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Artificial intelligence:- Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer

science that makes machines capable of thinking, learning, and making decisions like
humans. AI enables computers to perform tasks that usually require human
intelligence, such as understanding language, recognizing images, solving problems,
and making decisions.

AI works using algorithms, data, and computing power. It can be classified into
different types:

1. Weak AI (Narrow AI):- Weak AI, also called Narrow AI , is designed to perform
specific tasks. It works within a limited set of functions and cannot think beyond
its programing. This type of AI follows predefined rules and cannot make
decisions outside its trained data.
Weak AI is the most common AI in is use today. It helps in automating tasks ,
improving efficiency, and assisting humans in various fields like healthcare ,
customer service , and entertainment. However, it does not have self
awareness or independent thinking abilities.
E.g. Siri , Alexa , Customer support bots etc.

Key features:-

 Designed for specific tasks

 Lacks General intelligence
 Follows programmed rules
 Can’t perform tasks outside its scope

2. Strong AI (General AI):- refers to machines that can think , learn , and
perform tasks like a human. Unlike Weak AI, General AI is capable of reasoning ,
understanding emotions, and making decisions independently.
This type of AI can adapt to new situations, learn from experience , and solve
problems without human intervention. It is designed to have cognitive abilities
similar to the human brain. However, General AI is still in research phase , and
scientists are working to develop such machines.
E.g. AI robots with human intelligence , AI doctors , Ai in education

Key features:-

 Can think, learn, and understand like human

 Has reasoning and problem-solving abilities
 Can be used multiple fields like healthcare, education, and research.

3. Super AI:- Super AI is a hypothetical form of artificial intelligence that

surpasses human intelligence in all aspects. This type of AI would not only think
and learn like a human but would also have the ability to surpass human
intelligence, creativity, and decision-making.
Super AI is still in theory and doesn’t exist yet. Some scientist believe that Super
AI could outperform humans in every field, including science , mathematics,
medicine, and even emotional intelligence.
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Key features:-

 More intelligent than humans

 Can make independent decisions without errors.
 Can solve complex global problems

Types of AI (Classifications of AI):-

1. Reactive Machine:- Reactive Machine is the simplest form of AI. They don’t
store past experiences or learn from previous actions. They only react to current
situations based on predefined rules. These AI systems cannot improve over
time because they don’t have memory or the ability to learn. They are designed
for specific tasks and provide the same response for the same input every time.
E.g. IBM’s Deep Blue (Chess AI) , Google’s AlphaGo

2. Limited Memory:- AI can store past data and use it to make better decisions
in the future. This type of AI learns from past experiences but only for a short
time. It is commonly used in self-driving cars, chatbots, and recommendation
systems. Unlike Reactive Machines, Limited memory AI can improve its
performance over time. However, it still does not have complete human-like
intelligence.
E.g. Self driving cars

3. Theory of mind:- Theory of mind AI is an advance form of AI that can

understand emotions, It is still in the research phase and has not fully
developed yet. This type of AI can interact with humans in a more natural and
emotional way.
E.g. Future AI robots, AI in healthcare

4. Self-Aware AI:- is the highest and most advanced level of AI, which does not
exist yet. This type of AI will have its own consciousness, thoughts, and
emotions, just like human.

Applications of AI:-
1. AI in Healthcare:-
 AI scans X-Rays , MRIs , CT scans etc.
2. AI in Banking:-
 AI is used to detect a fraud , automate trading, and provide financial advice.
 Fraud Detection , Trading prediction , AI chatbots in banks like assistants.
3. AI in Education:-
4. AI in Entertainment:-
 Netflix , Youtube recommendations
 Video game like COD , Chess , Carrom , Ludo and more

5. AI in Customer service:-
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 AI chatbots , Voice assistant , ChatGPT , Automated call centers

Advantages of AI:-
 Automation of tasks
 Faster Decision making
 Error Reduction
 24/7 available

Disadvantages of AI:-
 High cost for development
 Job losses
 Lack of human emotions and creativity
 Lack of common sense

Examples of AI in Daily Use:-

 Google search engine
 Face Recognition in phones
 Online shopping
 Social media
 Self Driving Cars
 Google maps
 Medical diagnosis

Components of AI:-
1. Machine Learning:- Machine Learning (ML) helps computers learn from
experience, just like humans learn from practice. Instead of following fixed
rules, the computer looks at past data and improves over time. For example,
when you watch videos on YouTube, it learns what you like and suggests similar
videos.

Types of Machine Learning:-

 Supervised Learning – The computer learns from labeled data (data with
correct answers). Example: Email spam detection (AI learns which emails are
spam and which are not).
 Unsupervised Learning – The computer finds patterns in data without
correct answers. Example: Netflix groups similar movies together for
recommendations.
 Reinforcement Learning – The computer learns by trial and error, like
playing a game. Example: AI in video games improves by playing repeatedly.

Examples:

 Google Search: Learns from past searches to show better results.

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 Online Shopping: Amazon suggests products based on your past purchases.

 Spam Detection: Gmail filters spam emails automatically.

2. Deep Learning:- is a special type of Machine Learning that works like the
human brain using something called Neural Networks. It helps AI handle very
complex problems like recognizing faces, understanding speech, and even
diagnosing diseases. For example, your phone’s Face ID uses Deep Learning to
recognize your face every time you unlock it.

How does it work?

Deep Learning works by passing information through multiple layers of artificial

neurons (like brain cells). Each layer learns something new.

For example, if you show a Deep Learning model a picture of a dog.

The first layer identifies edges and colors. The second layer recognizes eyes,
ears, and nose. The last layer understands, "This is a dog!"

Examples:

 Face Recognition: Unlocking phones with Face ID.

 Voice Assistants: Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant understand your voice.
 Medical Diagnosis: AI detects diseases like cancer from X-ray images.

3. Natural Language Processing (NLP):- allows computers to

understand and communicate in human language (like English, Hindi, or any other
language). It helps AI read, write, and talk just like humans. For example, when you
ask Google Assistant a question, it understands and replies correctly.

How does it work?

NLP involves two main processes:

 Understanding the language – AI reads text or listens to speech.
Example: Google Translate understands different languages.
 Generating a response – AI creates a human-like reply. Example: Chatbots
answering customer queries.
Examples:
Chatbots: Websites use AI chatbots to answer customer questions.

Voice Assistants: Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant understand and reply to
your voice commands.

Google Translate: AI translates text between different languages.

Goals of AI:-
Knowledge:- Knowledge is information that a person or a system understands
and uses to solve problems or make decisions.

Types of Knowledge:
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 Explicit Knowledge: Information that is written down or stored (e.g., books,

manuals, Wikipedia).
 Tacit Knowledge: Personal experience and intuition (e.g., knowing how to
ride a bicycle).
 Procedural Knowledge: Knowing how to perform tasks (e.g., how to cook
or drive).
 Declarative Knowledge: Knowing facts and concepts (e.g., knowing that
the Earth revolves around the Sun).

Knowledge Pyramid:-
1. Symbol:- It is a combination of alphabets , characters , numbers etc..

2. Data:- Data is the collection of row facts and figure , unprocessed facts that is
without context and without meaning . There are many types of data.

 Structured data:- Data is organized in fixed format such as table in a

database It is easily searchable e.g. SQL , Excel
 Unstructured data:- Doesn’t follow a specific format and difficult to store.
 Semi Structured data:- It is not a fully structured like a database but still
has some organization using tags , labels , metadata. IT is mixture of
Structured and Unstructured data e.g. JSON , XML.

 Quantitative data:- This type of data deals with numbers and can be
measured or counted.
It answers questions like, “How many?” , “How much?”
 Qualitative data:- This type of data deals with words, descriptions, or
categories.
It answer questions like, “What kind?”

3. Information:- Processed , structured and organized data that has some meaning
.

4. Knowledge:- means understanding information and learning from it. It come from
experience , study or analyzing.

5. Intelligence:- In a ability to achieve and gain knowledge from information ,

observation.

6. Wisdom:- The ability to apply knowledge and experience to make decisions or

judgements.

Relationship between Peoples and Computers:- People and computers

are connected because people use computers to make their work easier, faster, and
more efficient. Computers help in education, business, entertainment, and daily life.
People control and program computers, while computers process information and
perform tasks for people.
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People:- People are human beings who think, communicate, and perform various
activities using their intelligence, emotions, and creativity. They interact with
technology and use computers to simplify tasks, improve productivity, and access
information.

Computers:- A computer is an electronic device that processes data, performs

calculations, and executes instructions to complete tasks. It consists of hardware and
software components and is used for various purposes like programming, internet
browsing, gaming, business operations, and artificial intelligence.

Peoples and Computers in the future:- In the future, people and computers will
work together even more closely. Computers will become smarter, faster, and easier
to use. They will help people in daily life, work, education, and entertainment.
Advanced technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), robots, and virtual reality will
change the way we live and interact with machines.

What Computers Can Do Better Than People:- Computers are better than
people at certain tasks because they can process data faster, work without getting
tired, and follow instructions perfectly. Here are some things computers can do
better than humans:

I. Speed and Calculation – Computers can perform complex calculations in

seconds, which would take humans much longer.
II. Accuracy – They follow instructions exactly, reducing human errors in tasks like
accounting or scientific calculations.
III. Data Storage and Retrieval – Computers can store vast amounts of
information and retrieve it instantly, while humans may forget or take time to
recall details.
IV. Automation – They can handle repetitive tasks efficiently, like manufacturing,
data entry, and online transactions.
V. Multitasking – Computers can run multiple programs at once, whereas
humans have limited ability to focus on several tasks.
VI. 24/7 Operation – Unlike humans, computers don’t need rest and can
work continuously

Turing Test:- The Turing Test is a way to check if a machine (computer) can think
like a human. It was proposed by Alan Turing, a British mathematician and computer
scientist, in 1950 in his paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”. He wanted to
answer the question: "Can machines think?"

Instead of directly answering this question, Turing designed a test to check if a

machine can imitate human intelligence so well that a person cannot tell the
difference between a machine and a human.

How turing test works?

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There are three participant in turing test:

1. Human Expert: A human asked the question to the machine and a human through
the text message

2. Computer(Machine): A machine who gives the answers of asking questions.

3. Human: A human gives the answers of the asked question.

If Human expert didn’t guess the answer of both that who gives the answer machine
or human. In other words both answers are almost same. That means Computer
passes Turing test. Turing test has successfully done.