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Introduction to Microprocessors and Organisation of 8085

Q1: Define microprocessor. How does it work?

Answer:
A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) built on a single chip that performs arithmetic,
logic, and control operations.
It works in a fetch-decode-execute cycle:

1. Fetch: Gets instruction from memory.

2. Decode: Deciphers the instruction.

3. Execute: Performs the operation and stores the result.

Q2: Explain the block diagram of the 8085 microprocessor.

Answer:
The 8085 microprocessor consists of:

 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic and logic operations.

 Registers: Temporary storage for data and instructions.

 Program Counter (PC): Holds the address of the next instruction.

 Control Unit: Manages the execution of instructions.

 Data Bus (8-bit): Transfers data.

 Address Bus (16-bit): Sends memory addresses.

Q3: What are the functions of ALU, Control Unit, and Registers in 8085?

Answer:

 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs addition, subtraction, AND, OR, etc.

 Control Unit: Manages the execution of instructions and timing signals.

 Registers: Small memory units used for quick data storage and transfer.

Q4: Explain the pin configuration of 8085.

Answer:
The 8085 microprocessor has 40 pins, classified as:

 Power Supply & Clock (Vcc, Vss, X1, X2, CLK OUT)

 Address Bus (A0–A15) – Carries memory addresses.

 Data Bus (D0–D7) – Transfers data.

 Control & Status Signals (RD, WR, ALE, IO/M, S1, S0) – Controls data flow.
  Interrupt Signals (INTR, RST 5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5, TRAP) – Handles interruptions.

 Serial I/O Ports (SID, SOD) – Used for serial communication.

Q5: What are the different types of memory in 8085?

Answer:

 ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Stores firmware and permanent instructions.

 RAM (Random Access Memory) – Temporary storage for programs and data.

 Cache Memory – Faster memory for quick access to frequently used data.

Q6: What are interrupts? Explain different types in 8085.

Answer:
Interrupts are signals that temporarily stop the CPU to perform urgent tasks.
Types of interrupts in 8085:

1. TRAP (Highest Priority, Non-maskable)

2. RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 (Maskable, vectored)

3. INTR (Lowest Priority, Non-vectored)

2. Instruction Set and Programming of 8085

Q7: What are the different instruction types in 8085?

Answer:

1. Data Transfer Instructions: These instructions transfer data between registers, memory,
and I/O ports without modifying the data. ex (MOV, MVI, LXI)

2. Arithmetic Instructions: These instructions perform arithmetic operations like addition,

3. Logical Instructions: These instructions perform logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR,
and comparisons. ex(AND, OR, XOR, CMP)

4. Branching Instructions: These instructions change the flow of execution by jumping to

5. Control Instructions: These instructions control the processor operations. ex (HLT, NOP, EI,
DI)
Q8: Explain different addressing modes of 8085 with examples.

Answer:

1. Immediate Addressing – Data is given in instruction (e.g., MVI A, 30H).

2. Direct Addressing – Memory address is given (e.g., LDA 2050H).

3. Register Addressing – Uses registers (e.g., MOV A, B).

4. Indirect Addressing – Uses memory pointer registers (e.g., MOV A, M).

Q9: Write an 8085 assembly language program to add two 8-bit numbers.

assembly

CopyEdit

MVI A, 25H ; Load first number into register A

MVI B, 32H ; Load second number into register B

ADD B ; Add register B to register A

MOV C, A ; Store result in register C

HLT ; Stop execution

Explanation: This program adds 25H and 32H and stores the result in register C.

3. Introduction to X86 Family

Q10: What are the features of the 8086 microprocessor?

Answer:

 16-bit processor

 20-bit address bus (Can access 1MB memory)

 Segmented memory architecture

 Supports pipelining for faster execution

Q11: What is segmentation in 8086?

Answer:
Segmentation divides memory into segments to improve efficiency:

 Code Segment (CS)

 Stack Segment (SS)

 Extra Segment (ES)

4. Introduction to Microcontroller

Q12: What is the difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller?

Feature Microprocessor Microcontroller

Components CPU only CPU + RAM + ROM + I/O

Usage General-purpose Embedded systems

Speed Faster Slower

Examples 8085, 8086 8051, PIC

Q13: Explain the architecture of the 8051 microcontroller.

Answer: The 8051 architecture includes:

 8-bit CPU

 4K ROM, 128 bytes RAM

 32 I/O lines (4 ports)

 Timers & Counters

 Interrupts & Serial Communication

5. Networking Technology
Q14: What are the different types of computer networks?

Answer:

1. LAN (Local Area Network) – Covers small areas like offices.

2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) – Covers cities.

3. WAN (Wide Area Network) – Covers large distances, like the internet.

Q15: Explain the OSI Model and its seven layers.

Layer Function

Physical Transmits raw bits (Cables, Hubs)

Data Link MAC addresses, Frames (Switches)

Network Routing, IP addresses (Routers)

Transport End-to-end communication (TCP/UDP)

Session Manages connections

Presentation Data encryption & compression

Application User interfaces (HTTP, FTP)

Q16: What is an IP address? Differentiate between IPv4 and IPv6.

Answer:

 IPv4: 32-bit address (e.g., 192.168.1.1)

 IPv6: 128-bit address (e.g., 2001:db8::1)

Q17: What are network topologies?

Answer:

1. Bus – Single cable, cheap but prone to failure.

2. Star – Central hub, reliable but expensive.

3. Ring – Data moves in a circle, failure-prone.

4. Mesh – Fully connected, expensive but fault-tolerant.