and relationship with Prime minister, Council
of Minister, Cabinet ministers.
◦ Prime minister and council of ministers- Basic idea about Article 74-75
◦ Powers and Functions
◦ Council of ministers
◦ Resignation and Removal
◦ Attorney general
◦ Parliament
▪ The basic idea about article related
▪ Role and functions of the Parliament
▪ Sessions, Motions, Parliamentary procedure – Summoning,
Prorogation, Joint Sitting
▪ Parliamentary proceedings like Question Hour, Zero Hour, and
Adjournment Motion, etc.
▪ Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha,
▪ Special powers of Rajya Sabha
▪ Anti-defection law and 10th schedule
▪ Parliamentary Privileges
▪ Bill and lawmaking procedure
▪ Budget, funds and it’s summary
▪ Parliamentary Committees
10. Judiciary
◦ The basic idea about article related to the judiciary.
◦ Powers of Supreme court and high court
 ◦ Qualification and appointment
◦ Removal procedure
◦ Recent controversy, verdicts, and constitutional provisions.
11. State Government- State Executive
◦ Governor- appointment, removal and special powers.
◦ Executive, Legislative, Financial, Judicial powers and discretionary of
the governor
◦ 7th constitutional amendment
◦ Chief minister and council of ministers
◦ Power of chief minister
◦ State Legislature
▪ State legislature compared to the Parliament with regard to
composition, powers, and functions.
▪ Bicameral legislatures
▪ Creation and abolition of the Legislative councils
◦ Administration of Union Territories (UT)
◦ Special provision for Delhi
◦ Administration and jurisdiction in UT’s
12. Administration of Special Areas
◦ Basic idea about 5thSchedule 6th Schedule
◦ Recent issues related to Administration of Special Areas
◦ Special provision for Jammu and Kashmir-Article 370
◦ Difference between constitutional provisions related to Jammu and
Kashmir
13. Emergency Provisions
◦ National emergency- Article 352
◦ President’s rule or State emergency- Article 356
◦ Financial emergency- Article 360
◦ 44th amendment act
◦ Effects and implications of emergency
◦ Role of President in emergency time
◦ The State of FR, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha
◦ Revoking emergency
14. State- centre and interstate relations
◦ The basic idea about Articles 262 and 263
 ◦ Composition and functions of Interstate council and Zonal council
◦ Inter-State trade and Commerce
◦ Recent disputes between states, controversies etc
◦ New policies or schemes which impact interstate relations
15. Panchayati Raj and municipalities
◦ Elections, auditing, powers and authority of panchayats
◦ 3 tier structure
◦ 73rd Amendment Act and the 74th Amendment Act
◦ Relation with FR and DPSP
◦ Schemes introduced
◦ Metropolitan planning committee and urban development
16. Reservation
17. Constitution Bodies
◦ Election Commission
◦ UPSC
◦ SPSC
◦ JPSC
◦ Finance Commission
◦ National Commission for SCs and ST’s,
◦ Composition, Powers and functions, Removal of the Constitutional
bodies
18. Non-Constitutional Bodies
◦ The basic idea about Composition, Functions, Working of the Non-
Constitutional bodies such as National Human Rights Commission,
Central Information Commission, Central Vigilance Commission,
Central Bureau of Investigation, State Human Rights Commission, State
Information Commission, etc.
19. Tribunals
◦ The basic idea about Article 323A and tribunals under Article 323B
◦ Recent controversial issues related to tribunals
◦ Different tribunals and importance
20. Special Provisions for SCs, STs, Backward Classes, Minorities and Anglo-
Indians
◦ Privileges and right issued to SC’s, ST’s, Backward Classes, Minorities
and Anglo-Indians
 ◦ Issues related to vulnerable sections like women, child, SC’s, ST’s,
Backward Classes, Minorities and Anglo-Indians
21. Current affairs
◦ Recent issues related to above-mentioned categories
◦ Important schemes, programs, missions, laws, and policies launched by
the government.
◦ Recent Government Bills and Governance- Actions

Economic and Social Development

1. Economic growth and development – basic concept and definition of Economy

and economics, uses and transfer of resources, distributive effects, macro and
microeconomic policy, micro-macro balance, distributive impact of economic
policies, development versus growth, determinant of growth and development,
concepts such as HPI/MPI, HDI, PQLI, GEM, GDI/GII, TAI, Green index,
sustainable development, India’s ranking in the various indices.
2. Poverty – definitions, causes, distribution-deprivation, income versus calories,
measurement of poverty, the status of poverty, eradication programmes,
poverty and resource policy, tribal rights and issues, livelihood mission.
3. Inclusion – definition, relevance, types, financial inclusion, recent initiatives.
4. Demographics – census data, populations by gender, by state, by age group,
socio-economic status, caste, religion, literacy levels, etc. Trends in human
development – interstate comparison, etc.
5. Fiscal policy – definition, component, receipts, revenue and capital account,
tax revenue, expenditure, budget.
Economy

• Human Development and National Income Accounting in India

• Indian Central Bank’s functions, contributions, etc.
• money and banking, including changes to the banking industry after
independence
• Money markets, capital markets, and related themes
• Unemployment and Inflation
• India’s Public Finance
• Definition, current and capital accounts, convertibility, including FDI and FII,
etc. for the balance of payments.
 • IMF, WTO, WIPO, and other international organisations and India (NDB,
AIIB, etc.)
• Agriculture (Recent trends, Farm distress and government initiatives, Animal
husbandry etc)
• Rolling plans and five-year plans
• Reforms to the economy since 1991
• Labor reforms, the Companies Act, and industry and industrial policy are a few
examples.
• sector of services and policy.
• Communication, infrastructure, and investment models
• Intellectual property rights and Indian intellectual property disputes

General Science
1. Universe – Big Bang, Redshift, Blueshift
2. Star Formation – Stellar Evolution, Life Cycle of A Star
3. Solar System Formation – Nebular Theory of Laplace
4. Solar System – Planets, Inner Planets, Outer Planets
5. Sun – Internal Structure, Atmosphere
6. Nuclear Fission, Nuclear Reactor Types
7. India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme
8. Cell Organelles – Plant Cell vs Animal Cell
9. Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides, Polysaccharides
10. Proteins – Amino Acids, Enzymes
11. Vitamins and Minerals – Deficiency Diseases
12. Fats – Healthy Fats and Unhealthy Fats
13. Animal Tissues – Epithelium, Connective Tissues
14. Human Digestive System – Digestive Glands
15. Respiratory System – NCERT General Science
16. Endocrine Glands and Hormones
17. Human Neural System – Human Brain
18. Muscular and Skeletal System
19. Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA, Recombinant DNA
 20. Mitosis – Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Meiosis – Mitosis – Meiosis Comparison
21. Inheritance – Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance, Chromosomal Theory, Human
Genome Project
22. Sex Determination – Genetic Disorders
23. Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
24. Microbes in Human Welfare – Useful Microbes
25. Immunity – Human Immune System
26. AIDS, Cancer – causes
27. Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
28. Diseases – Acute, Chronic, Communicable Diseases
29. Blood – Blood Groups – Formed Elements
30. Circulatory System, Double Circulation
31. Excretory System – Kidney, Urine Formation
32. Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth
33. Biological Classification
34. Five Kingdom Classifications of Plants and Animals
35. Plant Parts and Their Functions
36. Plant Kingdom – Halophytes, Bryophytes
37. Plants with Seeds – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
38. Plant Tissue – Simple, Complex Permanent Tissue
39. Plant Nutrition – Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Cycle, Fixation
40. Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants
41. Classification of Animal Kingdom (Animalia)
42. Classification of Vertebrata (Phylum Chordata)
43. Human Reproductive System
44. Biotechnology – Genetic Engineering – Processes and Applications
45. Atomic Theory – Structure of an Atom

Art & Culture

• Indian pottery, sculpture, and architecture

• Indian artwork
• Indian handmade goods
• India’s UNESCO World Heritage Sites
 • The Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO
• India’s lingua franca
• Indian literary works
• India’s schools of philosophy and martial arts
• Indian cultural institutions
• Languages
• Science and technology have evolved over time.
• Fairs and Festivals Calendar
• Coins\sEconomy
Ecology

• Evolution of Earth
• Geomorphology
• Interior Geology and Rock System of the Earth
• Process of Geomorphology
• tremors and volcanism
• Ocean and Continent Distribution
• How landforms have changed over time
• The world’s landforms
• Oceanography
• Hydrosphere
• Relief Features of Submarines
• Thermodynamics and Salinity
• Oceans, waves, currents, and tides
• Sea Resources
• Corals, deposits, and the ocean
• Climatology
• Atmosphere
• Change in Temperature
 • Air mass, fronts, cyclones, and jet streams in the insolation and heat budget
• Belts of Wind and Pressure
• Precipitation
• Global Climate Zones
Bio Geography

• Features of the Soil

• Resources for vegetation
• Economic and human geography
• Census data and demography
• Economic Activities Related To Human Development
• Communication and Transportation
• An agreement on trade internationally
• Geographical India
• The physiology of India
• India’s drainage system, climate, and soils
• Natural Plant Life
• Settlement patterns and urbanisation
• Agriculture, Basic Terminology, and Resources of Land, Minerals, and Energy
• Agriculture’s most recent innovation: Crop Productivity woww
• Industry\sTransport
• recent advancements in world regional geography, industry, and transportation
• Cities, Continents, and Countries
• Geographical location Ecology & Environment
• basics of ecology, ecosystems, and the environment
• Pollution in its various forms, its effects, mitigation, etc.
• protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife refuges.
• conservation and biodiversity
• Indian environmental laws, national institutions, and environmental groups
 • Environmental organisations, international environmental agreements, and
their initiatives
• India’s organisations and mitigation tactics for climate change
• Environmental Impact Evaluation
• India’s use of renewable energy and its growth
• issues with the environment, such as sand mining, difficulties with the
Himalayan ecosystem, GM crops, etc.
• Depletion and acidification of the oceans
• India’s National Environment Missions (8 missions, Bamboo mission, Clean
Ganga etc.,)
General Science

• India’s science and technology

• Space
• Materials for IT and communication, nanotechnology, and robotics, and
defence
• Nuclear Science
• Intellectual property rights as well as other unrelated concerns
• Biotechnology
• A.I.
 CSAT

CSAT/ General Studies Paper-II

• Comprehension
• Interpersonal skills including communication skills
• Logical reasoning and analytical ability
• Decision-making and problem solving
• General mental ability
• Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.)
– Class X level)
• Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data suf ciency etc. – Class
X level)

REASONING
• Analogy
• Classi cation
• Series Completion
• Blood Relations
• Direction Sense Test
1. Verbal Reasoning • Logical Venn Diagrams
• Alphabet Test
• Puzzle Test
• Ranking and Time Sequence Test
• Mathematical Operations
• Logical Sequence of Words

• Series
• Analogy
• Classi cation
• Analytical Reasoning
• Mirror Images
• Water Images
2. Non-Verbal Reasoning
• Cubes and Dice
• Paper Folding and Cutting
• Figure Formation and Analysis
• Completion of Incomplete Pattern
• Embedded Figures
• Coding-Decoding
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 • Syllogism
• Statement and Assumptions
• Statement and Arguments
• Statement and Courses of Action
3. Logical Reasoning • Statement and Conclusions
• Assertion and Reason
• Cause and Effect
• Analytical Reasoning
• Critical Reasoning

• Seating Arrangements
• Blood Relations
• Puzzles
4. Analytical Reasoning
• Logical Connectives
• Assumptions
• Cause and Effect

• Inference-Based Questions
• Strengthening And Weakening Arguments
5. Critical Reasoning
• Assumption-Based Questions
• Drawing Conclusions From Passages

• Ethical Decision Making

• Situational Analysis
• Critical Thinking
6. Decision Making and Problem • Deductive Reasoning
Solving • Inductive Reasoning
• Abductive Reasoning
• Applied Reasoning to Real-life Situations
• Problem-solving Techniques

• Data Suf ciency

• Clocks and Calendars
7. Miscellaneous Topics • Statement and Conclusion
• Mathematical Inequalities
• Input-Output
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 MATHS
• Number System
• HCF and LCM
• Decimal Fractions
• Simpli cation
• Ratio and Proportion
• Percentage
• Pro t and Loss
1. Arithmetic/Basic Numeracy
• Time and Work
• Time and Distance
• Simple and Compound Interest
• Average
• Data Interpretation
• Square Roots and Cube Roots
• Surds & Indices

• Basic Algebraic Identities

• Linear Equations in One and Two Variables
• Quadratic Equations
2. Algebra
• Factorization of Polynomials
• Arithmetic Progressions
• Geometric Progressions

• Lines and Angles

• Triangles
• Quadrilaterals
3. Geometry
• Circles
• Polygons
• Trigonometry

• Areas and Volumes

4. Mensuration
• Mensuration & Area

• Tables
• Bar Graphs
5. Data Interpretation • Line Graphs
• Pie Charts
• Caselet Based Data Interpretation

• Trains
• Boats and Streams
6. Time, Speed and Distance
• Time and Work
• Time and Distance

• Probability
• Partnership
7. Other Miscellaneous Topics
• Pipes & Cisterns
• Work & Wages
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Decision-making and problem-solving
• Hypothetical questions based on ethical dilemmas
• Decoding facts logically into answers
General mental ability
• Syllogisms
• Logical Deductions
• Statement and Conclusions
• Statement and Assumptions
• Assertion and Reason
• Statement Courses of Action
• Set Theory and Venn Diagrams
• Network Diagrams
• Verbal Reasoning Based on Binary Logic