2.

LINEAR AND ANGULAR

MEASUREMENT
 Steel Rule
 It is the simplest and most
common measuring instruments
in inspection.
 The principle behind steel rule is
of comparing an unknown length
to the one previously calibrated.
 The rule must be graduated
uniformly throughout its length.
Calipers
 Calipers are used for measurement of
the parts, which cannot be measured
directly with the scale.
 The calipers consist of two legs
hinged at top, and the ends of legs
span part to be inspected.
 This span is maintained and
transferred to the scale.
Example: DIVIDER
Depth Gauge
 This tool is used to measure the
depth of blind holes, grooves, slots,
the heights of shoulders in holes and
dimensions of similar character.
 This is essentially a narrow steel rule
to which a sliding head is clamped at
the right angles to the rule
Types of vernier callipers
Vernier height gauge
 Specification of vernier height gauge:
 Range of measurement
 Types of scales needed
 Type of vernier needed
Master dial indicator vernier calliper
Vernier depth gauge
POSSIBLE ERRORS IN DEPTH GAUGE
combination of depth and angle gauge

 Master height gauge

 Micrometers
 It is primarily used to measure external dimensions like
diameters of shafts, thickness of parts etc. to an accuracy of
0.01 mm.
 The essential parts of the instruments are;
• Frame
• Anvil and spindle
• Screwed spindle
• Graduated sleeve or barrel
• Thimble
• Ratchet or friction stop
• Spindle clamp
Screw Gauge
Height Gauge
 Terminologies:
 Pitch:
“Perpendicular distance between two consecutive threads
of the screw gauge is called PITCH”
Pitch = Distance traveled on main scale / total number of rotations
 Zero Error:
It is a defect in a measuring device. When the jaws of a Vernier
Callipers (or) Screw Gauge are closed, zero of main scale must
coincides with the zero of vernier scale or circular scale in case of
screw gauge. If they do not coincide then it is said that a zero error is
present in the instrument.
Types Of Zero Error
• Positive zero error
• Negative zero error
Error
“The difference between the measured value and
actual value is known as Error”

Types 0f Error:
 Personal Error
 Systematic Error
 Random Error
 Personal Error:
An error comes into play because of faulty procedure
adopted by by the observer. Example: An error in noting a
reading on scale
 Systematic Error:
The type of error arises due to defect in the measuring
device. Generally it is called "ZERO ERROR".
 Random Error:
The error produced due to sudden change in experimental
conditions is called "RANDOM ERROR". It is an accidental
error and is beyond the control of the person making
measurement. Example: Sudden change in temperature,
change in humidity, fluctuation in voltage
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MICROMETERS

 Outside micrometer:
To measure Outer dimensions.
 Inside micrometer:
 For measuring Internal dia.

Stick micrometer:
For measuring Internal dia. Of larger ranges.
Accuracy:+/-0.005mm
Stick micrometer
 Depth micrometer
To measure depth of holes.Max. range is 0-
225mm

 Thread micrometer
 V-anvil Micrometer:
 For checking true running errors in special machines like grinding m/c.

Blade type Micrometer:

For measuring slots, key ways etc,
 Bench micrometer:

 Taper screw operated internal micrometer:

Differential screw micrometer
 Digital micrometer:
Micrometer for measuring
thickness of cylinders
Possible errors in micrometers:

 Backlash error-> lagging motion

Total error->Measured value-true value.
Cumulative error->True value-Measured
value at any point of measuring range.
It may be due to instrument error, human
error, measuring error etc.
COMPARATORS
 Comparators are one form of linear measurement device
which is quick and more convenient for checking large
number of identical dimensions.
 This cannot be used as an absolute measuring device but
can only compare two dimensions.
Types:
• Mechanical comparators
• Electrical comparators
• Optical comparators
• Pneumatic comparators
MECHANICAL COMPARATORS
Dial indicator
 The dial is graduated into 100
divisions. A full revolution of
the pointer about this scale
corresponds to1mm travel of
the plunger.
 The essential parts are small
clock with a plunger
projecting at the bottom as
shown in fig.
Dial gauge mechanism
Read type mechanical comparator
 In this type of comparator, the linear movement of
the plunger is specified by means of read
mechanism.
 The comparator is set with the help of a known
dimension by using a set of slip gauges.
 Then the indicator reading is adjusted to zero. When
the part to be measured is kept under the pointer,
then the comparator displays the deviation of
dimensions in ± side.
ELECTRICAL COMPARATOR
 It consists of three major part such as
• Transducer
• Amplifier
• Display device as meter
 Transducer: An iron armature is provided in between two
coils held by a lea spring at one end. The other end is
supported against a plunger. The two coils act as two arms
of an A.C. wheatstone bridge circuit.
 Amplifier: The amplifier is nothing but a device which
amplifies the give input signal frequency into magnified
output.
 Display device: The amplified input signal is displayed on
meter.
Electronic comparator
Optical comparator
PNEUMATIC COMPARATORS

 The term pneumatic associates with pressurized air.

 The pressurized air is used as the working medium
in pneumatic comparator.
 Based on the physical phenomena, the pneumatic
comparators are classified into two types,
• Flow or Velocity type.
• Back pressure type.
Flow type Comparator
 The float height is essentially proportional to the
air that escapes from the gauge head.
 The master gauges are used to find calibration
points on the scales.
 The input pressure is regulated to allow
magnification adjustment.
 A pressure bleed off valve allows changes to the
base level for offset.
 Back Pressure type
 The Solo flex Back Pressure
System uses an orifice with the
venturi effect to measure
airflow..
 A Differential Back Pressure
system uses a split flow
channel, one flow goes to the
gauge head, the other goes to a
zero offset valve.
 A meter measures the difference
in pressures, and thus gives the
differences in pressure.
Solex air gauge
Differential comparator
Fluid displacement comparators
SINE BAR
 Sine bars are always used
along with slip gauges as a
device for the measurement of
angles very precisely.
 They are used to
• Measure angles very
accurately.
• Locate the work piece to a
given angle with very high
precision
Nomenclature of sine bar
Working Principle:
 The working of
sine bar is based
on trigonometry
principle

Sinθ = h/L
θ = Sin-1(h/L)
Classification of sine bar
 Grade A: More accurate upto 0.01mm/mtr of
length.
 Grade B: More accurate upto 0.02mm/mtr of
length.
 Type1:
 Type2:

 Type3:
 Type 4:
Locating any work piece to a given
angle
 Calculate required height of slip gauge by
using Sinθ=(h/l)
For more accuracy:
Sine bar Checking unknown angles
Measurement of unknown angles
for heavier components
Measurement of unknown angles for
heavier components with more accuracy.
Modifications in sine bar:
 Sine Table:
 . Sine table (or sine plate) is used to measure angles
of large workpieces.
Sine centre
 A special type of sine bar is sine centre which is used
for conical objects having male and female parts. It
cannot measure the angle more than 45 degrees.
BEVEL PROTRACTORS
 Bevel protractors are nothing but angular measuring instruments
 Applications of bevel protractor

• for checking V blocks

• for measuring acute angles
 Types of bevel protractors
• Vernier bevel protractor
• Universal protractor (Optical protractor)
VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR
OPTICAL BEVEL PROTRACTOR
AUTO-COLLIMATOR
 Auto-collimator is an optical instrument used for the
measurement of small angular differences, changes or
deflection, plane surface inspection etc
 Basic principle
 If a light source is placed in the flows of a collimating lens, it is
projected as a parallel beam of light.
 If this beam is made to strike a plane reflector, kept normal to the
optical axis, it is reflected back along its own path and is brought
to the same focus.
 If the reflector is tilted through a small angle ‘θ’. Then the
parallel beam is deflected twice the angle and is brought to focus
in the same plane as the light source.
 There are three main parts in auto-collimator.
• Micrometer microscope.
• Lighting unit and
• Collimating lens
WORKING OF AUTO-COLLIMATOR
APPLICATIONS
 Measuring the difference in height of length standards
 Checking the flatness and straightness of surfaces

 Checking squareness of two surfaces

 Precise angular indexing inconjunction with polygons

 Checking alignment or parallelism

 Comparative measurement using master angles
Taper measurements
Taper measurement by using angle plates
Taper measurement by using
rollers
Checking angle of a taper plug
gauge