Table of Contents

No. Questions
1 What are the possible ways to create objects in JavaScript
2 What is a prototype chain
3 What is the difference between Call, Apply and Bind
4 What is JSON and its common operations
5 What is the purpose of the array slice method
6 What is the purpose of the array splice method
7 What is the difference between slice and splice
8 How do you compare Object and Map
9 What is the difference between == and === operators
10 What are lambda expressions or arrow functions
11 What is a first class function
12 What is a first order function
13 What is a higher order function
14 What is a unary function
15 What is the currying function
16 What is a pure function
17 What is the purpose of the let keyword
18 What is the difference between let and var
19 What is the reason to choose the name let as a keyword
20 How do you redeclare variables in a switch block without an error
21 What is the Temporal Dead Zone
22 What is an IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression)
23 How do you decode or encode a URL in JavaScript?
24 What is memoization
25 What is Hoisting
26 What are classes in ES6
27 What are closures
28 What are modules
29 Why do you need modules
30 What is scope in javascript
31 What is a service worker
32 How do you manipulate DOM using a service worker
33 How do you reuse information across service worker restarts
No. Questions
34 What is IndexedDB
35 What is web storage
36 What is a post message
37 What is a Cookie
38 Why do you need a Cookie
39 What are the options in a cookie
40 How do you delete a cookie
41 What are the differences between cookie, local storage and session storage
42 What is the main difference between localStorage and sessionStorage
43 How do you access web storage
44 What are the methods available on session storage
45 What is a storage event and its event handler
46 Why do you need web storage
47 How do you check web storage browser support
48 How do you check web workers browser support
49 Give an example of a web worker
50 What are the restrictions of web workers on DOM
51 What is a promise
52 Why do you need a promise
53 What are the three states of promise
54 What is a callback function
55 Why do we need callbacks
56 What is a callback hell
57 What are server-sent events
58 How do you receive server-sent event notifications
59 How do you check browser support for server-sent events
60 What are the events available for server sent events
61 What are the main rules of promise
62 What is callback in callback
63 What is promise chaining
64 What is promise.all
65 What is the purpose of the race method in promise
66 What is a strict mode in javascript
67 Why do you need strict mode
68 How do you declare strict mode
No. Questions
69 What is the purpose of double exclamation
70 What is the purpose of the delete operator
71 What is typeof operator
72 What is undefined property
73 What is null value
74 What is the difference between null and undefined
75 What is eval
76 What is the difference between window and document
77 How do you access history in javascript
78 How do you detect caps lock key turned on or not
79 What is isNaN
80 What are the differences between undeclared and undefined variables
81 What are global variables
82 What are the problems with global variables
83 What is NaN property
84 What is the purpose of isFinite function
85 What is an event flow
86 What is event bubbling
87 What is event capturing
88 How do you submit a form using JavaScript
89 How do you find operating system details
90 What is the difference between document load and DOMContentLoaded events
91 What is the difference between native, host and user objects
92 What are the tools or techniques used for debugging JavaScript code
93 What are the pros and cons of promises over callbacks
94 What is the difference between an attribute and a property
95 What is same-origin policy
96 What is the purpose of void 0
97 Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted language
98 Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language
99 Is there any relation between Java and JavaScript
100 What are events
101 Who created javascript
102 What is the use of preventDefault method
103 What is the use of stopPropagation method
No. Questions
104 What are the steps involved in return false usage
105 What is BOM
106 What is the use of setTimeout
107 What is the use of setInterval
108 Why is JavaScript treated as Single threaded
109 What is an event delegation
110 What is ECMAScript
111 What is JSON
112 What are the syntax rules of JSON
113 What is the purpose JSON stringify
114 How do you parse JSON string
115 Why do you need JSON
116 What are PWAs
117 What is the purpose of clearTimeout method
118 What is the purpose of clearInterval method
119 How do you redirect new page in javascript
120 How do you check whether a string contains a substring
121 How do you validate an email in javascript
122 How do you get the current url with javascript
123 What are the various url properties of location object
124 How do get query string values in javascript
125 How do you check if a key exists in an object
126 How do you loop through or enumerate javascript object
127 How do you test for an empty object
128 What is an arguments object
129 How do you make first letter of the string in an uppercase
130 What are the pros and cons of for loops
131 How do you display the current date in javascript
132 How do you compare two date objects
133 How do you check if a string starts with another string
134 How do you trim a string in javascript
135 How do you add a key value pair in javascript
136 Is the !– notation represents a special operator
137 How do you assign default values to variables
138 How do you define multiline strings
No. Questions
139 What is an app shell model
140 Can we define properties for functions
141 What is the way to find the number of parameters expected by a function
142 What is a polyfill
143 What are break and continue statements
144 What are js labels
145 What are the benefits of keeping declarations at the top
146 What are the benefits of initializing variables
147 What are the recommendations to create new object
148 How do you define JSON arrays
149 How do you generate random integers
150 Can you write a random integers function to print integers within a range
151 What is tree shaking
152 What is the need of tree shaking
153 Is it recommended to use eval
154 What is a Regular Expression
155 What are the string methods that accept Regular expression
156 What are modifiers in regular expression
157 What are regular expression patterns
158 What is a RegExp object
159 How do you search a string for a pattern
160 What is the purpose of exec method
161 How do you change the style of a HTML element
162 What would be the result of 1+2+‘3’
163 What is a debugger statement
164 What is the purpose of breakpoints in debugging
165 Can I use reserved words as identifiers
166 How do you detect a mobile browser
167 How do you detect a mobile browser without regexp
168 How do you get the image width and height using JS
169 How do you make synchronous HTTP request
170 How do you make asynchronous HTTP request
171 How do you convert date to another timezone in javascript
172 What are the properties used to get size of window
173 What is a conditional operator in javascript
No. Questions
174 Can you apply chaining on conditional operator
175 What are the ways to execute javascript after page load
176 What is the difference between proto and prototype
177 Can you give an example of when you really need a semicolon
178 What is a freeze method
179 What is the purpose of freeze method
180 Why do I need to use freeze method
181 How do you detect a browser language preference
182 How to convert string to title case with javascript
183 How do you detect javascript disabled in the page
184 What are various operators supported by javascript
185 What is a rest parameter
186 What happens if you do not use rest parameter as a last argument
187 What are the bitwise operators available in javascript
188 What is a spread operator
189 How do you determine whether object is frozen or not
190 How do you determine two values same or not using object
191 What is the purpose of using object is method
192 How do you copy properties from one object to other
193 What are the applications of assign method
194 What is a proxy object
195 What is the purpose of seal method
196 What are the applications of seal method
197 What are the differences between freeze and seal methods
198 How do you determine if an object is sealed or not
199 How do you get enumerable key and value pairs
200 What is the main difference between Object.values and Object.entries method
201 How can you get the list of keys of any object
202 How do you create an object with prototype
203 What is a WeakSet
204 What are the differences between WeakSet and Set
205 List down the collection of methods available on WeakSet
206 What is a WeakMap
207 What are the differences between WeakMap and Map
208 List down the collection of methods available on WeakMap
No. Questions
209 What is the purpose of uneval
210 How do you encode an URL
211 How do you decode an URL
212 How do you print the contents of web page
213 What is the difference between uneval and eval
214 What is an anonymous function
215 What is the precedence order between local and global variables
216 What are javascript accessors
217 How do you define property on Object constructor
218 What is the difference between get and defineProperty
219 What are the advantages of Getters and Setters
220 Can I add getters and setters using defineProperty method
221 What is the purpose of switch-case
222 What are the conventions to be followed for the usage of switch case
223 What are primitive data types
224 What are the different ways to access object properties
225 What are the function parameter rules
226 What is an error object
227 When you get a syntax error
228 What are the different error names from error object
229 What are the various statements in error handling
230 What are the two types of loops in javascript
231 What is nodejs
232 What is an Intl object
233 How do you perform language specific date and time formatting
234 What is an Iterator
235 How does synchronous iteration works
236 What is an event loop
237 What is call stack
238 What is an event queue
239 What is a decorator
240 What are the properties of Intl object
241 What is an Unary operator
242 How do you sort elements in an array
243 What is the purpose of compareFunction while sorting arrays
No. Questions
244 How do you reversing an array
245 How do you find min and max value in an array
246 How do you find min and max values without Math functions
247 What is an empty statement and purpose of it
248 How do you get metadata of a module
249 What is a comma operator
250 What is the advantage of a comma operator
251 What is typescript
252 What are the differences between javascript and typescript
253 What are the advantages of typescript over javascript
254 What is an object initializer
255 What is a constructor method
256 What happens if you write constructor more than once in a class
257 How do you call the constructor of a parent class
258 How do you get the prototype of an object
259 What happens If I pass string type for getPrototype method
260 How do you set prototype of one object to another
261 How do you check whether an object can be extendable or not
262 How do you prevent an object to extend
263 What are the different ways to make an object non-extensible
264 How do you define multiple properties on an object
265 What is MEAN in javascript
266 What Is Obfuscation in javascript
267 Why do you need Obfuscation
268 What is Minification
269 What are the advantages of minification
270 What are the differences between Obfuscation and Encryption
271 What are the common tools used for minification
272 How do you perform form validation using javascript
273 How do you perform form validation without javascript
274 What are the DOM methods available for constraint validation
275 What are the available constraint validation DOM properties
276 What are the list of validity properties
277 Give an example usage of rangeOverflow property
278 Is enums feature available in javascript
No. Questions
279 What is an enum
280 How do you list all properties of an object
281 How do you get property descriptors of an object
282 What are the attributes provided by a property descriptor
283 How do you extend classes
284 How do I modify the url without reloading the page
285 How do you check whether an array includes a particular value or not
286 How do you compare scalar arrays
287 How to get the value from get parameters
288 How do you print numbers with commas as thousand separators
289 What is the difference between java and javascript
290 Does JavaScript supports namespace
291 How do you declare namespace
292 How do you invoke javascript code in an iframe from parent page
293 How do get the timezone offset from date
294 How do you load CSS and JS files dynamically
295 What are the different methods to find HTML elements in DOM
296 What is jQuery
297 What is V8 JavaScript engine
298 Why do we call javascript as dynamic language
299 What is a void operator
300 How to set the cursor to wait
301 How do you create an infinite loop
302 Why do you need to avoid with statement
303 What is the output of the following for loops
304 List down some of the features of ES6
305 What is ES6
306 Can I redeclare let and const variables
307 Does the const variable make the value immutable
308 What are default parameters
309 What are template literals
310 How do you write multi-line strings in template literals
311 What are nesting templates
312 What are tagged templates
313 What are raw strings
No. Questions
314 What is destructuring assignment
315 What are default values in destructuring assignment
316 How do you swap variables in destructuring assignment
317 What are enhanced object literals
318 What are dynamic imports
319 What are the use cases for dynamic imports
320 What are typed arrays
321 What are the advantages of module loaders
322 What is collation
323 What is for…of statement
324 What is the output of below spread operator array
325 Is PostMessage secure
326 What are the problems with postmessage target origin as wildcard
327 How do you avoid receiving postMessages from attackers
328 Can I avoid using postMessages completely
329 Is postMessages synchronous
330 What paradigm is Javascript
331 What is the difference between internal and external javascript
332 Is JavaScript faster than server side script
333 How do you get the status of a checkbox
334 What is the purpose of double tilde operator
335 How do you convert character to ASCII code
336 What is ArrayBuffer
337 What is the output of below string expression
338 What is the purpose of Error object
339 What is the purpose of EvalError object
340 What are the list of cases error thrown from non-strict mode to strict mode
341 Do all objects have prototypes
342 What is the difference between a parameter and an argument
343 What is the purpose of some method in arrays
344 How do you combine two or more arrays
345 What is the difference between Shallow and Deep copy
346 How do you create specific number of copies of a string
347 How do you return all matching strings against a regular expression
348 How do you trim a string at the beginning or ending
No. Questions
349 What is the output of below console statement with unary operator
350 Does javascript uses mixins
351 What is a thunk function
352 What are asynchronous thunks
353 What is the output of below function calls
354 How to remove all line breaks from a string
355 What is the difference between reflow and repaint
356 What happens with negating an array
357 What happens if we add two arrays
358 What is the output of prepend additive operator on falsy values
359 How do you create self string using special characters
360 How do you remove falsy values from an array
361 How do you get unique values of an array
362 What is destructuring aliases
363 How do you map the array values without using map method
364 How do you empty an array
365 How do you round numbers to certain decimals
366 What is the easiest way to convert an array to an object
367 How do you create an array with some data
368 What are the placeholders from console object
369 Is it possible to add CSS to console messages
370 What is the purpose of dir method of console object
371 Is it possible to debug HTML elements in console
372 How do you display data in a tabular format using console object
373 How do you verify that an argument is a Number or not
374 How do you create copy to clipboard button
375 What is the shortcut to get timestamp
376 How do you flattening multi dimensional arrays
377 What is the easiest multi condition checking
378 How do you capture browser back button
379 How do you disable right click in the web page
380 What are wrapper objects
381 What is AJAX
382 What are the different ways to deal with Asynchronous Code
383 How to cancel a fetch request
No. Questions
384 What is web speech API
385 What is minimum timeout throttling
386 How do you implement zero timeout in modern browsers
387 What are tasks in event loop
388 What is microtask
389 What are different event loops
390 What is the purpose of queueMicrotask
391 How do you use javascript libraries in typescript file
392 What are the differences between promises and observables
393 What is heap
394 What is an event table
395 What is a microTask queue
396 What is the difference between shim and polyfill
397 How do you detect primitive or non primitive value type
398 What is babel
399 Is Node.js completely single threaded
400 What are the common use cases of observables
401 What is RxJS
402 What is the difference between Function constructor and function declaration
403 What is a Short circuit condition
404 What is the easiest way to resize an array
405 What is an observable
406 What is the difference between function and class declarations
407 What is an async function
408 How do you prevent promises swallowing errors
409 What is deno
410 How do you make an object iterable in javascript
411 What is a Proper Tail Call
412 How do you check an object is a promise or not
413 How to detect if a function is called as constructor
414 What are the differences between arguments object and rest parameter
415 What are the differences between spread operator and rest parameter
416 What are the different kinds of generators
417 What are the built-in iterables
418 What are the differences between for…of and for…in statements
No. Questions
419 How do you define instance and non-instance properties
420 What is the difference between isNaN and Number.isNaN?
421 How to invoke an IIFE without any extra brackets?
422 Is that possible to use expressions in switch cases?
423 What is the easiest way to ignore promise errors?
424 How do style the console output using CSS?
425 What is nullish coalescing operator (??)?
426 How do you group and nest console output?
427 What is the difference between dense and sparse arrays?
428 What are the different ways to create sparse arrays?
429 What is the difference between setTimeout, setImmediate and process.nextTick?
430 How do you reverse an array without modifying original array?
431 How do you create custom HTML element?
432 What is global execution context?
433 What is function execution context?
434 What is debouncing?
435 What is throttling?
436 What is optional chaining?
437 What is an environment record?
438 How to verify if a variable is an array?
439 What is pass by value and pass by reference?
440 What are the differences between primitives and non-primitives?
441 How do you create your own bind method using either call or apply method?
442 What are the differences between pure and impure functions?
443 What is referential transparency?
444 What are the possible side-effects in javascript?
445 What are compose and pipe functions?
446 What is module pattern?
447 What is Function Composition?
448 How to use await outside of async function prior to ES2022?
449 What is the purpose of the this keyword in JavaScript?
450 What are the uses of closures?
451 What are the phases of execution context?
452 What are the possible reasons for memory leaks?
453 What are the optimization techniques of V8 engine?
No. Questions
454 What are the examples of built-in higher order functions?
455 What are the benefits higher order functions?
456 How do you create polyfills for map, filter and reduce methods?
457 What is the difference between map and forEach functions?
458 Give an example of statements affected by automatic semicolon insertion?
459 What are the event phases of a browser?
460 What are the real world use cases of proxy?
461 What are hidden classes?
462 What is inline caching?
463 What are the different ways to execute external scripts?
464 What is Lexical Scope?
465 How to detect system dark mode in javascript?
466 What is the purpose of requestAnimationFrame method?
467 What is the difference between substring and substr methods?
468 How to find the number of parameters expected by a function?
469 What is globalThis, and what is the importance of it?
470 What are the array mutation methods?
471 What is module scope in JavaScript?

1. What are the possible ways to create objects in JavaScript

There are many ways to create objects in javascript as mentioned below:

1. Object literal syntax:

The object literal syntax (or object initializer), is a comma-separated set of

name-value pairs wrapped in curly braces.
var object = {
name: "Sudheer",
age: 34
};

Object literal property values can be of any data type, including array,
function, and nested object.
Note: This is one of the easiest ways to create an object.
2. Object constructor:
The simplest way to create an empty object is using the Object constructor.
Currently this approach is not recommended.
 var object = new Object();

The Object() is a built-in constructor function so “new” keyword is not

required. The above code snippet can be re-written as:

var object = Object();

3. Object’s create method:

The create method of Object is used to create a new object by passing the
specified prototype object and properties as arguments, i.e., this pattern is
helpful to create new objects based on existing objects. The second argument
is optional and it is used to create properties on a newly created object.

The following code creates a new empty object whose prototype is null.
var object = Object.create(null);

The following example creates an object along with additional new

properties.
let vehicle = {
wheels: '4',
fuelType: 'Gasoline',
color: 'Green'
}
let carProps = {
type: {
value: 'Volkswagen'
},
model: {
value: 'Golf'
}
}

var car = Object.create(vehicle, carProps);

console.log(car);

4. Function constructor:
In this approach, create any function and apply the new operator to create
object instances.
function Person(name) {
this.name = name;
this.age = 21;
}
var object = new Person("Sudheer");

5. Function constructor with prototype:

 This is similar to function constructor but it uses prototype for their
properties and methods,
function Person() {}
Person.prototype.name = "Sudheer";
var object = new Person();

This is equivalent to creating an instance with Object.create method with a

function prototype and then calling that function with an instance and
parameters as arguments.

function func() {}

new func(x, y, z);

(OR)
// Create a new instance using function prototype.
var newInstance = Object.create(func.prototype)

// Call the function

var result = func.call(newInstance, x, y, z),

// If the result is a non-null object then use it otherwise just

use the new instance.
console.log(result && typeof result === 'object' ? result :
newInstance);

6. Object’s assign method:

The Object.assign method is used to copy all the properties from one or
more source objects and stores them into a target object.

The following code creates a new staff object by copying properties of his
working company and the car he owns.
const orgObject = { company: 'XYZ Corp'};
const carObject = { name: 'Toyota'};
const staff = Object.assign({}, orgObject, carObject);

7. ES6 Class syntax:

ES6 introduces class feature to create objects.

class Person {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
 var object = new Person("Sudheer");

8. Singleton pattern:

A Singleton is an object which can only be instantiated one time. Repeated

calls to its constructor return the same instance. This way one can ensure
that they don’t accidentally create multiple instances.

var object = new (function () {

this.name = "Sudheer";
})();

2. What is a prototype chain

Prototype chaining is used to build new types of objects based on existing ones. It
is similar to inheritance in a class based language. i.e, When you create an object
using a constructor function or a class, the created object inherits properties from a
prototype object.

The prototype on object instance is available through

Object.getPrototypeOf(object) or __proto__ property whereas prototype on
constructor function is available through Object.prototype.
Screenshot

3. What is the difference between Call, Apply and Bind

The difference between Call, Apply and Bind can be explained with below examples,
Call: The call() method invokes a function with a given this value and arguments
provided one by one
var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };
var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

console.log(
greeting1 + " " + this.firstName + " " + this.lastName + ", " +
greeting2
);
}

invite.call(employee1, "Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello John Rodson,

How are you?
invite.call(employee2, "Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello Jimmy Baily,
How are you?
 Apply: Invokes the function with a given this value and allows you to pass in
arguments as an array
var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };
var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

console.log(
greeting1 + " " + this.firstName + " " + this.lastName + ", " +
greeting2
);
}

invite.apply(employee1, ["Hello", "How are you?"]); // Hello John

Rodson, How are you?
invite.apply(employee2, ["Hello", "How are you?"]); // Hello Jimmy
Baily, How are you?

Bind: returns a new function, allowing you to pass any number of arguments
var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };
var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

console.log(
greeting1 + " " + this.firstName + " " + this.lastName + ", " +
greeting2
);
}

var inviteEmployee1 = invite.bind(employee1);

var inviteEmployee2 = invite.bind(employee2);
inviteEmployee1("Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello John Rodson, How are
you?
inviteEmployee2("Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are
you?

Call and Apply are pretty much interchangeable. Both execute the current function
immediately. You need to decide whether it’s easier to send in an array or a comma
separated list of arguments. You can remember by treating Call is for comma
(separated list) and Apply is for Array.
Bind creates a new function that will have this set to the first parameter passed to
bind().

4. What is JSON and its common operations

JSON is a text-based data format following JavaScript object syntax, which was
popularized by Douglas Crockford. It is useful when you want to transmit data
 across a network. It is basically just a text file with an extension of .json, and a MIME
type of application/json
Parsing: Converting a string to a native object

JSON.parse(text);

Stringification: Converting a native object to a string so that it can be transmitted

across the network

JSON.stringify(object);

5. What is the purpose of the array slice method

The slice() method returns the selected elements in an array as a new array object.
It selects the elements starting at the given start argument, and ends at the given
optional end argument without including the last element. If you omit the second
argument then it selects till the end of the array. This method can also accept
negative index which counts back from the end of the array.
Some of the examples of this method are,
let arrayIntegers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegers1 = arrayIntegers.slice(0, 2); // returns [1,2]
let arrayIntegers2 = arrayIntegers.slice(2, 3); // returns [3]
let arrayIntegers3 = arrayIntegers.slice(4); //returns [5]
let arrayIntegers4 = arrayIntegers.slice(-3, -1); //returns [3, 4]

Note: Slice method doesn’t mutate the original array but it returns the subset as a
new array.

6. What is the purpose of the array splice method

The splice() method adds/removes items to/from an array, and then returns the
removed item. The first argument specifies the array position/index for insertion or
deletion whereas the optional second argument indicates the number of elements to
be deleted. Each additional argument is added to the array.
Some of the examples of this method are:
let arrayIntegersOriginal1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let arrayIntegers1 = arrayIntegersOriginal1.splice(0, 2); // returns

[1, 2]; original array: [3, 4, 5]
let arrayIntegers2 = arrayIntegersOriginal2.splice(3); // returns [4,
5]; original array: [1, 2, 3]
 let arrayIntegers3 = arrayIntegersOriginal3.splice(3, 1, "a", "b",
"c"); //returns [4]; original array: [1, 2, 3, "a", "b", "c", 5]

Note: Splice method modifies the original array and returns the deleted array.

7. What is the difference between slice and splice

Some of the major differences in a tabular form:

Slice Splice
Doesn’t modify the original Modifies the original array(mutable)
array(immutable)
Returns the subset of original array Returns the deleted elements as
array
Used to pick the elements from array Used to insert/delete elements
to/from array

8. How do you compare Object and Map

Objects are similar to Maps in that both let you set keys to values, retrieve those
values, delete keys, and detect whether something is stored at a key. Due to this
reason, Objects have been used as Maps historically. But there are important
differences that make using a Map preferable in certain cases:
1. The keys of an Object can be Strings and Symbols, whereas they can be any
value for a Map, including functions, objects, and any primitive type.
2. The keys in a Map are ordered while keys added to Object are not. Thus,
when iterating over it, a Map object returns keys in the order of insertion.
3. You can get the size of a Map easily with the size property, while the number
of properties in an Object must be determined manually.
4. A Map is an iterable and can thus be directly iterated, whereas iterating over
an Object requires obtaining its keys in some fashion and iterating over them.
5. An Object has a prototype, so there are default keys in an object that could
collide with your keys if you’re not careful. As of ES5 this can be bypassed by
creating an object(which can be called a map) using Object.create(null),
but this practice is seldom done.
6. A Map may perform better in scenarios involving frequent addition and
removal of key pairs.

9. What is the difference between == and === operators

JavaScript provides both strict(===, !==) and type-converting(==, !=) equality
comparison. The strict operators take type of variable in consideration, while non-
strict operators make type correction/conversion based upon values of variables.
The strict operators follow the below conditions for different types,
 1. Two strings are strictly equal when they have the same sequence of
characters, same length, and same characters in corresponding positions.
2. Two numbers are strictly equal when they are numerically equal, i.e., having
the same number value. There are two special cases in this,
1. NaN is not equal to anything, including NaN.
2. Positive and negative zeros are equal to one another.
3. Two Boolean operands are strictly equal if both are true or both are false.
4. Two objects are strictly equal if they refer to the same Object.
5. Null and Undefined types are not equal with ===, but equal with == . i.e,
null===undefined --> false, but null==undefined --> true
Some of the example which covers the above cases:

0 == false // true
0 === false // false
1 == "1" // true
1 === "1" // false
null == undefined // true
null === undefined // false
'0' == false // true
'0' === false // false
NaN == NaN or NaN === NaN // false
[]==[] or []===[] //false, refer different objects in memory
{}=={} or {}==={} //false, refer different objects in memory

10. What are lambda expressions or arrow functions

An arrow function is a shorter/concise syntax for a function expression and does
not have its own this, arguments, super, or new.target. These functions are best
suited for non-method functions, and they cannot be used as constructors.

Some of the examples of arrow functions are listed as below,

const arrowFunc1 = (a, b) => a + b; // Multiple parameters
const arrowFunc2 = a => a * 10; // Single parameter
const arrowFunc3 = () => {} // no parameters

11. What is a first class function

In Javascript, functions are first class objects. First-class functions means when
functions in that language are treated like any other variable.
For example, in such a language, a function can be passed as an argument to other
functions, can be returned by another function and can be assigned as a value to a
variable. For example, in the below example, handler functions assigned to a listener
 const handler = () => console.log("This is a click handler function");
document.addEventListener("click", handler);

12. What is a first order function

A first-order function is a function that doesn’t accept another function as an
argument and doesn’t return a function as its return value.

const firstOrder = () => console.log("I am a first order function!");

13. What is a higher order function

A higher-order function is a function that accepts another function as an argument
or returns a function as a return value or both. The syntactic structure of higher
order function will be as follows,

const firstOrderFunc = () =>

console.log("Hello, I am a First order function");
const higherOrder = (ReturnFirstOrderFunc) => ReturnFirstOrderFunc();
higherOrder(firstOrderFunc);

You can also call the function which you are passing to higher order function as
callback function.

The higher order function is helpful to write the modular and reusable code.

14. What is a unary function

A unary function (i.e. monadic) is a function that accepts exactly one argument. It
stands for a single argument accepted by a function.
Let us take an example of unary function,
const unaryFunction = (a) => console.log(a + 10); // Add 10 to the
given argument and display the value

15. What is the currying function

Currying is the process of taking a function with multiple arguments and turning it
into a sequence of functions each with only a single argument. Currying is named
after a mathematician Haskell Curry. By applying currying, an n-ary function turns
into a unary function.
Let’s take an example of n-ary function and how it turns into a currying function,
 const multiArgFunction = (a, b, c) => a + b + c;
console.log(multiArgFunction(1, 2, 3)); // 6

const curryUnaryFunction = (a) => (b) => (c) => a + b + c;

curryUnaryFunction(1); // returns a function: b => c => 1 + b + c
curryUnaryFunction(1)(2); // returns a function: c => 3 + c
curryUnaryFunction(1)(2)(3); // returns the number 6

Curried functions are great to improve code reusability and functional

composition.

16. What is a pure function

A Pure function is a function where the return value is only determined by its
arguments without any side effects. i.e, If you call a function with the same
arguments ‘n’ number of times and ‘n’ number of places in the application then it
will always return the same value.

Let’s take an example to see the difference between pure and impure functions,

//Impure
let numberArray = [];
const impureAddNumber = (number) => numberArray.push(number);
//Pure
const pureAddNumber = (number) => (argNumberArray) =>
argNumberArray.concat([number]);

//Display the results

console.log(impureAddNumber(6)); // returns 1
console.log(numberArray); // returns [6]
console.log(pureAddNumber(7)(numberArray)); // returns [6, 7]
console.log(numberArray); // returns [6]

As per the above code snippets, the Push function is impure itself by altering the
array and returning a push number index independent of the parameter value,
whereas Concat on the other hand takes the array and concatenates it with the
other array producing a whole new array without side effects. Also, the return value
is a concatenation of the previous array.
Remember that Pure functions are important as they simplify unit testing without
any side effects and no need for dependency injection. They also avoid tight
coupling and make it harder to break your application by not having any side effects.
These principles are coming together with the Immutability concept of ES6: giving
preference to const over let usage.
17. What is the purpose of the let keyword
The let statement declares a block scope local variable. Hence the variables
defined with let keyword are limited in scope to the block, statement, or expression
on which it is used. Whereas variables declared with the var keyword used to define
a variable globally, or locally to an entire function regardless of block scope.

Let’s take an example to demonstrate the usage,

let counter = 30;
if (counter === 30) {
let counter = 31;
console.log(counter); // 31
}
console.log(counter); // 30 (because the variable in if block won't
exist here)

18. What is the difference between let and var

You can list out the differences in a tabular format

var let
It has been available from the beginning of Introduced as part of ES6
JavaScript
It has function scope It has block scope
Variable declaration will be hoisted, Hoisted but not initialized
initialized as undefined
It is possible to re-declare the variable in It is not possible to re-declare
the same scope the variable
Let’s take an example to see the difference,
function userDetails(username) {
if (username) {
console.log(salary); // undefined due to hoisting
console.log(age); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'age' before
initialization
let age = 30;
var salary = 10000;
}
console.log(salary); //10000 (accessible due to function scope)
console.log(age); //error: age is not defined(due to block scope)
}
userDetails("John");
19. What is the reason to choose the name let as a keyword
let is a mathematical statement that was adopted by early programming languages
like Scheme and Basic. It has been borrowed from dozens of other languages that
use let already as a traditional keyword as close to var as possible.

20. How do you redeclare variables in a switch block without an error

If you try to redeclare variables in a switch block then it will cause errors because
there is only one block. For example, the below code block throws a syntax error as
below,
let counter = 1;
switch (x) {
case 0:
let name;
break;

case 1:
let name; // SyntaxError for redeclaration.
break;
}

To avoid this error, you can create a nested block inside a case clause and create a
new block scoped lexical environment.
let counter = 1;
switch (x) {
case 0: {
let name;
break;
}
case 1: {
let name; // No SyntaxError for redeclaration.
break;
}
}

21. What is the Temporal Dead Zone

The Temporal Dead Zone(TDZ) is a specific period or area of a block where a
variable is inaccessible until it has been initialized with a value. This behavior in
JavaScript that occurs when declaring a variable with the let and const keywords,
but not with var. In ECMAScript 6, accessing a let or const variable before its
declaration (within its scope) causes a ReferenceError.

Let’s see this behavior with an example,

 function somemethod() {
console.log(counter1); // undefined
console.log(counter2); // ReferenceError
var counter1 = 1;
let counter2 = 2;
}

22. What is an IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression)

IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) is a JavaScript function that runs
as soon as it is defined. The signature of it would be as below,
(function () {
// logic here
})();

The primary reason to use an IIFE is to obtain data privacy because any variables
declared within the IIFE cannot be accessed by the outside world. i.e, If you try to
access variables from the IIFE then it throws an error as below,
(function () {
var message = "IIFE";
console.log(message);
})();
console.log(message); //Error: message is not defined

23. How do you decode or encode a URL in JavaScript?

encodeURI() function is used to encode an URL. This function requires a URL string
as a parameter and return that encoded string. decodeURI() function is used to
decode an URL. This function requires an encoded URL string as parameter and
return that decoded string.
Note: If you want to encode characters such as / ? : @ & = + $ # then you need
to use encodeURIComponent().
let uri = "employeeDetails?name=john&occupation=manager";
let encoded_uri = encodeURI(uri);
let decoded_uri = decodeURI(encoded_uri);

24. What is memoization

Memoization is a functional programming technique which attempts to increase a
function’s performance by caching its previously computed results. Each time a
memoized function is called, its parameters are used to index the cache. If the data is
present, then it can be returned, without executing the entire function. Otherwise
 the function is executed and then the result is added to the cache. Let’s take an
example of adding function with memoization,
const memoizeAddition = () => {
let cache = {};
return (value) => {
if (value in cache) {
console.log("Fetching from cache");
return cache[value]; // Here, cache.value cannot be used as
property name starts with the number which is not a valid JavaScript
identifier. Hence, can only be accessed using the square bracket
notation.
} else {
console.log("Calculating result");
let result = value + 20;
cache[value] = result;
return result;
}
};
};
// returned function from memoizeAddition
const addition = memoizeAddition();
console.log(addition(20)); //output: 40 calculated
console.log(addition(20)); //output: 40 cached

25. What is Hoisting

Hoisting is a JavaScript mechanism where variables, function declarations and
classes are moved to the top of their scope before code execution. Remember that
JavaScript only hoists declarations, not initialisation. Let’s take a simple example of
variable hoisting,

console.log(message); //output : undefined

var message = "The variable Has been hoisted";

The above code looks like as below to the interpreter,

var message;
console.log(message);
message = "The variable Has been hoisted";

In the same fashion, function declarations are hoisted too

message("Good morning"); //Good morning

function message(name) {
console.log(name);
}
 This hoisting makes functions to be safely used in code before they are declared.

26. What are classes in ES6

In ES6, Javascript classes are primarily syntactic sugar over JavaScript’s existing
prototype-based inheritance. For example, the prototype based inheritance written
in function expression as below,
function Bike(model, color) {
this.model = model;
this.color = color;
}

Bike.prototype.getDetails = function () {
return this.model + " bike has" + this.color + " color";
};

Whereas ES6 classes can be defined as an alternative

class Bike {
constructor(color, model) {
this.color = color;
this.model = model;
}

getDetails() {
return this.model + " bike has" + this.color + " color";
}
}

27. What are closures

A closure is the combination of a function bundled(enclosed) together with its
lexical environment within which that function was declared. i.e, It is an inner
function that has access to the outer or enclosing function’s variables, functions and
other data even after the outer function has finished its execution. The closure has
three scope chains.
1. Own scope where variables defined between its curly brackets
2. Outer function’s variables
3. Global variables
Let’s take an example of closure concept,
function Welcome(name) {
var greetingInfo = function (message) {
console.log(message + " " + name);
};
 return greetingInfo;
}
var myFunction = Welcome("John");
myFunction("Welcome "); //Output: Welcome John
myFunction("Hello Mr."); //output: Hello Mr. John

As per the above code, the inner function(i.e, greetingInfo) has access to the
variables in the outer function scope(i.e, Welcome) even after the outer function has
returned.

28. What are modules

Modules refer to small units of independent, reusable code and also act as the
foundation of many JavaScript design patterns. Most of the JavaScript modules
export an object literal, a function, or a constructor

29. Why do you need modules

Below are the list of benefits using modules in javascript ecosystem
1. Maintainability
2. Reusability
3. Namespacing

30. What is scope in javascript

Scope is the accessibility of variables, functions, and objects in some particular part
of your code during runtime. In other words, scope determines the visibility of
variables and other resources in areas of your code.

31. What is a service worker

A Service worker is basically a script (JavaScript file) that runs in the background,
separate from a web page and provides features that don’t need a web page or user
interaction. Some of the major features of service workers are Rich offline
experiences(offline first web application development), periodic background syncs,
push notifications, intercept and handle network requests and programmatically
managing a cache of responses.

32. How do you manipulate DOM using a service worker

Service worker can’t access the DOM directly. But it can communicate with the
pages it controls by responding to messages sent via the postMessage interface, and
those pages can manipulate the DOM.
33. How do you reuse information across service worker restarts
The problem with service worker is that it gets terminated when not in use, and
restarted when it’s next needed, so you cannot rely on global state within a service
worker’s onfetch and onmessage handlers. In this case, service workers will have
access to IndexedDB API in order to persist and reuse across restarts.

34. What is IndexedDB

IndexedDB is a low-level API for client-side storage of larger amounts of structured
data, including files/blobs. This API uses indexes to enable high-performance
searches of this data.

35. What is web storage

Web storage is an API that provides a mechanism by which browsers can store
key/value pairs locally within the user’s browser, in a much more intuitive fashion
than using cookies. The web storage provides two mechanisms for storing data on
the client.
1. Local storage: It stores data for current origin with no expiration date.
2. Session storage: It stores data for one session and the data is lost when the
browser tab is closed.

36. What is a post message

Post message is a method that enables cross-origin communication between
Window objects.(i.e, between a page and a pop-up that it spawned, or between a
page and an iframe embedded within it). Generally, scripts on different pages are
allowed to access each other if and only if the pages follow same-origin policy(i.e,
pages share the same protocol, port number, and host).

37. What is a Cookie

A cookie is a piece of data that is stored on your computer to be accessed by your
browser. Cookies are saved as key/value pairs. For example, you can create a cookie
named username as below,
document.cookie = "username=John";

Screenshot
38. Why do you need a Cookie
Cookies are used to remember information about the user profile(such as
username). It basically involves two steps,
1. When a user visits a web page, the user profile can be stored in a cookie.
2. Next time the user visits the page, the cookie remembers the user profile.

39. What are the options in a cookie

There are few below options available for a cookie,

1. By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed but you can
change this behavior by setting expiry date (in UTC time).
document.cookie = "username=John; expires=Sat, 8 Jun 2019 12:00:00
UTC";

1. By default, the cookie belongs to a current page. But you can tell the browser
what path the cookie belongs to using a path parameter.
document.cookie = "username=John; path=/services";

40. How do you delete a cookie

You can delete a cookie by setting the expiry date as a passed date. You don’t need to
specify a cookie value in this case. For example, you can delete a username cookie in
the current page as below.
document.cookie =
"username=; expires=Fri, 07 Jun 2019 00:00:00 UTC; path=/;";

Note: You should define the cookie path option to ensure that you delete the right
cookie. Some browsers doesn’t allow to delete a cookie unless you specify a path
parameter.

41. What are the differences between cookie, local storage and session storage
Below are some of the differences between cookie, local storage and session storage,

Local Session
Feature Cookie storage storage
Accessed on Both server-side & client-side client-side
client or client-side. The set- only only
server side cookie HTTP
response header is
used by server
inorder to send it to
user.
 Local Session
Feature Cookie storage storage
Expiry Manually configured Forever until tab is
using Expires option until closed
deleted
SSL support Supported Not Not
supported supported
Maximum 4KB 5 MB 5MB
data size
Accessible Any window Any Same tab
from window
Sent with Yes No No
requests

42. What is the main difference between localStorage and sessionStorage

LocalStorage is the same as SessionStorage but it persists the data even when the
browser is closed and reopened(i.e it has no expiration time) whereas in
sessionStorage data gets cleared when the page session ends.

43. How do you access web storage

The Window object implements the WindowLocalStorage and
WindowSessionStorage objects which has localStorage(window.localStorage) and
sessionStorage(window.sessionStorage) properties respectively. These properties
create an instance of the Storage object, through which data items can be set,
retrieved and removed for a specific domain and storage type (session or local). For
example, you can read and write on local storage objects as below

localStorage.setItem("logo", document.getElementById("logo").value);
localStorage.getItem("logo");

44. What are the methods available on session storage

The session storage provided methods for reading, writing and clearing the session
data
// Save data to sessionStorage
sessionStorage.setItem("key", "value");

// Get saved data from sessionStorage

let data = sessionStorage.getItem("key");

// Remove saved data from sessionStorage

 sessionStorage.removeItem("key");

// Remove all saved data from sessionStorage

sessionStorage.clear();

45. What is a storage event and its event handler

The StorageEvent is an event that fires when a storage area has been changed in the
context of another document. Whereas onstorage property is an EventHandler for
processing storage events. The syntax would be as below

window.onstorage = functionRef;

Let’s take the example usage of onstorage event handler which logs the storage key
and it’s values
window.onstorage = function (e) {
console.log(
"The " +
e.key +
" key has been changed from " +
e.oldValue +
" to " +
e.newValue +
"."
);
};

46. Why do you need web storage

Web storage is more secure, and large amounts of data can be stored locally,
without affecting website performance. Also, the information is never transferred to
the server. Hence this is a more recommended approach than Cookies.

47. How do you check web storage browser support

You need to check browser support for localStorage and sessionStorage before
using web storage,
if (typeof Storage !== "undefined") {
// Code for localStorage/sessionStorage.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Storage support..
}
48. How do you check web workers browser support
You need to check browser support for web workers before using it
if (typeof Worker !== "undefined") {
// code for Web worker support.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Worker support..
}

49. Give an example of a web worker

You need to follow below steps to start using web workers for counting example

1. Create a Web Worker File: You need to write a script to increment the count
value. Let’s name it as counter.js
let i = 0;

function timedCount() {
i = i + 1;
postMessage(i);
setTimeout("timedCount()", 500);
}

timedCount();

Here postMessage() method is used to post a message back to the HTML page
1. Create a Web Worker Object: You can create a web worker object by
checking for browser support. Let’s name this file as web_worker_example.js
if (typeof w == "undefined") {
w = new Worker("counter.js");
}

and we can receive messages from web worker

w.onmessage = function (event) {
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML = event.data;
};

1. Terminate a Web Worker: Web workers will continue to listen for messages
(even after the external script is finished) until it is terminated. You can use
the terminate() method to terminate listening to the messages.
w.terminate();

1. Reuse the Web Worker: If you set the worker variable to undefined you can
reuse the code
w = undefined;
50. What are the restrictions of web workers on DOM
WebWorkers don’t have access to below javascript objects since they are defined in
an external files

1. Window object
2. Document object
3. Parent object

51. What is a promise

A promise is an object that may produce a single value some time in the future with
either a resolved value or a reason that it’s not resolved (i.e. rejected, that means for
example, due to a network error). It will be in one of the 3 possible states: fulfilled,
rejected, or pending.

The syntax of Promise creation looks like below,

const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
// promise description
});

The usage of a promise would be as below,

const promise = new Promise(
(resolve) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("I'm a Promise!");
}, 5000);
},
(reject) => {}
);

promise.then((value) => console.log(value));

The action flow of a promise will be as below,

Screenshot

52. Why do you need a promise

Promises are used to handle asynchronous operations. They provide an alternative
approach for callbacks by reducing the callback hell and writing the cleaner code.

53. What are the three states of promise

Promises have three states:
 1. Pending: This is an initial state of the Promise before an operation begins
2. Fulfilled: This state indicates that the specified operation was completed.
3. Rejected: This state indicates that the operation did not complete. In this
case an error value will be thrown.

54. What is a callback function

A callback function is a function passed into another function as an argument. This
function is invoked inside the outer function to complete an action. Let’s take a
simple example of how to use callback function
function callbackFunction(name) {
console.log("Hello " + name);
}

function outerFunction(callback) {
let name = prompt("Please enter your name.");
callback(name);
}

outerFunction(callbackFunction);

55. Why do we need callbacks

The callbacks are needed because javascript is an event driven language. That
means instead of waiting for a response, javascript will keep executing while
listening for other events. Let’s take an example with the first function invoking an
API call(simulated by setTimeout) and the next function which logs the message.
function firstFunction() {
// Simulate a code delay
setTimeout(function () {
console.log("First function called");
}, 1000);
}
function secondFunction() {
console.log("Second function called");
}
firstFunction();
secondFunction();

// Output:
// Second function called
// First function called

As observed from the output, javascript didn’t wait for the response of the first
function and the remaining code block got executed. So callbacks are used in a way
 to make sure that certain code doesn’t execute until the other code finishes
execution.

56. What is a callback hell

Callback Hell is an anti-pattern with multiple nested callbacks which makes code
hard to read and debug when dealing with asynchronous logic. The callback hell
looks like below,

async1(function(){
async2(function(){
async3(function(){
async4(function(){
....
});
});
});
});

57. What are server-sent events

Server-sent events (SSE) is a server push technology enabling a browser to receive
automatic updates from a server via HTTP connection without resorting to polling.
These are a one way communications channel - events flow from server to client
only. This has been used in Facebook/Twitter/X updates, stock price updates, news
feeds etc.

58. How do you receive server-sent event notifications

The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event notifications. For
example, you can receive messages from server as below,
if (typeof EventSource !== "undefined") {
var source = new EventSource("sse_generator.js");
source.onmessage = function (event) {
document.getElementById("output").innerHTML += event.data + "<br>";
};
}

59. How do you check browser support for server-sent events

You can perform browser support for server-sent events before using it as below,
if (typeof EventSource !== "undefined") {
// Server-sent events supported. Let's have some code here!
} else {
 // No server-sent events supported
}

60. What are the events available for server sent events
Below are the list of events available for server sent events | Event | Description |
|—- | ——— | onopen | It is used when a connection to the server is opened | |
onmessage | This event is used when a message is received | | onerror | It happens
when an error occurs|

61. What are the main rules of promise

A promise must follow a specific set of rules:
1. A promise is an object that supplies a standard-compliant .then() method
2. A pending promise may transition into either fulfilled or rejected state
3. A fulfilled or rejected promise is settled and it must not transition into any
other state.
4. Once a promise is settled, the value must not change.

62. What is callback in callback

You can nest one callback inside in another callback to execute the actions
sequentially one by one. This is known as callbacks in callbacks. Beware, too many
levels of nesting lead to Callback hell
loadScript("/script1.js", function (script) {
console.log("first script is loaded");

loadScript("/script2.js", function (script) {

console.log("second script is loaded");

loadScript("/script3.js", function (script) {

console.log("third script is loaded");
// after all scripts are loaded
});
});
});

63. What is promise chaining

The process of executing a sequence of asynchronous tasks one after another using
promises is known as Promise chaining. Let’s take an example of promise chaining
for calculating the final result,
 new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 1000);
})
.then(function (result) {
console.log(result); // 1
return result * 2;
})
.then(function (result) {
console.log(result); // 2
return result * 3;
})
.then(function (result) {
console.log(result); // 6
return result * 4;
});

In the above handlers, the result is passed to the chain of .then() handlers with the
below work flow,

1. The initial promise resolves in 1 second,

2. After that .then handler is called by logging the result(1) and then return a
promise with the value of result * 2.
3. After that the value passed to the next .then handler by logging the result(2)
and return a promise with result * 3.
4. Finally the value passed to the last .then handler by logging the result(6) and
return a promise with result * 4.

64. What is promise.all

Promise.all is a promise that takes an array of promises as an input (an iterable),
and it gets resolved when all the promises get resolved or any one of them gets
rejected. For example, the syntax of promise.all method is below,
Promise.all([Promise1, Promise2, Promise3]) .then(result) => {
console.log(result) }) .catch(error => console.log(`Error in promises
${error}`))

Note: Remember that the order of the promises(output the result) is maintained as
per input order.

65. What is the purpose of the race method in promise

Promise.race() method will return the promise instance which is firstly resolved or
rejected. Let’s take an example of race() method where promise2 is resolved first
var promise1 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(resolve, 500, "one");
});
 var promise2 = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(resolve, 100, "two");
});

Promise.race([promise1, promise2]).then(function (value) {

console.log(value); // "two" // Both promises will resolve, but
promise2 is faster
});

66. What is a strict mode in javascript

Strict Mode is a new feature in ECMAScript 5 that allows you to place a program, or
a function, in a “strict” operating context. This way it prevents certain actions from
being taken and throws more exceptions. The literal expression "use strict";
instructs the browser to use the javascript code in the Strict mode. This also enables
block-scoped variables.

67. Why do you need strict mode

Strict mode is useful to write “secure” JavaScript by notifying “bad syntax” into real
errors. For example, it eliminates accidentally creating a global variable by throwing
an error and also throws an error for assignment to a non-writable property, a
getter-only property, a non-existing property, a non-existing variable, or a non-
existing object.

68. How do you declare strict mode

The strict mode is declared by adding “use strict”; to the beginning of a script or a
function. If declared at the beginning of a script, it has global scope.
"use strict";
x = 3.14; // This will cause an error because x is not declared

and if you declare inside a function, it has local scope

x = 3.14; // This will not cause an error.
myFunction();

function myFunction() {
"use strict";
y = 3.14; // This will cause an error
}
69. What is the purpose of double exclamation
The double exclamation or negation(!!) ensures the resulting type is a boolean. If it
was falsey (e.g. 0, null, undefined, etc.), it will be false, otherwise, it will be true. For
example, you can test IE version using this expression as below,

let isIE8 = false;

isIE8 = !!navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE 8.0/);
console.log(isIE8); // returns true or false

If you don’t use this expression then it returns the original value.
console.log(navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE 8.0/)); // returns either
an Array or null

Note: The expression !! is not an operator, but it is just twice of ! operator.

70. What is the purpose of the delete operator

The delete operator is used to delete the property as well as its value.

var user = { firstName: "John", lastName:"Doe", age: 20 };

delete user.age;

console.log(user); // {firstName: "John", lastName:"Doe"}

71. What is typeof operator

You can use the JavaScript typeof operator to find the type of a JavaScript variable. It
returns the type of a variable or an expression.
typeof "John Abraham"; // Returns "string"
typeof (1 + 2); // Returns "number"
typeof [1, 2, 3]; // Returns "object" because all arrays are also
objects

72. What is undefined property

The undefined property indicates that a variable has not been assigned a value, or
declared but not initialized at all. The type of undefined value is undefined too.
var user; // Value is undefined, type is undefined
console.log(typeof user); //undefined

Any variable can be emptied by setting the value to undefined.

user = undefined;
73. What is null value
The value null represents the intentional absence of any object value. It is one of
JavaScript’s primitive values. The type of null value is object. You can empty the
variable by setting the value to null.

var user = null;

console.log(typeof user); //object

74. What is the difference between null and undefined

Below are the main differences between null and undefined,

Null Undefined
It is an assignment value which It is not an assignment value where a
indicates that variable points to no variable has been declared but has not
object. yet been assigned a value.
Type of null is object Type of undefined is undefined
The null value is a primitive value The undefined value is a primitive
that represents the null, empty, or value used when a variable has not
non-existent reference. been assigned a value.
Indicates the absence of a value for Indicates absence of variable itself
a variable
Converted to zero (0) while Converted to NaN while performing
performing primitive operations primitive operations

75. What is eval

The eval() function evaluates JavaScript code represented as a string. The string can
be a JavaScript expression, variable, statement, or sequence of statements.
console.log(eval("1 + 2")); // 3

76. What is the difference between window and document

Below are the main differences between window and document,

Window Document
It is the root level element in It is the direct child of the window object.
any web page This is also known as Document Object
Model (DOM)
By default window object is You can access it via window.document or
available implicitly in the page document.
It has methods like alert(), It provides methods like getElementById,
confirm() and properties like getElementsByTagName, createElement etc
 Window Document
document, location

77. How do you access history in javascript

The window.history object contains the browser’s history. You can load previous
and next URLs in the history using back() and next() methods.
function goBack() {
window.history.back();
}
function goForward() {
window.history.forward();
}

Note: You can also access history without window prefix.

78. How do you detect caps lock key turned on or not

The mouseEvent getModifierState() is used to return a boolean value that
indicates whether the specified modifier key is activated or not. The modifiers such
as CapsLock, ScrollLock and NumLock are activated when they are clicked, and
deactivated when they are clicked again.

Let’s take an input element to detect the CapsLock on/off behavior with an example:
<input type="password" onmousedown="enterInput(event)" />

<p id="feedback"></p>

<script>
function enterInput(e) {
var flag = e.getModifierState("CapsLock");
if (flag) {
document.getElementById("feedback").innerHTML = "CapsLock
activated";
} else {
document.getElementById("feedback").innerHTML =
"CapsLock not activated";
}
}
</script>
79. What is isNaN
The isNaN() function is used to determine whether a value is an illegal number
(Not-a-Number) or not. i.e, This function returns true if the value equates to NaN.
Otherwise it returns false.

isNaN("Hello"); //true
isNaN("100"); //false

80. What are the differences between undeclared and undefined variables
Below are the major differences between undeclared(not defined) and undefined
variables,

undeclared undefined
These variables do not exist in a These variables declared in the
program and are not declared program but have not assigned any
value
If you try to read the value of an If you try to read the value of an
undeclared variable, then a runtime undefined variable, an undefined
error is encountered value is returned.
```javascript

var a; a; // yields undefined

b; // Throws runtime error like „Uncaught ReferenceError: b is not defined“ ``` This
can be confusing, because it says „not defined“ instead of „not declared“ (Chrome)

81. What are global variables

Global variables are those that are available throughout the length of the code
without any scope. The var keyword is used to declare a local variable but if you
omit it then it will become global variable

msg = "Hello"; // var is missing, it becomes global variable

82. What are the problems with global variables

The problem with global variables is the conflict of variable names of local and
global scope. It is also difficult to debug and test the code that relies on global
variables.
83. What is NaN property
The NaN property is a global property that represents “Not-a-Number” value. i.e, It
indicates that a value is not a legal number. It is very rare to use NaN in a program
but it can be used as return value for few cases

Math.sqrt(-1);
parseInt("Hello");

84. What is the purpose of isFinite function

The isFinite() function is used to determine whether a number is a finite, legal
number. It returns false if the value is +infinity, -infinity, or NaN (Not-a-Number),
otherwise it returns true.
isFinite(Infinity); // false
isFinite(NaN); // false
isFinite(-Infinity); // false

isFinite(100); // true

85. What is an event flow

Event flow is the order in which event is received on the web page. When you click
an element that is nested in various other elements, before your click actually
reaches its destination, or target element, it must trigger the click event for each of
its parent elements first, starting at the top with the global window object.
There are two ways of event flow

1. Top to Bottom(Event Capturing)

2. Bottom to Top (Event Bubbling)

86. What is event bubbling

Event bubbling is a type of event propagation where the event first triggers on the
innermost target element, and then successively triggers on the ancestors (parents)
of the target element in the same nesting hierarchy till it reaches the outermost
DOM element(i.e, global window object).
By default, event handlers triggered in event bubbling phase as shown below,
<div>
<button class="child">Hello</button>
</div>

<script>
const parent = document.querySelector("div");
 const child = document.querySelector(".child");

parent.addEventListener("click",
function () {
console.log("Parent");
}
);

child.addEventListener("click", function () {
console.log("Child");
});
</script>
// Child
// Parent

87. What is event capturing

Event capturing is a type of event propagation where the event is first captured by
the outermost element, and then successively triggers on the descendants (children)
of the target element in the same nesting hierarchy till it reaches the innermost
target DOM element.
You need to pass true value for addEventListener method to trigger event
handlers in event capturing phase.
<div>
<button class="child">Hello</button>
</div>

<script>
const parent = document.querySelector("div");
const child = document.querySelector(".child");

parent.addEventListener("click",
function () {
console.log("Parent");
},
true
);

child.addEventListener("click", function () {
console.log("Child");
});
</script>
// Parent
// Child
88. How do you submit a form using JavaScript
You can submit a form using document.forms[0].submit(). All the form input’s
information is submitted using onsubmit event handler
function submit() {
document.forms[0].submit();
}

89. How do you find operating system details

The window.navigator object contains information about the visitor’s browser OS
details. Some of the OS properties are available under platform property,

console.log(navigator.platform);

90. What is the difference between document load and DOMContentLoaded events
The DOMContentLoaded event is fired when the initial HTML document has been
completely loaded and parsed, without waiting for assets(stylesheets, images, and
subframes) to finish loading. Whereas The load event is fired when the whole page
has loaded, including all dependent resources(stylesheets, images).

91. What is the difference between native, host and user objects
Native objects are objects that are part of the JavaScript language defined by the
ECMAScript specification. For example, String, Math, RegExp, Object, Function etc
core objects defined in the ECMAScript spec. Host objects are objects provided by
the browser or runtime environment (Node).
For example, window, XmlHttpRequest, DOM nodes etc are considered as host
objects. User objects are objects defined in the javascript code. For example, User
objects created for profile information.

92. What are the tools or techniques used for debugging JavaScript code
You can use below tools or techniques for debugging javascript
1. Chrome Devtools
2. debugger statement
3. Good old console.log statement

93. What are the pros and cons of promises over callbacks
Below are the list of pros and cons of promises over callbacks,
 Pros:

1. It avoids callback hell which is unreadable

2. Easy to write sequential asynchronous code with .then()
3. Easy to write parallel asynchronous code with Promise.all()
4. Solves some of the common problems of callbacks(call the callback too late,
too early, many times and swallow errors/exceptions)
Cons:

1. It makes little complex code

2. You need to load a polyfill if ES6 is not supported

94. What is the difference between an attribute and a property

Attributes are defined on the HTML markup whereas properties are defined on the
DOM. For example, the below HTML element has 2 attributes: type and value,

<input type="text" value="Name:">

You can retrieve the attribute value as below, for example after typing “Good
morning” into the input field:
const input = document.querySelector("input");
console.log(input.getAttribute("value")); // Good morning
console.log(input.value); // Good morning

And after you change the value of the text field to “Good evening”, it becomes like
console.log(input.getAttribute("value")); // Good evening
console.log(input.value); // Good evening

95. What is same-origin policy

The same-origin policy is a policy that prevents JavaScript from making requests
across domain boundaries. An origin is defined as a combination of URI scheme,
hostname, and port number. If you enable this policy then it prevents a malicious
script on one page from obtaining access to sensitive data on another web page
using Document Object Model(DOM).

96. What is the purpose of void 0

Void(0) is used to prevent the page from refreshing. This will be helpful to eliminate
the unwanted side-effect, because it will return the undefined primitive value. It is
commonly used for HTML documents that use href=“JavaScript:Void(0);” within an
<a> element. i.e, when you click a link, the browser loads a new page or refreshes
 the same page. But this behavior will be prevented using this expression. For
example, the below link notify the message without reloading the page
<a href="JavaScript:void(0);" onclick="alert('Well done!')">
Click Me!
</a>

97. Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted language

JavaScript is an interpreted language, not a compiled language. An interpreter in the
browser reads over the JavaScript code, interprets each line, and runs it. Nowadays
modern browsers use a technology known as Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, which
compiles JavaScript to executable bytecode just as it is about to run.

98. Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language

Yes, JavaScript is a case sensitive language. The language keywords, variables,
function & object names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a
consistent capitalization of letters.

99. Is there any relation between Java and JavaScript

No, they are entirely two different programming languages and have nothing to do
with each other. But both of them are Object Oriented Programming languages and
like many other languages, they follow similar syntax for basic features(if, else, for,
switch, break, continue etc).

100. What are events

Events are “things” that happen to HTML elements. When JavaScript is used in
HTML pages, JavaScript can react on these events. Some of the examples of HTML
events are,
1. Web page has finished loading
2. Input field was changed
3. Button was clicked
Let’s describe the behavior of click event for button element,
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function greeting() {
alert('Hello! Good morning');
}
 </script>
</head>
<body>
<button type="button" onclick="greeting()">Click me</button>
</body>
</html>

101. Who created javascript

JavaScript was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 during his time at Netscape
Communications. Initially it was developed under the name Mocha, but later the
language was officially called LiveScript when it first shipped in beta releases of
Netscape.

102. What is the use of preventDefault method

The preventDefault() method cancels the event if it is cancelable, meaning that the
default action or behaviour that belongs to the event will not occur. For example,
prevent form submission when clicking on submit button and prevent opening the
page URL when clicking on hyperlink are some common use cases.
document
.getElementById("link")
.addEventListener("click", function (event) {
event.preventDefault();
});

Note: Remember that not all events are cancelable.

103. What is the use of stopPropagation method

The stopPropagation method is used to stop the event from bubbling up the event
chain. For example, the below nested divs with stopPropagation method prevents
default event propagation when clicking on nested div(Div1)
<p>Click DIV1 Element</p>
<div onclick="secondFunc()">DIV 2
<div onclick="firstFunc(event)">DIV 1</div>
</div>

<script>
function firstFunc(event) {
alert("DIV 1");
event.stopPropagation();
}

function secondFunc() {
 alert("DIV 2");
}
</script>

104. What are the steps involved in return false usage

The return false statement in event handlers performs the below steps,

1. First it stops the browser’s default action or behaviour.

2. It prevents the event from propagating the DOM
3. Stops callback execution and returns immediately when called.

105. What is BOM

The Browser Object Model (BOM) allows JavaScript to “talk to” the browser. It
consists of the objects navigator, history, screen, location and document which are
children of the window. The Browser Object Model is not standardized and can
change based on different browsers.
Screenshot

106. What is the use of setTimeout

The setTimeout() method is used to call a function or evaluate an expression after a
specified number of milliseconds. For example, let’s log a message after 2 seconds
using setTimeout method,
setTimeout(function () {
console.log("Good morning");
}, 2000);

107. What is the use of setInterval

The setInterval() method is used to call a function or evaluate an expression at
specified intervals (in milliseconds). For example, let’s log a message after 2 seconds
using setInterval method,
setInterval(function () {
console.log("Good morning");
}, 2000);

108. Why is JavaScript treated as Single threaded

JavaScript is a single-threaded language. Because the language specification does
not allow the programmer to write code so that the interpreter can run parts of it in
 parallel in multiple threads or processes. Whereas languages like java, go, C++ can
make multi-threaded and multi-process programs.

109. What is an event delegation

Event delegation is a technique for listening to events where you delegate a parent
element as the listener for all of the events that happen inside it.

For example, if you wanted to detect field changes inside a specific form, you can use
event delegation technique,
var form = document.querySelector("#registration-form");

// Listen for changes to fields inside the form

form.addEventListener(
"input",
function (event) {
// Log the field that was changed
console.log(event.target);
},
false
);

110. What is ECMAScript

ECMAScript is the scripting language that forms the basis of JavaScript. ECMAScript
standardized by the ECMA International standards organization in the ECMA-262
and ECMA-402 specifications. The first edition of ECMAScript was released in 1997.

111. What is JSON

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight format that is used for data
interchanging. It is based on a subset of JavaScript language in the way objects are
built in JavaScript.

112. What are the syntax rules of JSON

Below are the list of syntax rules of JSON
1. The data is in name/value pairs
2. The data is separated by commas
3. Curly braces hold objects
4. Square brackets hold arrays
113. What is the purpose JSON stringify
When sending data to a web server, the data has to be in a string format. You can
achieve this by converting JSON object into a string using stringify() method.
var userJSON = { name: "John", age: 31 };
var userString = JSON.stringify(userJSON);
console.log(userString); //"{"name":"John","age":31}"

114. How do you parse JSON string

When receiving the data from a web server, the data is always in a string format. But
you can convert this string value to a javascript object using parse() method.
var userString = '{"name":"John","age":31}';
var userJSON = JSON.parse(userString);
console.log(userJSON); // {name: "John", age: 31}

115. Why do you need JSON

When exchanging data between a browser and a server, the data can only be text.
Since JSON is text only, it can easily be sent to and from a server, and used as a data
format by any programming language.

116. What are PWAs

Progressive web applications (PWAs) are a type of mobile app delivered through
the web, built using common web technologies including HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
These PWAs are deployed to servers, accessible through URLs, and indexed by
search engines.

117. What is the purpose of clearTimeout method

The clearTimeout() function is used in javascript to clear the timeout which has
been set by setTimeout()function before that. i.e, The return value of setTimeout()
function is stored in a variable and it’s passed into the clearTimeout() function to
clear the timer.
For example, the below setTimeout method is used to display the message after 3
seconds. This timeout can be cleared by the clearTimeout() method.
<script>
var msg;
function greeting() {
alert('Good morning');
}
function start() {
 msg =setTimeout(greeting, 3000);

function stop() {
clearTimeout(msg);
}
</script>

118. What is the purpose of clearInterval method

The clearInterval() function is used in javascript to clear the interval which has been
set by setInterval() function. i.e, The return value returned by setInterval() function
is stored in a variable and it’s passed into the clearInterval() function to clear the
interval.
For example, the below setInterval method is used to display the message for every
3 seconds. This interval can be cleared by the clearInterval() method.
<script>
var msg;
function greeting() {
alert('Good morning');
}
function start() {
msg = setInterval(greeting, 3000);

function stop() {
clearInterval(msg);
}
</script>

119. How do you redirect new page in javascript

In vanilla javascript, you can redirect to a new page using the location property of
window object. The syntax would be as follows,
function redirect() {
window.location.href = "newPage.html";
}

120. How do you check whether a string contains a substring

There are 3 possible ways to check whether a string contains a substring or not,
 1. Using includes: ES6 provided String.prototype.includes method to test a
string contains a substring
var mainString = "hello",
subString = "hell";
mainString.includes(subString);

2. Using indexOf: In an ES5 or older environment, you can use

String.prototype.indexOf which returns the index of a substring. If the
index value is not equal to -1 then it means the substring exists in the main
string.
var mainString = "hello",
subString = "hell";
mainString.indexOf(subString) !== -1;

3. Using RegEx: The advanced solution is using Regular expression’s test

method(RegExp.test), which allows for testing for against regular
expressions
var mainString = "hello",
regex = /hell/;
regex.test(mainString);

121. How do you validate an email in javascript

You can validate an email in javascript using regular expressions. It is recommended
to do validations on the server side instead of the client side. Because the javascript
can be disabled on the client side.
function validateEmail(email) {
var re =

/^(([^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+(\.[^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+)*)|(".+"))@((\[[0-
9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\])|(([a-zA-Z\-0-9]+\.)+[a-
zA-Z]{2,}))$/;
return re.test(String(email).toLowerCase());
}

The above regular expression accepts unicode characters.

122. How do you get the current url with javascript
You can use window.location.href expression to get the current url path and you
can use the same expression for updating the URL too. You can also use
document.URL for read-only purposes but this solution has issues in FF.

console.log("location.href", window.location.href); // Returns full URL

123. What are the various url properties of location object
The below Location object properties can be used to access URL components of the
page,

1. href - The entire URL

2. protocol - The protocol of the URL
3. host - The hostname and port of the URL
4. hostname - The hostname of the URL
5. port - The port number in the URL
6. pathname - The path name of the URL
7. search - The query portion of the URL
8. hash - The anchor portion of the URL

124. How do get query string values in javascript

You can use URLSearchParams to get query string values in javascript. Let’s see an
example to get the client code value from URL query string,
const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);
const clientCode = urlParams.get("clientCode");

125. How do you check if a key exists in an object

You can check whether a key exists in an object or not using three approaches,
1. Using in operator: You can use the in operator whether a key exists in an
object or not

"key" in obj;

and If you want to check if a key doesn’t exist, remember to use parenthesis,

!("key" in obj);

2. Using hasOwnProperty method: You can use hasOwnProperty to

particularly test for properties of the object instance (and not inherited
properties)
obj.hasOwnProperty("key"); // true

3. Using undefined comparison: If you access a non-existing property from an

object, the result is undefined. Let’s compare the properties against
undefined to determine the existence of the property.
const user = {
name: "John",
};
 console.log(user.name !== undefined); // true
console.log(user.nickName !== undefined); // false

126. How do you loop through or enumerate javascript object

You can use the for-in loop to loop through javascript object. You can also make
sure that the key you get is an actual property of an object, and doesn’t come from
the prototype using hasOwnProperty method.

var object = {
k1: "value1",
k2: "value2",
k3: "value3",
};

for (var key in object) {

if (object.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
console.log(key + " -> " + object[key]); // k1 -> value1 ...
}
}

127. How do you test for an empty object

There are different solutions based on ECMAScript versions

1. Using Object entries(ECMA 7+): You can use object entries length along
with constructor type.
Object.entries(obj).length === 0 && obj.constructor === Object; //
Since date object length is 0, you need to check constructor check as
well

2. Using Object keys(ECMA 5+): You can use object keys length along with
constructor type.
Object.keys(obj).length === 0 && obj.constructor === Object; // Since
date object length is 0, you need to check constructor check as well

3. Using for-in with hasOwnProperty(Pre-ECMA 5): You can use a for-in loop
along with hasOwnProperty.
function isEmpty(obj) {
for (var prop in obj) {
if (obj.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
return false;
}
}
 return JSON.stringify(obj) === JSON.stringify({});
}

128. What is an arguments object

The arguments object is an Array-like object accessible inside functions that
contains the values of the arguments passed to that function. For example, let’s see
how to use arguments object inside sum function,
function sum() {
var total = 0;
for (var i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; ++i) {
total += arguments[i];
}
return total;
}

sum(1, 2, 3); // returns 6

Note: You can’t apply array methods on arguments object. But you can convert into
a regular array as below.
var argsArray = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);

129. How do you make first letter of the string in an uppercase

You can create a function which uses a chain of string methods such as charAt,
toUpperCase and slice methods to generate a string with the first letter in
uppercase.
function capitalizeFirstLetter(string) {
return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1);
}

130. What are the pros and cons of for loops

The for-loop is a commonly used iteration syntax in javascript. It has both pros and
cons

Pros
1. Works on every environment
2. You can use break and continue flow control statements

Cons
3. Too verbose
4. Imperative
 5. You might face off-by-one errors.

131. How do you display the current date in javascript

You can use new Date() to generate a new Date object containing the current date
and time. For example, let’s display the current date in mm/dd/yyyy
var today = new Date();
var dd = String(today.getDate()).padStart(2, "0");
var mm = String(today.getMonth() + 1).padStart(2, "0"); //January is 0!
var yyyy = today.getFullYear();

today = mm + "/" + dd + "/" + yyyy;

document.write(today);

132. How do you compare two date objects

You need to use date.getTime() method in order to compare unix timestamp values

var d1 = new Date();

var d2 = new Date(d1);
console.log(d1.getTime() === d2.getTime()); //True
console.log(d1 === d2); // False

133. How do you check if a string starts with another string

You can use ECMAScript 6’s String.prototype.startsWith() method to check if a
string starts with another string or not. But it is not yet supported in all browsers.
Let’s see an example to see this usage,
"Good morning".startsWith("Good"); // true
"Good morning".startsWith("morning"); // false

134. How do you trim a string in javascript

JavaScript provided a trim method on string types to trim any whitespaces present
at the beginning or ending of the string.

" Hello World ".trim(); //Hello World

If your browser(<IE9) doesn’t support this method then you can use below polyfill.
if (!String.prototype.trim) {
(function () {
// Make sure we trim BOM and NBSP
var rtrim = /^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g;
String.prototype.trim = function () {
 return this.replace(rtrim, "");
};
})();
}

135. How do you add a key value pair in javascript

There are two possible solutions to add new properties to an object.

Let’s take a simple object to explain these solutions.

var object = {
key1: value1,
key2: value2,
};

1. Using dot notation: This solution is useful when you know the name of the
property
object.key3 = "value3";

2. Using square bracket notation: This solution is useful when the name of
the property is dynamically determined or the key’s name is non-JS like
“user-name”
obj["key3"] = "value3";

136. Is the !– notation represents a special operator

No,that’s not a special operator. But it is a combination of 2 standard operators one
after the other,
1. A logical not (!)
2. A prefix decrement (–)
At first, the value decremented by one and then tested to see if it is equal to zero or
not for determining the truthy/falsy value.

137. How do you assign default values to variables

You can use the logical or operator || in an assignment expression to provide a
default value. The syntax looks like as below,
var a = b || c;

As per the above expression, variable ‘a ’will get the value of ’c’ only if ‘b’ is falsy (if
is null, false, undefined, 0, empty string, or NaN), otherwise ‘a’ will get the value of
‘b’.
138. How do you define multiline strings
You can define multiline string literals using the ‘’ character followed by line
terminator(’').
var str =
"This is a \n\ very lengthy \n\ sentence!";
console.log(str);

But if you have a space after the ‘’ character, there will be indentation
inconsistencies.

139. What is an app shell model

An application shell (or app shell) architecture is one way to build a Progressive
Web App that reliably and instantly loads on your users’ screens, similar to what
you see in native applications. It is useful for getting some initial HTML to the screen
fast without a network.

140. Can we define properties for functions

Yes, we can define properties for functions because functions are also objects.
fn = function (x) {
//Function code goes here
};

fn.name = "John";

fn.profile = function (y) {

//Profile code goes here
};

141. What is the way to find the number of parameters expected by a function
You can use function.length syntax to find the number of parameters expected by
a function. Let’s take an example of sum function to calculate the sum of numbers,
function sum(num1, num2, num3, num4) {
return num1 + num2 + num3 + num4;
}
sum.length; // 4 is the number of parameters expected.

142. What is a polyfill

A polyfill is a piece of JS code used to provide modern functionality on older
browsers that do not natively support it. For example, Silverlight plugin polyfill can
 be used to mimic the functionality of an HTML Canvas element on Microsoft Internet
Explorer 7.
There are two main polyfill libraries available,

1. Core.js: It is a modular javascript library used for cutting-edge ECMAScript

features.
2. Polyfill.io: It provides polyfills that are required for browser needs.

143. What are break and continue statements

The break statement is used to “jump out” of a loop. i.e, It breaks the loop and
continues executing the code after the loop.
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i === 5) {
break;
}
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}

The continue statement is used to “jump over” one iteration in the loop. i.e, It breaks
one iteration (in the loop), if a specified condition occurs, and continues with the
next iteration in the loop.
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i === 5) {
continue;
}
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}

144. What are js labels

The label statement allows us to name loops and blocks in JavaScript. We can then
use these labels to refer back to the code later. For example, the below code with
labels avoids printing the numbers when they are same,
var i, j;

loop1: for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

loop2: for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (i === j) {
continue loop1;
}
console.log("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
}
}
 // Output is:
// "i = 1, j = 0"
// "i = 2, j = 0"
// "i = 2, j = 1"

145. What are the benefits of keeping declarations at the top

It is recommended to keep all declarations at the top of each script or function. The
benefits of doing this are,

1. Gives cleaner code

2. It provides a single place to look for local variables
3. Easy to avoid unwanted global variables
4. It reduces the possibility of unwanted re-declarations

146. What are the benefits of initializing variables

It is recommended to initialize variables because of the below benefits,
1. It gives cleaner code
2. It provides a single place to initialize variables
3. Avoid undefined values in the code

147. What are the recommendations to create new object

It is recommended to avoid creating new objects using new Object(). Instead you
can initialize values based on it’s type to create the objects.

1. Assign {} instead of new Object()

2. Assign “” instead of new String()
3. Assign 0 instead of new Number()
4. Assign false instead of new Boolean()
5. Assign [] instead of new Array()
6. Assign /()/ instead of new RegExp()
7. Assign function (){} instead of new Function()
You can define them as an example,
var v1 = {};
var v2 = "";
var v3 = 0;
var v4 = false;
var v5 = [];
var v6 = /()/;
var v7 = function () {};
148. How do you define JSON arrays
JSON arrays are written inside square brackets and arrays contain javascript
objects. For example, the JSON array of users would be as below,
"users":[
{"firstName":"John", "lastName":"Abrahm"},
{"firstName":"Anna", "lastName":"Smith"},
{"firstName":"Shane", "lastName":"Warn"}
]

149. How do you generate random integers

You can use Math.random() with Math.floor() to return random integers. For
example, if you want generate random integers between 1 to 10, the multiplication
factor should be 10,
Math.floor(Math.random() * 10) + 1; // returns a random integer from 1
to 10
Math.floor(Math.random() * 100) + 1; // returns a random integer from 1
to 100

Note: Math.random() returns a random number between 0 (inclusive), and 1

(exclusive)

150. Can you write a random integers function to print integers within a range
Yes, you can create a proper random function to return a random number between
min and max (both included)
function randomInteger(min, max) {
return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
}
randomInteger(1, 100); // returns a random integer from 1 to 100
randomInteger(1, 1000); // returns a random integer from 1 to 1000

151. What is tree shaking

Tree shaking is a form of dead code elimination. It means that unused modules will
not be included in the bundle during the build process and for that it relies on the
static structure of ES2015 module syntax,( i.e. import and export). Initially this has
been popularized by the ES2015 module bundler rollup.
152. What is the need of tree shaking
Tree Shaking can significantly reduce the code size in any application. i.e, The less
code we send over the wire the more performant the application will be. For
example, if we just want to create a “Hello World” Application using SPA
frameworks then it will take around a few MBs, but by tree shaking it can bring
down the size to just a few hundred KBs. Tree shaking is implemented in Rollup and
Webpack bundlers.

153. Is it recommended to use eval

No, it allows arbitrary code to be run which causes a security problem. As we know
that the eval() function is used to run text as code. In most of the cases, it should not
be necessary to use it.

154. What is a Regular Expression

A regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms a search pattern. You
can use this search pattern for searching data in a text. These can be used to
perform all types of text search and text replace operations. Let’s see the syntax
format now,

/pattern/modifiers;

For example, the regular expression or search pattern with case-insensitive

username would be,

/John/i;

155. What are the string methods that accept Regular expression
There are six string methods: search(), replace(), replaceAll(), match(), matchAll(),
and split().
The search() method uses an expression to search for a match, and returns the
position of the match.
var msg = "Hello John";
var n = msg.search(/John/i); // 6

The replace() and replaceAll() methods are used to return a modified string where
the pattern is replaced.
var msg = "ball bat";
var n1 = msg.replace(/b/i, "c"); // call bat
var n2 = msg.replaceAll(/b/i, "c"); // call cat
 The match() and matchAll() methods are used to return the matches when matching
a string against a regular expression.
var msg = "Hello John";
var n1 = msg.match(/[A-Z]/g); // ["H", "J"]
var n2 = msg.matchAll(/[A-Z]/g); // this returns an iterator

The split() method is used to split a string into an array of substrings, and returns
the new array.
var msg = "Hello John";
var n = msg.split(/\s/); // ["Hello", "John"]

156. What are modifiers in regular expression

Modifiers can be used to perform case-insensitive and global searches. Let’s list
down some of the modifiers,

Modifier Description
i Perform case-insensitive matching
g Perform a global match rather than stops at first match
m Perform multiline matching
Let’s take an example of global modifier,

var text = "Learn JS one by one";

var pattern = /one/g;
var result = text.match(pattern); // one,one

157. What are regular expression patterns

Regular Expressions provide a group of patterns in order to match characters.
Basically they are categorized into 3 types,
1. Brackets: These are used to find a range of characters. For example, below
are some use cases,
1. (a|b): Used to find any of the alternatives separated with |
2. Metacharacters: These are characters with a special meaning. For example,
below are some use cases,
1. \d: Used to find a digit
2. \s: Used to find a whitespace character
3. \b: Used to find a match at the beginning or ending of a word
3. Quantifiers: These are useful to define quantities. For example, below are
some use cases,
1. n+: Used to find matches for any string that contains at least one n
 2. n*: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero or more
occurrences of n
3. n?: Used to find matches for any string that contains zero or one
occurrences of n

158. What is a RegExp object

RegExp object is a regular expression object with predefined properties and
methods. Let’s see the simple usage of RegExp object,
var regexp = new RegExp("\\w+");
console.log(regexp);
// expected output: /\w+/

159. How do you search a string for a pattern

You can use the test() method of regular expression in order to search a string for a
pattern, and return true or false depending on the result.
var pattern = /you/;
console.log(pattern.test("How are you?")); //true

160. What is the purpose of exec method

The purpose of exec method is similar to test method but it executes a search for a
match in a specified string and returns a result array, or null instead of returning
true/false.
var pattern = /you/;
console.log(pattern.exec("How are you?")); //["you", index: 8, input:
"How are you?", groups: undefined]

161. How do you change the style of a HTML element

You can change inline style or classname of a HTML element using javascript

1. Using style property: You can modify inline style using style property
document.getElementById("title").style.fontSize = "30px";

2. Using ClassName property: It is easy to modify element class using

className property
document.getElementById("title").className = "custom-title";
162. What would be the result of 1+2+‘3’
The output is going to be 33. Since 1 and 2 are numeric values, the result of the first
two digits is going to be a numeric value 3. The next digit is a string type value
because of that the addition of numeric value 3 and string type value 3 is just going
to be a concatenation value 33. Other operationrs like 3 * '3' do yield correct
results because the string is coerced into a number.

163. What is a debugger statement

The debugger statement invokes any available debugging functionality, such as
setting a breakpoint. If no debugging functionality is available, this statement has no
effect. For example, in the below function a debugger statement has been inserted.
So execution is paused at the debugger statement just like a breakpoint in the script
source.
function getProfile() {
// code goes here
debugger;
// code goes here
}

164. What is the purpose of breakpoints in debugging

You can set breakpoints in the javascript code once the debugger statement is
executed and the debugger window pops up. At each breakpoint, javascript will stop
executing, and let you examine the JavaScript values. After examining values, you
can resume the execution of code using the play button.

165. Can I use reserved words as identifiers

No, you cannot use the reserved words as variables, labels, object or function names.
Let’s see one simple example,

var else = "hello"; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token else

166. How do you detect a mobile browser

You can use regex which returns a true or false value depending on whether or not
the user is browsing with a mobile.
window.mobilecheck = function () {
var mobileCheck = false;
(function (a) {
if (
/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|
elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge
|maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm(
os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\
.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i.test(
a
) ||
/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a
wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-
)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|att
w|au(di|\-m|r |s
)|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-
(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-
|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-
s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-
d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-
|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-
(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-|
|_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-
|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kd
di|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg(
g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-
w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-
cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-|
|o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-
3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-
|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)
|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-
2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-
)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|
h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-
0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v
)|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-
|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-
9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-
v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-|
)|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(
a.substr(0, 4)
)
)
mobileCheck = true;
})(navigator.userAgent || navigator.vendor || window.opera);
return mobileCheck;
};
167. How do you detect a mobile browser without regexp
You can detect mobile browsers by simply running through a list of devices and
checking if the useragent matches anything. This is an alternative solution for
RegExp usage,

function detectmob() {
if (
navigator.userAgent.match(/Android/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/webOS/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/iPhone/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/iPad/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/iPod/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/BlackBerry/i) ||
navigator.userAgent.match(/Windows Phone/i)
) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}

168. How do you get the image width and height using JS
You can programmatically get the image and check the dimensions(width and
height) using Javascript.
var img = new Image();
img.onload = function () {
console.log(this.width + "x" + this.height);
};
img.src = "http://www.google.com/intl/en_ALL/images/logo.gif";

169. How do you make synchronous HTTP request

Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to make
synchronous HTTP requests from JavaScript
function httpGet(theUrl) {
var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
xmlHttpReq.open("GET", theUrl, false); // false for synchronous
request
xmlHttpReq.send(null);
return xmlHttpReq.responseText;
}
170. How do you make asynchronous HTTP request
Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to make
asynchronous HTTP requests from JavaScript by passing the 3rd parameter as true.
function httpGetAsync(theUrl, callback) {
var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
xmlHttpReq.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (xmlHttpReq.readyState == 4 && xmlHttpReq.status == 200)
callback(xmlHttpReq.responseText);
};
xmlHttpReq.open("GET", theUrl, true); // true for asynchronous
xmlHttpReq.send(null);
}

171. How do you convert date to another timezone in javascript

You can use the toLocaleString() method to convert dates in one timezone to
another. For example, let’s convert current date to British English timezone as
below,
console.log(new Date().toLocaleString("en-GB", { timeZone: "UTC" }));
//29/06/2019, 09:56:00

172. What are the properties used to get size of window

You can use innerWidth, innerHeight, clientWidth, clientHeight properties of
windows, document element and document body objects to find the size of a
window. Let’s use them combination of these properties to calculate the size of a
window or document,
var width =
window.innerWidth ||
document.documentElement.clientWidth ||
document.body.clientWidth;

var height =
window.innerHeight ||
document.documentElement.clientHeight ||
document.body.clientHeight;

173. What is a conditional operator in javascript

The conditional (ternary) operator is the only JavaScript operator that takes three
operands which acts as a shortcut for if statements.
var isAuthenticated = false;
console.log(
 isAuthenticated ? "Hello, welcome" : "Sorry, you are not
authenticated"
); //Sorry, you are not authenticated

174. Can you apply chaining on conditional operator

Yes, you can apply chaining on conditional operators similar to if … else if … else if
… else chain. The syntax is going to be as below,
function traceValue(someParam) {
return condition1
? value1
: condition2
? value2
: condition3
? value3
: value4;
}

// The above conditional operator is equivalent to:

function traceValue(someParam) {
if (condition1) {
return value1;
} else if (condition2) {
return value2;
} else if (condition3) {
return value3;
} else {
return value4;
}
}

175. What are the ways to execute javascript after page load
You can execute javascript after page load in many different ways,
1. window.onload:
window.onload = function ...

2. document.onload:
document.onload = function ...

3. body onload:
<body onload="script();">
176. What is the difference between proto and prototype
The __proto__ object is the actual object that is used in the lookup chain to resolve
methods, etc. Whereas prototype is the object that is used to build __proto__ when
you create an object with new.
new Employee().__proto__ === Employee.prototype;
new Employee().prototype === undefined;

There are few more differences,

feature Prototype proto

Access All the function All the objects have
constructors have __proto__ property
prototype properties.
Purpose Used to reduce memory Used in lookup chain to
wastage with a single resolve methods,
copy of function constructors etc.
ECMAScript Introduced in ES6 Introduced in ES5
Usage Frequently used Rarely used

177. Can you give an example of when you really need a semicolon
It is recommended to use semicolons after every statement in JavaScript. For
example, in the below case it throws an error “.. is not a function” at runtime due to
missing semicolon.
// define a function
var fn = (function () {
//...
})(
// semicolon missing at this line

// then execute some code inside a closure

function () {
//...
}
)();

and it will be interpreted as

var fn = (function () {
//...
})(function () {
//...
})();
 In this case, we are passing the second function as an argument to the first function
and then trying to call the result of the first function call as a function. Hence, the
second function will fail with a “… is not a function” error at runtime.

178. What is a freeze method

The freeze() method is used to freeze an object. Freezing an object does not allow
adding new properties to an object, prevents removing, and prevents changing the
enumerability, configurability, or writability of existing properties. i.e. It returns the
passed object and does not create a frozen copy.
const obj = {
prop: 100,
};

Object.freeze(obj);
obj.prop = 200; // Throws an error in strict mode

console.log(obj.prop); //100

Remember freezing is only applied to the top-level properties in objects but not for
nested objects. For example, let’s try to freeze user object which has employment
details as nested object and observe that details have been changed.
const user = {
name: "John",
employment: {
department: "IT",
},
};

Object.freeze(user);
user.employment.department = "HR";

Note: It causes a TypeError if the argument passed is not an object.

179. What is the purpose of freeze method

Below are the main benefits of using freeze method,

1. It is used for freezing objects and arrays.

2. It is used to make an object immutable.
180. Why do I need to use freeze method
In the Object-oriented paradigm, an existing API contains certain elements that are
not intended to be extended, modified, or re-used outside of their current context.
Hence it works as the final keyword which is used in various languages.

181. How do you detect a browser language preference

You can use navigator object to detect a browser language preference as below,
var language =
(navigator.languages && navigator.languages[0]) || // Chrome /
Firefox
navigator.language || // All browsers
navigator.userLanguage; // IE <= 10

console.log(language);

182. How to convert string to title case with javascript

Title case means that the first letter of each word is capitalized. You can convert a
string to title case using the below function,
function toTitleCase(str) {
return str.replace(/\w\S*/g, function (txt) {
return txt.charAt(0).toUpperCase() +
txt.substring(1).toLowerCase();
});
}
toTitleCase("good morning john"); // Good Morning John

183. How do you detect javascript disabled in the page

You can use the <noscript> tag to detect javascript disabled or not. The code block
inside <noscript> gets executed when JavaScript is disabled, and is typically used to
display alternative content when the page generated in JavaScript.
<script type="javascript">
// JS related code goes here
</script>
<noscript>
<a href="next_page.html?noJS=true">JavaScript is disabled in the
page. Please click Next Page</a>
</noscript>
184. What are various operators supported by javascript
An operator is capable of manipulating(mathematical and logical computations) a
certain value or operand. There are various operators supported by JavaScript as
below,

1. Arithmetic Operators: Includes + (Addition), – (Subtraction), *

(Multiplication), / (Division), % (Modulus), ++ (Increment) and – –
(Decrement)
2. Comparison Operators: Includes == (Equal), != (Not Equal), === (Equal
with type), > (Greater than), >= (Greater than or Equal to), < (Less than), <=
(Less than or Equal to)
3. Logical Operators: Includes && (Logical AND), || (Logical OR), ! (Logical
NOT)
4. Assignment Operators: Includes = (Assignment Operator), += (Add and
Assignment Operator), –= (Subtract and Assignment Operator), *= (Multiply
and Assignment), /= (Divide and Assignment), %= (Modules and
Assignment)
5. Ternary Operators: It includes conditional(: ?) Operator
6. typeof Operator: It uses to find type of variable. The syntax looks like
typeof variable

185. What is a rest parameter

Rest parameter is an improved way to handle function parameters which allows us
to represent an indefinite number of arguments as an array. The syntax would be as
below,

function f(a, b, ...theArgs) {

// ...
}

For example, let’s take a sum example to calculate on dynamic number of

parameters,
function sum(...args) {
let total = 0;
for (const i of args) {
total += i;
}
return total;
}

console.log(sum(1, 2)); //3

console.log(sum(1, 2, 3)); //6
console.log(sum(1, 2, 3, 4)); //10
console.log(sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)); //15

Note: Rest parameter is added in ES2015 or ES6

186. What happens if you do not use rest parameter as a last argument
The rest parameter should be the last argument, as its job is to collect all the
remaining arguments into an array. For example, if you define a function like below
it doesn’t make any sense and will throw an error.
function someFunc(a,…b,c){
//You code goes here
return;
}

187. What are the bitwise operators available in javascript

Below are the list of bitwise logical operators used in JavaScript

1. Bitwise AND ( & )

2. Bitwise OR ( | )
3. Bitwise XOR ( ^ )
4. Bitwise NOT ( ~ )
5. Left Shift ( << )
6. Sign Propagating Right Shift ( >> )
7. Zero fill Right Shift ( >>> )

188. What is a spread operator

Spread operator allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be expanded into
single arguments/elements. Let’s take an example to see this behavior,
function calculateSum(x, y, z) {
return x + y + z;
}

const numbers = [1, 2, 3];

console.log(calculateSum(...numbers)); // 6

189. How do you determine whether object is frozen or not

Object.isFrozen() method is used to determine if an object is frozen or not.An object
is frozen if all of the below conditions hold true,

1. If it is not extensible.
2. If all of its properties are non-configurable.
3. If all its data properties are non-writable. The usage is going to be as follows,
 const object = {
property: "Welcome JS world",
};
Object.freeze(object);
console.log(Object.isFrozen(object));

190. How do you determine two values same or not using object
The Object.is() method determines whether two values are the same value. For
example, the usage with different types of values would be,
Object.is("hello", "hello"); // true
Object.is(window, window); // true
Object.is([], []); // false

Two values are the same if one of the following holds:

1. both undefined
2. both null
3. both true or both false
4. both strings of the same length with the same characters in the same order
5. both the same object (means both object have same reference)
6. both numbers and both +0 both -0 both NaN both non-zero and both not NaN
and both have the same value.

191. What is the purpose of using object is method

Some of the applications of Object’s is method are follows,

1. It is used for comparison of two strings.

2. It is used for comparison of two numbers.
3. It is used for comparing the polarity of two numbers.
4. It is used for comparison of two objects.

192. How do you copy properties from one object to other

You can use the Object.assign() method which is used to copy the values and
properties from one or more source objects to a target object. It returns the target
object which has properties and values copied from the source objects. The syntax
would be as below,
Object.assign(target, ...sources);

Let’s take example with one source and one target object,
const target = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const source = { b: 3, c: 4 };
 const returnedTarget = Object.assign(target, source);

console.log(target); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }

console.log(returnedTarget); // { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }

As observed in the above code, there is a common property(b) from source to target
so it’s value has been overwritten.

193. What are the applications of assign method

Below are the some of main applications of Object.assign() method,

1. It is used for cloning an object.

2. It is used to merge objects with the same properties.

194. What is a proxy object

The Proxy object is used to define custom behavior for fundamental operations such
as property lookup, assignment, enumeration, function invocation, etc.

A proxy is created with two parameters: a target object which you want to proxy
and a handler object which contains methods to intercept fundamental operations.
The syntax would be as follows,

var p = new Proxy(target, handler);

Let’s take a look at below examples of proxy object and how the get method which
customize the lookup behavior,

//Example1:

const person = {
name: 'Sudheer Jonna',
age: 35
};

const handler = {
get(target, prop) {
if (prop === 'name') {
return 'Mr. ' + target[prop];
}
return target[prop];
}
};

const proxy = new Proxy(person, handler);

 //Example2:

var handler1 = {
get: function (obj, prop) {
return prop in obj ? obj[prop] : 100;
},
};

var p = new Proxy({}, handler1);

p.a = 10;
p.b = null;

console.log(p.a, p.b); // 10, null

console.log("c" in p, p.c); // false, 100

In the above code, it uses get handler which define the behavior of the proxy when
an operation is performed on it. These proxies are mainly used for some of the
below cross-cutting concerns.

1. Logging
2. Authentication or Authorization
3. Data binding and observables
4. Function parameter validation
Note: This is a new feature in ES6.

195. What is the purpose of seal method

The Object.seal() method is used to seal an object, by preventing new properties
from being added to it and marking all existing properties as non-configurable. But
values of present properties can still be changed as long as they are writable. The
next level of immutability would be the Object.freeze() method. Let’s see the
below example to understand more about seal() method
const object = {
property: "Welcome JS world",
};
Object.seal(object);
object.property = "Welcome to object world";
console.log(Object.isSealed(object)); // true
delete object.property; // You cannot delete when sealed
console.log(object.property); //Welcome to object world

196. What are the applications of seal method

Below are the main applications of Object.seal() method,
 1. It is used for sealing objects and arrays.
2. It is used to make properties of an object non-configurable.

197. What are the differences between freeze and seal methods
If an object is frozen using the Object.freeze() method then its properties become
immutable and no changes can be made in them whereas if an object is sealed using
the Object.seal() method then the changes can be made in the existing properties of
the object.

198. How do you determine if an object is sealed or not

The Object.isSealed() method is used to determine if an object is sealed or not. An
object is sealed if all of the below conditions hold true
1. If it is not extensible.
2. If all of its properties are non-configurable.
3. If it is not removable (but not necessarily non-writable). Let’s see it in the
action
const object = {
property: "Hello, Good morning",
};

Object.seal(object); // Using seal() method to seal the object

console.log(Object.isSealed(object)); // checking whether the object is

sealed or not

199. How do you get enumerable key and value pairs

The Object.entries() method is used to return an array of a given object’s own
enumerable string-keyed property [key, value] pairs, in the same order as that
provided by a for…in loop. Let’s see the functionality of object.entries() method in
an example,
const object = {
a: "Good morning",
b: 100,
};

for (let [key, value] of Object.entries(object)) {

console.log(`${key}: ${value}`); // a: 'Good morning'
// b: 100
}

Note: The order is not guaranteed as object defined.

200. What is the main difference between Object.values and Object.entries method
The Object.values() method’s behavior is similar to Object.entries() method but it
returns an array of values instead [key,value] pairs.
const object = {
a: "Good morning",
b: 100,
};

for (let value of Object.values(object)) {

console.log(`${value}`); // 'Good morning \n100'
}

201. How can you get the list of keys of any object
You can use the Object.keys() method which is used to return an array of a given
object’s own property names, in the same order as we get with a normal loop. For
example, you can get the keys of a user object,
const user = {
name: "John",
gender: "male",
age: 40,
};

console.log(Object.keys(user)); //['name', 'gender', 'age']

202. How do you create an object with prototype

The Object.create() method is used to create a new object with the specified
prototype object and properties. i.e, It uses an existing object as the prototype of the
newly created object. It returns a new object with the specified prototype object and
properties.
const user = {
name: "John",
printInfo: function () {
console.log(`My name is ${this.name}.`);
},
};

const admin = Object.create(user);

admin.name = "Nick"; // Remember that "name" is a property set on

"admin" but not on "user" object
 admin.printInfo(); // My name is Nick

203. What is a WeakSet

WeakSet is used to store a collection of weakly(weak references) held objects. The
syntax would be as follows,

new WeakSet([iterable]);

Let’s see the below example to explain it’s behavior,

var ws = new WeakSet();
var user = {};
ws.add(user);
ws.has(user); // true
ws.delete(user); // removes user from the set
ws.has(user); // false, user has been removed

204. What are the differences between WeakSet and Set

The main difference is that references to objects in Set are strong while references
to objects in WeakSet are weak. i.e, An object in WeakSet can be garbage collected if
there is no other reference to it. Other differences are,
1. Sets can store any value Whereas WeakSets can store only collections of
objects
2. WeakSet does not have size property unlike Set
3. WeakSet does not have methods such as clear, keys, values, entries, forEach.
4. WeakSet is not iterable.

205. List down the collection of methods available on WeakSet

Below are the list of methods available on WeakSet,
1. add(value): A new object is appended with the given value to the weakset
2. delete(value): Deletes the value from the WeakSet collection.
3. has(value): It returns true if the value is present in the WeakSet Collection,
otherwise it returns false.
Let’s see the functionality of all the above methods in an example,
var weakSetObject = new WeakSet();
var firstObject = {};
var secondObject = {};
// add(value)
weakSetObject.add(firstObject);
weakSetObject.add(secondObject);
 console.log(weakSetObject.has(firstObject)); //true
weakSetObject.delete(secondObject);

206. What is a WeakMap

The WeakMap object is a collection of key/value pairs in which the keys are weakly
referenced. In this case, keys must be objects and the values can be arbitrary values.
The syntax looks like the following:

new WeakMap([iterable]);

Let’s see the below example to explain it’s behavior,

var ws = new WeakMap();
var user = {};
ws.set(user);
ws.has(user); // true
ws.delete(user); // removes user from the map
ws.has(user); // false, user has been removed

207. What are the differences between WeakMap and Map

The main difference is that references to key objects in Map are strong while
references to key objects in WeakMap are weak. i.e, A key object in WeakMap can be
garbage collected if there is no other reference to it. Other differences are,
1. Maps can store any key type Whereas WeakMaps can store only collections
of key objects
2. WeakMap does not have size property unlike Map
3. WeakMap does not have methods such as clear, keys, values, entries, forEach.
4. WeakMap is not iterable.

208. List down the collection of methods available on WeakMap

Below are the list of methods available on WeakMap,

1. set(key, value): Sets the value for the key in the WeakMap object. Returns the
WeakMap object.
2. delete(key): Removes any value associated to the key.
3. has(key): Returns a Boolean asserting whether a value has been associated
to the key in the WeakMap object or not.
4. get(key): Returns the value associated to the key, or undefined if there is
none. Let’s see the functionality of all the above methods in an example,
var weakMapObject = new WeakMap();
var firstObject = {};
var secondObject = {};
 // set(key, value)
weakMapObject.set(firstObject, "John");
weakMapObject.set(secondObject, 100);
console.log(weakMapObject.has(firstObject)); //true
console.log(weakMapObject.get(firstObject)); // John
weakMapObject.delete(secondObject);

209. What is the purpose of uneval

The uneval() is an inbuilt function which is used to create a string representation of
the source code of an Object. It is a top-level function and is not associated with any
object. Let’s see the below example to know more about it’s functionality,
var a = 1;
uneval(a); // returns a String containing 1
uneval(function user() {}); // returns "(function user(){})"

The uneval() function has been deprecated. It is recommended to use toString()

for functions and JSON.toStringify() for other cases.
function user() {}
console.log(user.toString()); // returns "(function user(){})"

210. How do you encode an URL

The encodeURI() function is used to encode complete URI which has special
characters except (, / ? : @ & = + $ #) characters.
var uri = "https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы";
var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
console.log(encoded); //
https://mozilla.org/?x=%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B

211. How do you decode an URL

The decodeURI() function is used to decode a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
previously created by encodeURI().
var uri = "https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы";
var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
console.log(encoded); //
https://mozilla.org/?x=%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B
try {
console.log(decodeURI(encoded)); // "https://mozilla.org/?x=шеллы"
} catch (e) {
// catches a malformed URI
 console.error(e);
}

212. How do you print the contents of web page

The window object provided a print() method which is used to print the contents of
the current window. It opens a Print dialog box which lets you choose between
various printing options. Let’s see the usage of print method in an example,

<input type="button" value="Print" onclick="window.print()" />

Note: In most browsers, it will block while the print dialog is open.

213. What is the difference between uneval and eval

The uneval function returns the source of a given object; whereas the eval function
does the opposite, by evaluating that source code in a different memory area. Let’s
see an example to clarify the difference,

var msg = uneval(function greeting() {

return "Hello, Good morning";
});
var greeting = eval(msg);
greeting(); // returns "Hello, Good morning"

214. What is an anonymous function

An anonymous function is a function without a name! Anonymous functions are
commonly assigned to a variable name or used as a callback function. The syntax
would be as below,
function (optionalParameters) {
//do something
}

const myFunction = function(){ //Anonymous function assigned to a

variable
//do something
};

[1, 2, 3].map(function(element){ //Anonymous function used as a

callback function
//do something
});

Let’s see the above anonymous function in an example,

 var x = function (a, b) {
return a * b;
};
var z = x(5, 10);
console.log(z); // 50

215. What is the precedence order between local and global variables
A local variable takes precedence over a global variable with the same name. Let’s
see this behavior in an example.
var msg = "Good morning";
function greeting() {
msg = "Good Evening";
console.log(msg); // Good Evening
}
greeting();

216. What are javascript accessors

ECMAScript 5 introduced javascript object accessors or computed properties
through getters and setters. Getters uses the get keyword whereas Setters uses the
set keyword.

var user = {
firstName: "John",
lastName: "Abraham",
language: "en",
get lang() {
return this.language;
},
set lang(lang) {
this.language = lang;
},
};
console.log(user.lang); // getter access lang as en
user.lang = "fr";
console.log(user.lang); // setter used to set lang as fr

217. How do you define property on Object constructor

The Object.defineProperty() static method is used to define a new property directly
on an object, or modify an existing property on an object, and returns the object.
Let’s see an example to know how to define property,
const newObject = {};
 Object.defineProperty(newObject, "newProperty", {
value: 100,
writable: false,
});

console.log(newObject.newProperty); // 100

newObject.newProperty = 200; // It throws an error in strict mode due

to writable setting

218. What is the difference between get and defineProperty

Both have similar results unless you use classes. If you use get the property will be
defined on the prototype of the object whereas using Object.defineProperty() the
property will be defined on the instance it is applied to.

219. What are the advantages of Getters and Setters

Below are the list of benefits of Getters and Setters,

1. They provide simpler syntax

2. They are used for defining computed properties, or accessors in JS.
3. Useful to provide equivalence relation between properties and methods
4. They can provide better data quality
5. Useful for doing things behind the scenes with the encapsulated logic.

220. Can I add getters and setters using defineProperty method

Yes, You can use the Object.defineProperty() method to add Getters and Setters.
For example, the below counter object uses increment, decrement, add and subtract
properties,
var obj = { counter: 0 };

// Define getters
Object.defineProperty(obj, "increment", {
get: function () {
this.counter++;
return this.counter;
},
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "decrement", {
get: function () {
this.counter--;
return this.counter;
},
 });

// Define setters
Object.defineProperty(obj, "add", {
set: function (value) {
this.counter += value;
},
});
Object.defineProperty(obj, "subtract", {
set: function (value) {
this.counter -= value;
},
});

obj.add = 10;
obj.subtract = 5;
console.log(obj.increment); //6
console.log(obj.decrement); //5

221. What is the purpose of switch-case

The switch case statement in JavaScript is used for decision making purposes. In a
few cases, using the switch case statement is going to be more convenient than if-
else statements. The syntax would be as below,
switch (expression)
{
case value1:
statement1;
break;
case value2:
statement2;
break;
.
.
case valueN:
statementN;
break;
default:
statementDefault;
}

The above multi-way branch statement provides an easy way to dispatch execution
to different parts of code based on the value of the expression.

222. What are the conventions to be followed for the usage of switch case
Below are the list of conventions should be taken care,
 1. The expression can be of type either number or string.
2. Duplicate values are not allowed for the expression.
3. The default statement is optional. If the expression passed to switch does not
match with any case value then the statement within default case will be
executed.
4. The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a statement
sequence.
5. The break statement is optional. But if it is omitted, the execution will
continue on into the next case.

223. What are primitive data types

A primitive data type is data that has a primitive value (which has no properties or
methods). There are 7 types of primitive data types.
1. string
2. number
3. boolean
4. null
5. undefined
6. bigint
7. symbol

224. What are the different ways to access object properties

There are 3 possible ways for accessing the property of an object.

1. Dot notation: It uses dot for accessing the properties

objectName.property;

2. Square brackets notation: It uses square brackets for property access

objectName["property"];

3. Expression notation: It uses expression in the square brackets

objectName[expression];

225. What are the function parameter rules

JavaScript functions follow below rules for parameters,

1. The function definitions do not specify data types for parameters.

2. Do not perform type checking on the passed arguments.
3. Do not check the number of arguments received. i.e, The below function
follows the above rules,
 function functionName(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {
console.log(parameter1); // 1
}
functionName(1);

226. What is an error object

An error object is a built in error object that provides error information when an
error occurs. It has two properties: name and message. For example, the below
function logs error details,
try {
greeting("Welcome");
} catch (err) {
console.log(err.name + "<br>" + err.message);
}

227. When you get a syntax error

A SyntaxError is thrown if you try to evaluate code with a syntax error. For example,
the below missing quote for the function parameter throws a syntax error
try {
eval("greeting('welcome)"); // Missing ' will produce an error
} catch (err) {
console.log(err.name);
}

228. What are the different error names from error object
There are 7 different types of error names returned from error object, | Error Name
| Description | |—- | ——— | AggregateError | An error indicating that multiple
errors occurred | | EvalError | An error has occurred in the eval() function | |
RangeError | An error has occurred with a number “out of range” | | ReferenceError
| An error due to an illegal reference| | SyntaxError | An error due to a syntax error|
| TypeError | An error due to a type error | | URIError | An error due to encodeURI()
|

229. What are the various statements in error handling

Below are the list of statements used in an error handling,
1. try: This statement is used to test a block of code for errors
2. catch: This statement is used to handle the error
3. throw: This statement is used to create custom errors.
 4. finally: This statement is used to execute code after try and catch regardless
of the result.

230. What are the two types of loops in javascript

1. Entry Controlled loops: In this kind of loop type, the test condition is tested
before entering the loop body. For example, For Loop and While Loop comes
under this category.
2. Exit Controlled Loops: In this kind of loop type, the test condition is tested
or evaluated at the end of the loop body. i.e, the loop body will execute at
least once irrespective of test condition true or false. For example, do-while
loop comes under this category.

231. What is nodejs

Node.js is a server-side platform built on Chrome’s JavaScript runtime for easily
building fast and scalable network applications. It is an event-based, non-blocking,
asynchronous I/O runtime that uses Google’s V8 JavaScript engine and libuv library.

232. What is an Intl object

The Intl object is the namespace for the ECMAScript Internationalization API, which
provides language sensitive string comparison, number formatting, and date and
time formatting. It provides access to several constructors and language sensitive
functions.

233. How do you perform language specific date and time formatting
You can use the Intl.DateTimeFormat object which is a constructor for objects that
enable language-sensitive date and time formatting. Let’s see this behavior with an
example,

var date = new Date(Date.UTC(2019, 07, 07, 3, 0, 0));

console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-GB").format(date)); //
07/08/2019
console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-AU").format(date)); //
07/08/2019

234. What is an Iterator

An iterator is an object which defines a sequence and a return value upon its
termination. It implements the Iterator protocol with a next() method which
returns an object with two properties: value (the next value in the sequence) and
done (which is true if the last value in the sequence has been consumed).
235. How does synchronous iteration works
Synchronous iteration was introduced in ES6 and it works with below set of
components,

Iterable: It is an object which can be iterated over via a method whose key is
Symbol.iterator.
Iterator: It is an object returned by invoking [Symbol.iterator]() on an iterable.
This iterator object wraps each iterated element in an object and returns it via
next() method one by one.

IteratorResult: It is an object returned by next() method. The object contains two

properties; the value property contains an iterated element and the done property
determines whether the element is the last element or not.
Let’s demonstrate synchronous iteration with an array as below,
const iterable = ["one", "two", "three"];
const iterator = iterable[Symbol.iterator]();
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'one', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'two', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'three', done: false }
console.log(iterator.next()); // { value: 'undefined, done: true }

236. What is an event loop

The event loop is a process that continuously monitors both the call stack and the
event queue and checks whether or not the call stack is empty. If the call stack is
empty and there are pending events in the event queue, the event loop dequeues the
event from the event queue and pushes it to the call stack. The call stack executes
the event, and any additional events generated during the execution are added to
the end of the event queue.

Note: The event loop allows Node.js to perform non-blocking I/O operations, even
though JavaScript is single-threaded, by offloading operations to the system kernel
whenever possible. Since most modern kernels are multi-threaded, they can handle
multiple operations executing in the background.

237. What is call stack

Call Stack is a data structure for javascript interpreters to keep track of function
calls(creates execution context) in the program. It has two major actions,

1. Whenever you call a function for its execution, you are pushing it to the stack.
2. Whenever the execution is completed, the function is popped out of the stack.
 Let’s take an example and it’s state representation in a diagram format
function hungry() {
eatFruits();
}
function eatFruits() {
return "I'm eating fruits";
}

// Invoke the `hungry` function

hungry();

The above code processed in a call stack as below,

3. Add the hungry() function to the call stack list and execute the code.
4. Add the eatFruits() function to the call stack list and execute the code.
5. Delete the eatFruits() function from our call stack list.
6. Delete the hungry() function from the call stack list since there are no items
anymore.
Screenshot

238. What is an event queue

The event queue follows the queue data structure. It stores async callbacks to be
added to the call stack. It is also known as the Callback Queue or Macrotask Queue.
Whenever the call stack receives an async function, it is moved into the Web API.
Based on the function, Web API executes it and awaits the result. Once it is finished,
it moves the callback into the event queue (the callback of the promise is moved into
the microtask queue).
The event loop constantly checks whether or not the call stack is empty. Once the
call stack is empty and there is a callback in the event queue, the event loop moves
the callback into the call stack. But if there is a callback in the microtask queue as
well, it is moved first. The microtask queue has a higher priority than the event
queue.

239. What is a decorator

A decorator is an expression that evaluates to a function and that takes the target,
name, and decorator descriptor as arguments. Also, it optionally returns a decorator
descriptor to install on the target object. Let’s define admin decorator for user class
at design time,
function admin(isAdmin) {
return function(target) {
target.isAdmin = isAdmin;
 }
}

@admin(true)
class User() {
}
console.log(User.isAdmin); //true

@admin(false)
class User() {
}
console.log(User.isAdmin); //false

240. What are the properties of Intl object

Below are the list of properties available on Intl object,

1. Collator: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive string

comparison.
2. DateTimeFormat: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive date
and time formatting.
3. ListFormat: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive list
formatting.
4. NumberFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive number formatting.
5. PluralRules: Objects that enable plural-sensitive formatting and language-
specific rules for plurals.
6. RelativeTimeFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive relative time
formatting.

241. What is an Unary operator

The unary(+) operator is used to convert a variable to a number.If the variable
cannot be converted, it will still become a number but with the value NaN. Let’s see
this behavior in an action.
var x = "100";
var y = +x;
console.log(typeof x, typeof y); // string, number

var a = "Hello";
var b = +a;
console.log(typeof a, typeof b, b); // string, number, NaN
242. How do you sort elements in an array
The sort() method is used to sort the elements of an array in place and returns the
sorted array. The default sort order is ascending, based on the string Unicode order.
The example usage would be as below,

var months = ["Aug", "Sep", "Jan", "June"];

months.sort();
console.log(months); // ["Aug", "Jan", "June", "Sep"]

243. What is the purpose of compareFunction while sorting arrays

The compareFunction is used to define the sort order. If omitted, the array elements
are converted to strings, then sorted according to each character’s Unicode code
point value.

Let’s take an example to see the usage of compareFunction,

let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];
numbers.sort((a, b) => b - a);
console.log(numbers); // [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

244. How do you reversing an array

You can use the reverse() method to reverse the elements in an array. This method
is useful to sort an array in descending order. Let’s see the usage of reverse()
method in an example,
let numbers = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4];
numbers.sort((a, b) => b - a);
numbers.reverse();
console.log(numbers); // [1, 2, 3, 4 ,5]

245. How do you find min and max value in an array

You can use Math.min and Math.max methods on array variables to find the
minimum and maximum elements within an array. Let’s create two functions to find
the min and max value with in an array,

var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];

function findMin(arr) {
return Math.min.apply(null, arr);
}
function findMax(arr) {
return Math.max.apply(null, arr);
}
 console.log(findMin(marks));
console.log(findMax(marks));

246. How do you find min and max values without Math functions
You can write functions which loop through an array comparing each value with the
lowest value or highest value to find the min and max values. Let’s create those
functions to find min and max values,
var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];
function findMin(arr) {
var length = arr.length;
var min = Infinity;
while (length--) {
if (arr[length] < min) {
min = arr[length];
}
}
return min;
}

function findMax(arr) {
var length = arr.length;
var max = -Infinity;
while (length--) {
if (arr[length] > max) {
max = arr[length];
}
}
return max;
}

console.log(findMin(marks));
console.log(findMax(marks));

247. What is an empty statement and purpose of it

The empty statement is a semicolon (;) indicating that no statement will be
executed, even if JavaScript syntax requires one. Since there is no action with an
empty statement you might think that it’s usage is quite less, but the empty
statement is occasionally useful when you want to create a loop that has an empty
body. For example, you can initialize an array with zero values as below,
// Initialize an array a
for (let i = 0; i < a.length; a[i++] = 0);
248. How do you get metadata of a module
You can use the import.meta object which is a meta-property exposing context-
specific meta data to a JavaScript module. It contains information about the current
module, such as the module’s URL. In browsers, you might get different meta data
than NodeJS.
<script type="module" src="welcome-module.js"></script>;
console.log(import.meta); // { url: "file:///home/user/welcome-
module.js" }

249. What is a comma operator

The comma operator is used to evaluate each of its operands from left to right and
returns the value of the last operand. This is totally different from comma usage
within arrays, objects, and function arguments and parameters. For example, the
usage for numeric expressions would be as below,

var x = 1;
x = (x++, x);

console.log(x); // 2

250. What is the advantage of a comma operator

It is normally used to include multiple expressions in a location that requires a
single expression. One of the common usages of this comma operator is to supply
multiple parameters in a for loop. For example, the below for loop uses multiple
expressions in a single location using comma operator,

for (var a = 0, b =10; a <= 10; a++, b--)

You can also use the comma operator in a return statement where it processes
before returning.
function myFunction() {
var a = 1;
return (a += 10), a; // 11
}

251. What is typescript

TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that adds optional
types, classes, async/await, and many other features, and compiles to plain
JavaScript. Angular is built entirely in TypeScript and is used as the primary
language. You can install it globally as
 npm install -g typescript

Let’s see a simple example of TypeScript usage,

function greeting(name: string): string {
return "Hello, " + name;
}

let user = "Sudheer";

console.log(greeting(user));

The greeting method allows only string type as argument.

252. What are the differences between javascript and typescript

Below are the list of differences between javascript and typescript,

feature typescript javascript

Language Object oriented Scripting language
paradigm programming language
Typing support Supports static typing It has dynamic typing
Modules Supported Not supported
Interface It has interfaces Doesn’t support
concept interfaces
Optional Functions support No support of optional
parameters optional parameters parameters for functions

253. What are the advantages of typescript over javascript

Below are some of the advantages of typescript over javascript,
1. TypeScript is able to find compile time errors at the development time only
and it makes sures less runtime errors. Whereas javascript is an interpreted
language.
2. TypeScript is strongly-typed or supports static typing which allows for
checking type correctness at compile time. This is not available in javascript.
3. TypeScript compiler can compile the .ts files into ES3,ES4 and ES5 unlike ES6
features of javascript which may not be supported in some browsers.

254. What is an object initializer

An object initializer is an expression that describes the initialization of an Object.
The syntax for this expression is represented as a comma-delimited list of zero or
more pairs of property names and associated values of an object, enclosed in curly
 braces ({}). This is also known as literal notation. It is one of the ways to create an
object.
var initObject = { a: "John", b: 50, c: {} };

console.log(initObject.a); // John

255. What is a constructor method

The constructor method is a special method for creating and initializing an object
created within a class. If you do not specify a constructor method, a default
constructor is used. The example usage of constructor would be as below,
class Employee {
constructor() {
this.name = "John";
}
}

var employeeObject = new Employee();

console.log(employeeObject.name); // John

256. What happens if you write constructor more than once in a class
The “constructor” in a class is a special method and it should be defined only once in
a class. i.e, If you write a constructor method more than once in a class it will throw
a SyntaxError error.

class Employee {
constructor() {
this.name = "John";
}
constructor() { // Uncaught SyntaxError: A class may only have
one constructor
this.age = 30;
}
}

var employeeObject = new Employee();

console.log(employeeObject.name);
257. How do you call the constructor of a parent class
You can use the super keyword to call the constructor of a parent class. Remember
that super() must be called before using ‘this’ reference. Otherwise it will cause a
reference error. Let’s the usage of it,
class Square extends Rectangle {
constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
this.name = "Square";
}

get area() {
return this.width * this.height;
}

set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}

258. How do you get the prototype of an object

You can use the Object.getPrototypeOf(obj) method to return the prototype of
the specified object. i.e. The value of the internal prototype property. If there are no
inherited properties then null value is returned.
const newPrototype = {};
const newObject = Object.create(newPrototype);

console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(newObject) === newPrototype); // true

259. What happens If I pass string type for getPrototype method

In ES5, it will throw a TypeError exception if the obj parameter isn’t an object.
Whereas in ES2015, the parameter will be coerced to an Object.
// ES5
Object.getPrototypeOf("James"); // TypeError: "James" is not an object
// ES2015
Object.getPrototypeOf("James"); // String.prototype

260. How do you set prototype of one object to another

You can use the Object.setPrototypeOf() method that sets the prototype (i.e., the
internal Prototype property) of a specified object to another object or null. For
 example, if you want to set prototype of a square object to rectangle object would be
as follows,
Object.setPrototypeOf(Square.prototype, Rectangle.prototype);
Object.setPrototypeOf({}, null);

261. How do you check whether an object can be extendable or not

The Object.isExtensible() method is used to determine if an object is extendable
or not. i.e, Whether it can have new properties added to it or not.
const newObject = {};
console.log(Object.isExtensible(newObject)); //true

Note: By default, all the objects are extendable. i.e, The new properties can be added
or modified.

262. How do you prevent an object to extend

The Object.preventExtensions() method is used to prevent new properties from
ever being added to an object. In other words, it prevents future extensions to the
object. Let’s see the usage of this property,

const newObject = {};

Object.preventExtensions(newObject); // NOT extendable

try {
Object.defineProperty(newObject, "newProperty", {
// Adding new property
value: 100,
});
} catch (e) {
console.log(e); // TypeError: Cannot define property newProperty,
object is not extensible
}

263. What are the different ways to make an object non-extensible

You can mark an object non-extensible in 3 ways,
1. Object.preventExtensions
2. Object.seal
3. Object.freeze
var newObject = {};

Object.preventExtensions(newObject); // Prevent objects are non-

 extensible
Object.isExtensible(newObject); // false

var sealedObject = Object.seal({}); // Sealed objects are non-

extensible
Object.isExtensible(sealedObject); // false

var frozenObject = Object.freeze({}); // Frozen objects are non-

extensible
Object.isExtensible(frozenObject); // false

264. How do you define multiple properties on an object

The Object.defineProperties() method is used to define new or modify existing
properties directly on an object and returning the object. Let’s define multiple
properties on an empty object,
const newObject = {};

Object.defineProperties(newObject, {
newProperty1: {
value: "John",
writable: true,
},
newProperty2: {},
});

265. What is MEAN in javascript

The MEAN (MongoDB, Express, AngularJS, and Node.js) stack is the most popular
open-source JavaScript software tech stack available for building dynamic web apps
where you can write both the server-side and client-side halves of the web project
entirely in JavaScript.

266. What Is Obfuscation in javascript

Obfuscation is the deliberate act of creating obfuscated javascript code(i.e, source or
machine code) that is difficult for humans to understand. It is something similar to
encryption, but a machine can understand the code and execute it. Let’s see the
below function before Obfuscation,
function greeting() {
console.log("Hello, welcome to JS world");
}

And after the code Obfuscation, it would be appeared as below,

 eval(
(function (p, a, c, k, e, d) {
e = function (c) {
return c;
};
if (!"".replace(/^/, String)) {
while (c--) {
d[c] = k[c] || c;
}
k = [
function (e) {
return d[e];
},
];
e = function () {
return "\\w+";
};
c = 1;
}
while (c--) {
if (k[c]) {
p = p.replace(new RegExp("\\b" + e(c) + "\\b", "g"), k[c]);
}
}
return p;
})(
"2 1(){0.3('4, 7 6 5 8')}",
9,
9,

"console|greeting|function|log|Hello|JS|to|welcome|world".split("|"),
0,
{}
)
);

267. Why do you need Obfuscation

Below are the few reasons for Obfuscation,
1. The Code size will be reduced. So data transfers between server and client
will be fast.
2. It hides the business logic from outside world and protects the code from
others
3. Reverse engineering is highly difficult
4. The download time will be reduced
268. What is Minification
Minification is the process of removing all unnecessary characters(empty spaces are
removed) and variables will be renamed without changing it’s functionality. It is
also a type of obfuscation .

269. What are the advantages of minification

Normally it is recommended to use minification for heavy traffic and intensive
requirements of resources. It reduces file sizes with below benefits,

1. Decreases loading times of a web page

2. Saves bandwidth usages

270. What are the differences between Obfuscation and Encryption

Below are the main differences between Obfuscation and Encryption,

Feature Obfuscation Encryption

Definition Changing the form of Changing the form of
any data in any other information to an
form unreadable format by using
a key
A key to It can be decoded It is required
decode without any key
Target data It will be converted to Converted into an
format a complex form unreadable format

271. What are the common tools used for minification

There are many online/offline tools to minify the javascript files,
1. Google’s Closure Compiler
2. UglifyJS2
3. jsmin
4. javascript-minifier.com/
5. prettydiff.com

272. How do you perform form validation using javascript

JavaScript can be used to perform HTML form validation. For example, if the form
field is empty, the function needs to notify, and return false, to prevent the form
being submitted. Lets’ perform user login in an html form,
<form name="myForm" onsubmit="return validateForm()" method="post">
User name: <input type="text" name="uname" />
 <input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>

And the validation on user login is below,

function validateForm() {
var x = document.forms["myForm"]["uname"].value;
if (x == "") {
alert("The username shouldn't be empty");
return false;
}
}

273. How do you perform form validation without javascript

You can perform HTML form validation automatically without using javascript. The
validation enabled by applying the required attribute to prevent form submission
when the input is empty.

<form method="post">
<input type="text" name="uname" required />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>

Note: Automatic form validation does not work in Internet Explorer 9 or earlier.

274. What are the DOM methods available for constraint validation
The below DOM methods are available for constraint validation on an invalid input,

1. checkValidity(): It returns true if an input element contains valid data.

2. setCustomValidity(): It is used to set the validationMessage property of an
input element. Let’s take an user login form with DOM validations
function myFunction() {
var userName = document.getElementById("uname");
if (!userName.checkValidity()) {
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML =
userName.validationMessage;
} else {
document.getElementById("message").innerHTML =
"Entered a valid username";
}
}

275. What are the available constraint validation DOM properties

Below are the list of some of the constraint validation DOM properties available,
 1. validity: It provides a list of boolean properties related to the validity of an
input element.
2. validationMessage: It displays the message when the validity is false.
3. willValidate: It indicates if an input element will be validated or not.

276. What are the list of validity properties

The validity property of an input element provides a set of properties related to the
validity of data.
1. customError: It returns true, if a custom validity message is set.
2. patternMismatch: It returns true, if an element’s value does not match its
pattern attribute.
3. rangeOverflow: It returns true, if an element’s value is greater than its max
attribute.
4. rangeUnderflow: It returns true, if an element’s value is less than its min
attribute.
5. stepMismatch: It returns true, if an element’s value is invalid according to
step attribute.
6. tooLong: It returns true, if an element’s value exceeds its maxLength
attribute.
7. typeMismatch: It returns true, if an element’s value is invalid according to
type attribute.
8. valueMissing: It returns true, if an element with a required attribute has no
value.
9. valid: It returns true, if an element’s value is valid.

277. Give an example usage of rangeOverflow property

If an element’s value is greater than its max attribute then rangeOverflow property
returns true. For example, the below form submission throws an error if the value is
more than 100,
<input id="age" type="number" max="100" />
<button onclick="myOverflowFunction()">OK</button>

function myOverflowFunction() {
if (document.getElementById("age").validity.rangeOverflow) {
alert("The mentioned age is not allowed");
}
}
278. Is enums feature available in javascript
No, javascript does not natively support enums. But there are different kinds of
solutions to simulate them even though they may not provide exact equivalents. For
example, you can use freeze or seal on object,

var DaysEnum = Object.freeze({"monday":1, "tuesday":2, "wednesday":3,

...})

279. What is an enum

An enum is a type restricting variables to one value from a predefined set of
constants. JavaScript has no enums but typescript provides built-in enum support.
enum Color {
RED, GREEN, BLUE
}

280. How do you list all properties of an object

You can use the Object.getOwnPropertyNames() method which returns an array of
all properties found directly in a given object. Let’s see the usage of this in an
example below:
const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3,
};

console.log(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(newObject));
["a", "b", "c"];

281. How do you get property descriptors of an object

You can use the Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors() method which returns all
own property descriptors of a given object. The example usage of this method is
below,
const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3,
};
const descriptorsObject = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(newObject);
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.writable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.configurable); //true
 console.log(descriptorsObject.a.enumerable); //true
console.log(descriptorsObject.a.value); // 1

282. What are the attributes provided by a property descriptor

A property descriptor is a record which has the following attributes

1. value: The value associated with the property

2. writable: Determines whether the value associated with the property can be
changed or not
3. configurable: Returns true if the type of this property descriptor can be
changed and if the property can be deleted from the corresponding object.
4. enumerable: Determines whether the property appears during enumeration
of the properties on the corresponding object or not.
5. set: A function which serves as a setter for the property
6. get: A function which serves as a getter for the property

283. How do you extend classes

The extends keyword is used in class declarations/expressions to create a class
which is a child of another class. It can be used to subclass custom classes as well as
built-in objects. The syntax would be as below,

class ChildClass extends ParentClass { ... }

Let’s take an example of Square subclass from Polygon parent class,

class Square extends Rectangle {
constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
this.name = "Square";
}

get area() {
return this.width * this.height;
}

set area(value) {
this.area = value;
}
}

284. How do I modify the url without reloading the page

The window.location.href property will be helpful to modify the url but it reloads
the page. HTML5 introduced the history.pushState() and
 history.replaceState() methods, which allow you to add and modify history
entries, respectively. For example, you can use pushState as below,

window.history.pushState("page2", "Title", "/page2.html");

285. How do you check whether an array includes a particular value or not
The Array#includes() method is used to determine whether an array includes a
particular value among its entries by returning either true or false. Let’s see an
example to find an element(numeric and string) within an array.
var numericArray = [1, 2, 3, 4];
console.log(numericArray.includes(3)); // true

var stringArray = ["green", "yellow", "blue"];

console.log(stringArray.includes("blue")); //true

286. How do you compare scalar arrays

You can use length and every method of arrays to compare two scalar(compared
directly using ===) arrays. The combination of these expressions can give the
expected result,
const arrayFirst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const arraySecond = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(
arrayFirst.length === arraySecond.length &&
arrayFirst.every((value, index) => value === arraySecond[index])
); // true

If you would like to compare arrays irrespective of order then you should sort them
before,
const arrayFirst = [2, 3, 1, 4, 5];
const arraySecond = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(
arrayFirst.length === arraySecond.length &&
arrayFirst.sort().every((value, index) => value ===
arraySecond[index])
); //true

287. How to get the value from get parameters

The new URL() object accepts the url string and searchParams property of this
object can be used to access the get parameters. Remember that you may need to
use polyfill or window.location to access the URL in older browsers(including IE).
 let urlString = "http://www.some-domain.com/about.html?x=1&y=2&z=3";
//window.location.href
let url = new URL(urlString);
let parameterZ = url.searchParams.get("z");
console.log(parameterZ); // 3

288. How do you print numbers with commas as thousand separators

You can use the Number.prototype.toLocaleString() method which returns a
string with a language-sensitive representation such as thousand
separator,currency etc of this number.
function convertToThousandFormat(x) {
return x.toLocaleString(); // 12,345.679
}

console.log(convertToThousandFormat(12345.6789));

289. What is the difference between java and javascript

Both are totally unrelated programming languages and no relation between them.
Java is statically typed, compiled, runs on its own VM. Whereas Javascript is
dynamically typed, interpreted, and runs in a browser and nodejs environments.
Let’s see the major differences in a tabular format, | Feature | Java | JavaScript | |—- |
—- | —– | Typed | It’s a strongly typed language | It’s a dynamic typed language | |
Paradigm | Object oriented programming | Prototype based programming | |
Scoping | Block scoped | Function-scoped | | Concurrency | Thread based | event
based | | Memory | Uses more memory | Uses less memory. Hence it will be used for
web pages |

290. Does JavaScript supports namespace

JavaScript doesn’t support namespace by default. So if you create any
element(function, method, object, variable) then it becomes global and pollutes the
global namespace. Let’s take an example of defining two functions without any
namespace,
function func1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
function func1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
func1(); // This is a second definition
 It always calls the second function definition. In this case, namespace will solve the
name collision problem.

291. How do you declare namespace

Even though JavaScript lacks namespaces, we can use Objects , IIFE to create
namespaces.

1. Using Object Literal Notation: Let’s wrap variables and functions inside an
Object literal which acts as a namespace. After that you can access them
using object notation

var namespaceOne = {
function func1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
}
var namespaceTwo = {
function func1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
}
namespaceOne.func1(); // This is a first definition
namespaceTwo.func1(); // This is a second definition

2. Using IIFE (Immediately invoked function expression): The outer pair of

parentheses of IIFE creates a local scope for all the code inside of it and
makes the anonymous function a function expression. Due to that, you can
create the same function in two different function expressions to act as a
namespace.
(function () {
function fun1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
}
fun1();
})();

(function () {
function fun1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
}
fun1();
})();

3. Using a block and a let/const declaration: In ECMAScript 6, you can simply

use a block and a let declaration to restrict the scope of a variable to a block.
 {
let myFunction = function fun1() {
console.log("This is a first definition");
};
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.

{
let myFunction = function fun1() {
console.log("This is a second definition");
};
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.

292. How do you invoke javascript code in an iframe from parent page
Initially iFrame needs to be accessed using either document.getElementBy or
window.frames. After that contentWindow property of iFrame gives the access for
targetFunction
document.getElementById("targetFrame").contentWindow.targetFunction();
window.frames[0].frameElement.contentWindow.targetFunction(); //
Accessing iframe this way may not work in latest versions chrome and
firefox

293. How do get the timezone offset from date

You can use the getTimezoneOffset method of the date object. This method returns
the time zone difference, in minutes, from current locale (host system settings) to
UTC
var offset = new Date().getTimezoneOffset();
console.log(offset); // -480

294. How do you load CSS and JS files dynamically

You can create both link and script elements in the DOM and append them as child
to head tag. Let’s create a function to add script and style resources as below,
function loadAssets(filename, filetype) {
if (filetype == "css") {
// External CSS file
var fileReference = document.createElement("link");
fileReference.setAttribute("rel", "stylesheet");
fileReference.setAttribute("type", "text/css");
 fileReference.setAttribute("href", filename);
} else if (filetype == "js") {
// External JavaScript file
var fileReference = document.createElement("script");
fileReference.setAttribute("type", "text/javascript");
fileReference.setAttribute("src", filename);
}
if (typeof fileReference != "undefined")

document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(fileReference);
}

295. What are the different methods to find HTML elements in DOM
If you want to access any element in an HTML page, you need to start with accessing
the document object. Later you can use any of the below methods to find the HTML
element,

1. document.getElementById(id): It finds an element by Id

2. document.getElementsByTagName(name): It finds an element by tag name
3. document.getElementsByClassName(name): It finds an element by class
name

296. What is jQuery

jQuery is a popular cross-browser JavaScript library that provides Document Object
Model (DOM) traversal, event handling, animations and AJAX interactions by
minimizing the discrepancies across browsers. It is widely famous with its
philosophy of “Write less, do more”. For example, you can display welcome message
on the page load using jQuery as below,
$(document).ready(function () {
// It selects the document and apply the function on page load
alert("Welcome to jQuery world");
});

Note: You can download it from jquery’s official site or install it from CDNs, like
google.

297. What is V8 JavaScript engine

V8 is an open source high-performance JavaScript engine used by the Google
Chrome browser, written in C++. It is also being used in the node.js project. It
implements ECMAScript and WebAssembly, and runs on Windows 7 or later, macOS
10.12+, and Linux systems that use x64, IA-32, ARM, or MIPS processors. Note: It
can run standalone, or can be embedded into any C++ application.
298. Why do we call javascript as dynamic language
JavaScript is a loosely typed or a dynamic language because variables in JavaScript
are not directly associated with any particular value type, and any variable can be
assigned/reassigned with values of all types.
let age = 50; // age is a number now
age = "old"; // age is a string now
age = true; // age is a boolean

299. What is a void operator

The void operator evaluates the given expression and then returns undefined(i.e,
without returning value). The syntax would be as below,
void expression;
void expression;

Let’s display a message without any redirection or reload

<a href="javascript:void(alert('Welcome to JS world'))">
Click here to see a message
</a>

Note: This operator is often used to obtain the undefined primitive value, using
“void(0)”.

300. How to set the cursor to wait

The cursor can be set to wait in JavaScript by using the property “cursor”. Let’s
perform this behavior on page load using the below function.
function myFunction() {
window.document.body.style.cursor = "wait";
}

and this function invoked on page load

<body onload="myFunction()"></body>

301. How do you create an infinite loop

You can create infinite loops using for and while loops without using any
expressions. The for loop construct or syntax is better approach in terms of ESLint
and code optimizer tools,
 for (;;) {}
while (true) {}

302. Why do you need to avoid with statement

JavaScript’s with statement was intended to provide a shorthand for writing
recurring accesses to objects. So it can help reduce file size by reducing the need to
repeat a lengthy object reference without performance penalty. Let’s take an
example where it is used to avoid redundancy when accessing an object several
times.

a.b.c.greeting = "welcome";
a.b.c.age = 32;

Using with it turns this into:

with (a.b.c) {
greeting = "welcome";
age = 32;
}

But this with statement creates performance problems since one cannot predict
whether an argument will refer to a real variable or to a property inside the with
argument.

303. What is the output of the following for loops

for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
// global scope
setTimeout(() => console.log(i));
}

for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {

// block scope
setTimeout(() => console.log(i));
}

The output of the above for loops is 4 4 4 4 and 0 1 2 3

Explanation: Due to the event queue/loop of javascript, the setTimeout callback
function is called after the loop has been executed. Since the variable i is declared
with the var keyword it became a global variable and the value was equal to 4 using
iteration when the time setTimeout function is invoked. Hence, the output of the
second loop is 4 4 4 4.
Whereas in the second loop, the variable i is declared as the let keyword it becomes
a block scoped variable and it holds a new value(0, 1 ,2 3) for each iteration. Hence,
the output of the first loop is 0 1 2 3.
304. List down some of the features of ES6
Below are the list of some new features of ES6,

1. Support for constants or immutable variables

2. Block-scope support for variables, constants and functions
3. Arrow functions
4. Default parameters
5. Rest and Spread Parameters
6. Template Literals
7. Multi-line Strings
8. Destructuring Assignment
9. Enhanced Object Literals
10. Promises
11. Classes
12. Modules

305. What is ES6

ES6 is the sixth edition of the javascript language and it was released in June 2015. It
was initially known as ECMAScript 6 (ES6) and later renamed to ECMAScript 2015.
Almost all the modern browsers support ES6 but for the old browsers there are
many transpilers, like Babel.js etc.

306. Can I redeclare let and const variables

No, you cannot redeclare let and const variables. If you do, it throws below error
Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'someVariable' has already been
declared

Explanation: The variable declaration with var keyword refers to a function scope
and the variable is treated as if it were declared at the top of the enclosing scope due
to hoisting feature. So all the multiple declarations contributing to the same hoisted
variable without any error. Let’s take an example of re-declaring variables in the
same scope for both var and let/const variables.
var name = "John";
function myFunc() {
var name = "Nick";
var name = "Abraham"; // Re-assigned in the same function block
alert(name); // Abraham
}
myFunc();
alert(name); // John
 The block-scoped multi-declaration throws syntax error,
let name = "John";
function myFunc() {
let name = "Nick";
let name = "Abraham"; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'name' has
already been declared
alert(name);
}

myFunc();
alert(name);

307. Does the const variable make the value immutable

No, the const variable doesn’t make the value immutable. But it disallows
subsequent assignments(i.e, You can declare with assignment but can’t assign
another value later)
const userList = [];
userList.push("John"); // Can mutate even though it can't re-assign
console.log(userList); // ['John']

308. What are default parameters

In ES5, we need to depend on logical OR operators to handle default values of
function parameters. Whereas in ES6, Default function parameters feature allows
parameters to be initialized with default values if no value or undefined is passed.
Let’s compare the behavior with an examples,
//ES5
var calculateArea = function (height, width) {
height = height || 50;
width = width || 60;

return width * height;

};
console.log(calculateArea()); //300

The default parameters makes the initialization more simpler,

//ES6
var calculateArea = function (height = 50, width = 60) {
return width * height;
};

console.log(calculateArea()); //300
309. What are template literals
Template literals or template strings are string literals allowing embedded
expressions. These are enclosed by the back-tick (`) character instead of double or
single quotes. In ES6, this feature enables using dynamic expressions as below,

var greeting = `Welcome to JS World, Mr. ${firstName} ${lastName}.`;

In ES5, you need break string like below,

var greeting = 'Welcome to JS World, Mr. ' + firstName + ' ' +
lastName.`

Note: You can use multi-line strings and string interpolation features with template
literals.

310. How do you write multi-line strings in template literals

In ES5, you would have to use newline escape characters(‘\n’) and concatenation
symbols(+) in order to get multi-line strings.
console.log("This is string sentence 1\n" + "This is string sentence
2");

Whereas in ES6, You don’t need to mention any newline sequence character,
console.log(`This is string sentence
'This is string sentence 2`);

311. What are nesting templates

The nesting template is a feature supported within template literals syntax to allow
inner backticks inside a placeholder ${ } within the template. For example, the
below nesting template is used to display the icons based on user permissions
whereas outer template checks for platform type,
const iconStyles = `icon ${
isMobilePlatform()
? ""
: `icon-${user.isAuthorized ? "submit" : "disabled"}`
}`;

You can write the above use case without nesting template features as well.
However, the nesting template feature is more compact and readable.
//Without nesting templates
const iconStyles = `icon ${
 isMobilePlatform()
? ""
: user.isAuthorized
? "icon-submit"
: "icon-disabled"
}`;

312. What are tagged templates

Tagged templates are the advanced form of templates in which tags allow you to
parse template literals with a function. The tag function accepts the first parameter
as an array of strings and remaining parameters as expressions. This function can
also return manipulated strings based on parameters. Let’s see the usage of this
tagged template behavior of an IT professional skill set in an organization,

var user1 = "John";

var skill1 = "JavaScript";
var experience1 = 15;

var user2 = "Kane";

var skill2 = "JavaScript";
var experience2 = 5;

function myInfoTag(strings, userExp, experienceExp, skillExp) {

var str0 = strings[0]; // "Mr/Ms. "
var str1 = strings[1]; // " is a/an "
var str2 = strings[2]; // "in"

var expertiseStr;
if (experienceExp > 10) {
expertiseStr = "expert developer";
} else if (skillExp > 5 && skillExp <= 10) {
expertiseStr = "senior developer";
} else {
expertiseStr = "junior developer";
}

return `${str0}${userExp}${str1}${expertiseStr}${str2}${skillExp}`;
}

var output1 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${user1} is a/an ${experience1} in

${skill1}`;
var output2 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${user2} is a/an ${experience2} in
${skill2}`;

console.log(output1); // Mr/Ms. John is a/an expert developer in

JavaScript
 console.log(output2); // Mr/Ms. Kane is a/an junior developer in
JavaScript

313. What are raw strings

ES6 provides a raw strings feature using the String.raw() method which is used to
get the raw string form of template strings. This feature allows you to access the raw
strings as they were entered, without processing escape sequences. For example,
the usage would be as below,
var calculationString = String.raw`The sum of numbers is \n${
1 + 2 + 3 + 4
}!`;
console.log(calculationString); // The sum of numbers is \n10!

If you don’t use raw strings, the newline character sequence will be processed by
displaying the output in multiple lines
var calculationString = `The sum of numbers is \n${1 + 2 + 3 + 4}!`;
console.log(calculationString);
// The sum of numbers is
// 10!

Also, the raw property is available on the first argument to the tag function
function tag(strings) {
console.log(strings.raw[0]);
}

314. What is destructuring assignment

The destructuring assignment is a JavaScript expression that makes it possible to
unpack values from arrays or properties from objects into distinct variables. Let’s
get the month values from an array using destructuring assignment
var [one, two, three] = ["JAN", "FEB", "MARCH"];

console.log(one); // "JAN"
console.log(two); // "FEB"
console.log(three); // "MARCH"

and you can get user properties of an object using destructuring assignment,
var { name, age } = { name: "John", age: 32 };

console.log(name); // John
console.log(age); // 32
315. What are default values in destructuring assignment
A variable can be assigned a default value when the value unpacked from the array
or object is undefined during destructuring assignment. It helps to avoid setting
default values separately for each assignment. Let’s take an example for both arrays
and object use cases,

Arrays destructuring:

var x, y, z;

[x = 2, y = 4, z = 6] = [10];
console.log(x); // 10
console.log(y); // 4
console.log(z); // 6

Objects destructuring:
var { x = 2, y = 4, z = 6 } = { x: 10 };

console.log(x); // 10
console.log(y); // 4
console.log(z); // 6

316. How do you swap variables in destructuring assignment

If you don’t use destructuring assignment, swapping two values requires a
temporary variable. Whereas using a destructuring feature, two variable values can
be swapped in one destructuring expression. Let’s swap two number variables in
array destructuring assignment,
var x = 10,
y = 20;

[x, y] = [y, x];

console.log(x); // 20
console.log(y); // 10

317. What are enhanced object literals

Object literals make it easy to quickly create objects with properties inside the curly
braces. For example, it provides shorter syntax for common object property
definition as below.
//ES6
var x = 10,
y = 20;
 obj = { x, y };
console.log(obj); // {x: 10, y:20}
//ES5
var x = 10,
y = 20;
obj = { x: x, y: y };
console.log(obj); // {x: 10, y:20}

318. What are dynamic imports

The dynamic imports using import() function syntax allows us to load modules on
demand by using promises or the async/await syntax. Currently this feature is in
stage4 proposal. The main advantage of dynamic imports is reduction of our
bundle’s sizes, the size/payload response of our requests and overall improvements
in the user experience. The syntax of dynamic imports would be as below,

import("./Module").then((Module) => Module.method());

319. What are the use cases for dynamic imports

Below are some of the use cases of using dynamic imports over static imports,
1. Import a module on-demand or conditionally. For example, if you want to
load a polyfill on legacy browser

if (isLegacyBrowser()) {
import(···)
.then(···);
}

2. Compute the module specifier at runtime. For example, you can use it for
internationalization.
import(`messages_${getLocale()}.js`).then(···);

3. Import a module from within a regular script instead a module.

320. What are typed arrays

Typed arrays are array-like objects from ECMAScript 6 API for handling binary data.
JavaScript provides 12 Typed array types,

1. Int8Array: An array of 8-bit signed integers

2. Uint8Array: An array of 8-bit unsigned integers
3. Uint8ClampedArray: An array of 8-bit unsigned integers clamped to 0-255
4. Int16Array: An array of 16-bit signed integers
 5. Uint16Array: An array of 16-bit unsigned integers
6. Int32Array: An array of 32-bit signed integers
7. Uint32Array: An array of 32-bit unsigned integers
8. BigInt64Array: An array of 64-bit signed BigInts
9. BigUint64Array: An array of 64-bit unsigned BigInts
10. Float16Array: An array of 16-bit floating point numbers
11. Float32Array: An array of 32-bit floating point numbers
12. Float64Array: An array of 64-bit floating point numbers
For example, you can create an array of 8-bit signed integers as below
const a = new Int8Array();
// You can pre-allocate n bytes
const bytes = 1024;
const a = new Int8Array(bytes);

321. What are the advantages of module loaders

The module loaders provides the below features,

1. Dynamic loading
2. State isolation
3. Global namespace isolation
4. Compilation hooks
5. Nested virtualization

322. What is collation

Collation is used for sorting a set of strings and searching within a set of strings. It is
parameterized by locale and aware of Unicode. Let’s take comparison and sorting
features,
1. Comparison:
var list = ["ä", "a", "z"]; // In German, "ä" sorts with "a" Whereas
in Swedish, "ä" sorts after "z"
var l10nDE = new Intl.Collator("de");
var l10nSV = new Intl.Collator("sv");
console.log(l10nDE.compare("ä", "z") === -1); // true
console.log(l10nSV.compare("ä", "z") === +1); // true

2. Sorting:
var list = ["ä", "a", "z"]; // In German, "ä" sorts with "a" Whereas
in Swedish, "ä" sorts after "z"
var l10nDE = new Intl.Collator("de");
var l10nSV = new Intl.Collator("sv");
console.log(list.sort(l10nDE.compare)); // [ "a", "ä", "z" ]
console.log(list.sort(l10nSV.compare)); // [ "a", "z", "ä" ]
323. What is for…of statement
The for…of statement creates a loop iterating over iterable objects or elements such
as built-in String, Array, Array-like objects (like arguments or NodeList),
TypedArray, Map, Set, and user-defined iterables. The basic usage of for…of
statement on arrays would be as below,
let arrayIterable = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];

for (let value of arrayIterable) {

value++;
console.log(value); // 11 21 31 41 51
}

324. What is the output of below spread operator array

[..."John Resig"];

The output of the array is [‘J’, ‘o’, ‘h’, ‘n’, ’ ‘, ’R’, ‘e’, ‘s’, ‘i’, ‘g’]

Explanation: The string is an iterable type and the spread operator within an array
maps every character of an iterable to one element. Hence, each character of a string
becomes an element within an Array.

325. Is PostMessage secure

Yes, postMessages can be considered very secure as long as the
programmer/developer is careful about checking the origin and source of an
arriving message. But if you try to send/receive a message without verifying its
source will create cross-site scripting attacks.

326. What are the problems with postmessage target origin as wildcard
The second argument of postMessage method specifies which origin is allowed to
receive the message. If you use the wildcard “*” as an argument then any origin is
allowed to receive the message. In this case, there is no way for the sender window
to know if the target window is at the target origin when sending the message. If the
target window has been navigated to another origin, the other origin would receive
the data. Hence, this may lead to XSS vulnerabilities.

targetWindow.postMessage(message, "*");
327. How do you avoid receiving postMessages from attackers
Since the listener listens for any message, an attacker can trick the application by
sending a message from the attacker’s origin, which gives an impression that the
receiver received the message from the actual sender’s window. You can avoid this
issue by validating the origin of the message on the receiver’s end using the
“message.origin” attribute.
For example, let’s check the sender’s origin http://www.some-sender.com on
receiver side www.some-receiver.com,

//Listener on http://www.some-receiver.com/
window.addEventListener("message", function(message){
if(/^http://www\.some-sender\.com$/.test(message.origin)){
console.log('You received the data from valid sender',
message.data);
}
});

328. Can I avoid using postMessages completely

You cannot avoid using postMessages completely(or 100%). Even though your
application doesn’t use postMessage considering the risks, a lot of third party scripts
use postMessage to communicate with the third party service. So your application
might be using postMessage without your knowledge.

329. Is postMessages synchronous

The postMessages are synchronous in IE8 browser but they are asynchronous in IE9
and all other modern browsers (i.e, IE9+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari).Due to this
asynchronous behaviour, we use a callback mechanism when the postMessage is
returned.

330. What paradigm is Javascript

JavaScript is a multi-paradigm language, supporting imperative/procedural
programming, Object-Oriented Programming and functional programming.
JavaScript supports Object-Oriented Programming with prototypical inheritance.

331. What is the difference between internal and external javascript

Internal JavaScript: It is the source code within the script tag. External JavaScript:
The source code is stored in an external file(stored with .js extension) and referred
with in the tag.
332. Is JavaScript faster than server side script
Yes, JavaScript is faster than server side scripts. Because JavaScript is a client-side
script it does not require any web server’s help for its computation or calculation. So
JavaScript is always faster than any server-side script like ASP, PHP, etc.

333. How do you get the status of a checkbox

You can apply the checked property on the selected checkbox in the DOM. If the
value is true it means the checkbox is checked, otherwise it is unchecked. For
example, the below HTML checkbox element can be access using javascript as
below:
<input type="checkbox" id="checkboxname" value="Agree" /> Agree the
conditions<br />

console.log(document.getElementById(‘checkboxname’).checked); // true
or false

334. What is the purpose of double tilde operator

The double tilde operator(~~) is known as double NOT bitwise operator. This
operator is a slightly quicker substitute for Math.floor().

335. How do you convert character to ASCII code

You can use the String.prototype.charCodeAt() method to convert string
characters to ASCII numbers. For example, let’s find ASCII code for the first letter of
‘ABC’ string,
"ABC".charCodeAt(0); // returns 65

Whereas String.fromCharCode() method converts numbers to equal ASCII

characters.
String.fromCharCode(65, 66, 67); // returns 'ABC'

336. What is ArrayBuffer

An ArrayBuffer object is used to represent a generic, fixed-length raw binary data
buffer. You can create it as below,
let buffer = new ArrayBuffer(16); // create a buffer of length 16
alert(buffer.byteLength); // 16

To manipulate an ArrayBuffer, we need to use a “view” object.

 //Create a DataView referring to the buffer
let view = new DataView(buffer);

337. What is the output of below string expression

console.log("Welcome to JS world"[0]);

The output of the above expression is “W”. Explanation: The bracket notation with
specific index on a string returns the character at a specific location. Hence, it
returns the character “W” of the string. Since this is not supported in IE7 and below
versions, you may need to use the .charAt() method to get the desired result.

338. What is the purpose of Error object

The Error constructor creates an error object and the instances of error objects are
thrown when runtime errors occur. The Error object can also be used as a base
object for user-defined exceptions. The syntax of error object would be as below,

new Error([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])

You can throw user defined exceptions or errors using Error object in try…catch
block as below,

try {
if (withdraw > balance)
throw new Error("Oops! You don't have enough balance");
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.name + ": " + e.message);
}

339. What is the purpose of EvalError object

The EvalError object indicates an error regarding the global eval() function. Even
though this exception is not thrown by JavaScript anymore, the EvalError object
remains for compatibility. The syntax of this expression would be as below,

new EvalError([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])

You can throw EvalError with in try…catch block as below,

try {
throw new EvalError('Eval function error', 'someFile.js', 100);
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.message, e.name, e.fileName); // "Eval
function error", "EvalError", "someFile.js"
340. What are the list of cases error thrown from non-strict mode to strict mode
When you apply ‘use strict’; syntax, some of the below cases will throw a
SyntaxError before executing the script
1. When you use Octal syntax
var n = 022;

2. Using with statement

3. When you use delete operator on a variable name
4. Using eval or arguments as variable or function argument name
5. When you use newly reserved keywords
6. When you declare a function in a block and access it from outside of the block
if (someCondition) {
function f() {}
}
f(); // ReferenceError: f is not defined

Hence, the errors from above cases are helpful to avoid errors in
development/production environments.

341. Do all objects have prototypes

No. All objects have prototypes except the base object or an object created with
Object.create(null) method. The base object is Object.prototype, and its prototype is
null.

342. What is the difference between a parameter and an argument

Parameter is the variable name of a function definition whereas an argument
represents the value given to a function when it is invoked. Let’s explain this with a
simple function
function myFunction(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {
console.log(arguments[0]); // "argument1"
console.log(arguments[1]); // "argument2"
console.log(arguments[2]); // "argument3"
}
myFunction("argument1", "argument2", "argument3");

343. What is the purpose of some method in arrays

The some() method is used to test whether at least one element in the array passes
the test implemented by the provided function. The method returns a boolean value.
Let’s take an example to test for any odd elements,
 var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];

var odd = (element) => element % 2 !== 0;

console.log(array.some(odd)); // true (the odd element exists)

344. How do you combine two or more arrays

The concat() method is used to join two or more arrays by returning a new array
containing all the elements. The syntax would be as below,

array1.concat(array2, array3, ..., arrayX)

Let’s take an example of array’s concatenation with veggies and fruits arrays,
var veggies = ["Tomato", "Carrot", "Cabbage"];
var fruits = ["Apple", "Orange", "Pears"];
var veggiesAndFruits = veggies.concat(fruits);
console.log(veggiesAndFruits); // Tomato, Carrot, Cabbage, Apple,
Orange, Pears

345. What is the difference between Shallow and Deep copy

There are two ways to copy an object,

Shallow Copy: Shallow copy is a bitwise copy of an object. A new object is created
that has an exact copy of the values in the original object. If any of the fields of the
object are references to other objects, just the reference addresses are copied i.e.,
only the memory address is copied.
Example

var empDetails = {
name: "John",
age: 25,
expertise: "Software Developer",
};

to create a duplicate

var empDetailsShallowCopy = empDetails; //Shallow copying!

if we change some property value in the duplicate one like this:

empDetailsShallowCopy.name = "Johnson";

The above statement will also change the name of empDetails, since we have a
shallow copy. That means we’re losing the original data as well.
 Deep copy: A deep copy copies all fields, and makes copies of dynamically allocated
memory pointed to by the fields. A deep copy occurs when an object is copied along
with the objects to which it refers.

Example
var empDetails = {
name: "John",
age: 25,
expertise: "Software Developer",
};

Create a deep copy by using the properties from the original object into new
variable
var empDetailsDeepCopy = {
name: empDetails.name,
age: empDetails.age,
expertise: empDetails.expertise,
};

Now if you change empDetailsDeepCopy.name, it will only affect

empDetailsDeepCopy & not empDetails

346. How do you create specific number of copies of a string

The repeat() method is used to construct and return a new string which contains
the specified number of copies of the string on which it was called, concatenated
together. Remember that this method has been added to the ECMAScript 2015
specification. Let’s take an example of Hello string to repeat it 4 times,

"Hello".repeat(4); // 'HelloHelloHelloHello'

347. How do you return all matching strings against a regular expression
The matchAll() method can be used to return an iterator of all results matching a
string against a regular expression. For example, the below example returns an
array of matching string results against a regular expression,
let regexp = /Hello(\d?)/g;
let greeting = "Hello1Hello2Hello3";

let greetingList = [...greeting.matchAll(regexp)];

console.log(greetingList[0][0]); //Hello1
console.log(greetingList[1][0]); //Hello2
console.log(greetingList[2][0]); //Hello3
348. How do you trim a string at the beginning or ending
The trim method of string prototype is used to trim on both sides of a string. But if
you want to trim especially at the beginning or ending of the string then you can use
trimStart/trimLeft and trimEnd/trimRight methods. Let’s see an example of
these methods on a greeting message,

var greeting = " Hello, Goodmorning! ";

console.log(greeting); // " Hello, Goodmorning! "

console.log(greeting.trimStart()); // "Hello, Goodmorning! "
console.log(greeting.trimLeft()); // "Hello, Goodmorning! "

console.log(greeting.trimEnd()); // " Hello, Goodmorning!"

console.log(greeting.trimRight()); // " Hello, Goodmorning!"

349. What is the output of below console statement with unary operator
Let’s take console statement with unary operator as given below,

console.log(+"Hello"); // NaN

The output of the above console log statement returns NaN. Because the element is
prefixed by the unary operator and the JavaScript interpreter will try to convert that
element into a number type. Since the conversion fails, the value of the statement
results in NaN value.

350. Does javascript uses mixins

Mixin is a generic object-oriented programming term - is a class containing methods
that can be used by other classes without a need to inherit from it. In JavaScript we
can only inherit from a single object. ie. There can be only one [[prototype]] for an
object.
But sometimes we require to extend more than one, to overcome this we can use
Mixin which helps to copy methods to the prototype of another class.
Say for instance, we’ve two classes User and CleanRoom. Suppose we need to add
CleanRoom functionality to User, so that user can clean the room at demand. Here’s
where concept called mixins comes into picture.
// mixin
let cleanRoomMixin = {
cleanRoom() {
alert(`Hello ${this.name}, your room is clean now`);
},
sayBye() {
alert(`Bye ${this.name}`);
 },
};

// usage:
class User {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
}

// copy the methods

Object.assign(User.prototype, cleanRoomMixin);

// now User can clean the room

new User("Dude").cleanRoom(); // Hello Dude, your room is clean now!

351. What is a thunk function

A thunk is just a function which delays the evaluation of the value. It doesn’t take
any arguments but gives the value whenever you invoke the thunk. i.e, It is used not
to execute now but it will be sometime in the future. Let’s take a synchronous
example,
const add = (x, y) => x + y;

const thunk = () => add(2, 3);

thunk(); // 5

352. What are asynchronous thunks

The asynchronous thunks are useful to make network requests. Let’s see an example
of network requests,
function fetchData(fn) {
fetch("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1")
.then((response) => response.json())
.then((json) => fn(json));
}

const asyncThunk = function () {

return fetchData(function getData(data) {
console.log(data);
});
};

asyncThunk();
 The getData function won’t be called immediately but it will be invoked only when
the data is available from API endpoint. The setTimeout function is also used to
make our code asynchronous. The best real time example is redux state
management library which uses the asynchronous thunks to delay the actions to
dispatch.

353. What is the output of below function calls

Code snippet:
const circle = {
radius: 20,
diameter() {
return this.radius * 2;
},
perimeter: () => 2 * Math.PI * this.radius,
};

console.log(circle.diameter());
console.log(circle.perimeter());

Output:

The output is 40 and NaN. Remember that diameter is a regular function, whereas
the value of perimeter is an arrow function. The this keyword of a regular
function(i.e, diameter) refers to the surrounding scope which is a class(i.e, Shape
object). Whereas this keyword of perimeter function refers to the surrounding
scope which is a window object. Since there is no radius property on window
objects it returns an undefined value and the multiple of number value returns NaN
value.

354. How to remove all line breaks from a string

The easiest approach is using regular expressions to detect and replace newlines in
the string. In this case, we use replace function along with string to replace with,
which in our case is an empty string.
function remove_linebreaks( var message ) {
return message.replace( /[\r\n]+/gm, "" );
}

In the above expression, g and m are for global and multiline flags.

355. What is the difference between reflow and repaint

A repaint occurs when changes are made which affect the visibility of an element,
but not its layout. Examples of this include outline, visibility, or background color. A
 reflow involves changes that affect the layout of a portion of the page (or the whole
page). Resizing the browser window, changing the font, content changing (such as
user typing text), using JavaScript methods involving computed styles, adding or
removing elements from the DOM, and changing an element’s classes are a few of
the things that can trigger reflow. Reflow of an element causes the subsequent
reflow of all child and ancestor elements as well as any elements following it in the
DOM.

356. What happens with negating an array

Negating an array with ! character will coerce the array into a boolean. Since Arrays
are considered to be truthy So negating it will return false.

console.log(![]); // false

357. What happens if we add two arrays

If you add two arrays together, it will convert them both to strings and concatenate
them. For example, the result of adding arrays would be as below,

console.log(["a"] + ["b"]); // "ab"

console.log([] + []); // ""
console.log(![] + []); // "false", because ![] returns false.

358. What is the output of prepend additive operator on falsy values

If you prepend the additive(+) operator on falsy values(null, undefined, NaN, false,
““), the falsy value converts to a number value zero. Let’s display them on browser
console as below,
console.log(+null); // 0
console.log(+undefined); // NaN
console.log(+false); // 0
console.log(+NaN); // NaN
console.log(+""); // 0

359. How do you create self string using special characters

The self string can be formed with the combination of []()!+ characters. You need
to remember the below conventions to achieve this pattern.
1. Since Arrays are truthful values, negating the arrays will produce false: [] ===
false
2. As per JavaScript coercion rules, the addition of arrays together will toString
them: [] + [] === “”
 3. Prepend an array with + operator will convert an array to false, the negation
will make it true and finally converting the result will produce value ‘1’:
+(!(+[])) === 1
By applying the above rules, we can derive below conditions

(![] + [] === "false" + !+[]) === 1;

Now the character pattern would be created as below,

s e l f
^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^

(![] + [])[3] + (![] + [])[4] + (![] + [])[2] + (![] + [])[0]

^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+!+[]+!+[]] +
(![] + [])[+[]]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]
+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]

360. How do you remove falsy values from an array

You can apply the filter method on the array by passing Boolean as a parameter.
This way it removes all falsy values(0, undefined, null, false and ““) from the array.
const myArray = [false, null, 1, 5, undefined];
myArray.filter(Boolean); // [1, 5] // is same as myArray.filter(x =>
x);

361. How do you get unique values of an array

You can get unique values of an array with the combination of Set and rest
expression/spread(…) syntax.

console.log([...new Set([1, 2, 4, 4, 3])]); // [1, 2, 4, 3]

362. What is destructuring aliases

Sometimes you would like to have a destructured variable with a different name
than the property name. In that case, you’ll use a : newName to specify a name for
the variable. This process is called destructuring aliases.
const obj = { x: 1 };
// Grabs obj.x as as { otherName }
const { x: otherName } = obj;
363. How do you map the array values without using map method
You can map the array values without using the map method by just using the from
method of Array. Let’s map city names from Countries array,
const countries = [
{ name: "India", capital: "Delhi" },
{ name: "US", capital: "Washington" },
{ name: "Russia", capital: "Moscow" },
{ name: "Singapore", capital: "Singapore" },
{ name: "China", capital: "Beijing" },
{ name: "France", capital: "Paris" },
];

const cityNames = Array.from(countries, ({ capital }) => capital);

console.log(cityNames); // ['Delhi, 'Washington', 'Moscow',
'Singapore', 'Beijing', 'Paris']

364. How do you empty an array

You can empty an array quickly by setting the array length to zero.
let cities = ["Singapore", "Delhi", "London"];
cities.length = 0; // cities becomes []

365. How do you round numbers to certain decimals

You can round numbers to a certain number of decimals using toFixed method
from native javascript.
let pie = 3.141592653;
pie = pie.toFixed(3); // 3.142

366. What is the easiest way to convert an array to an object

You can convert an array to an object with the same data using spread(…) operator.

var fruits = ["banana", "apple", "orange", "watermelon"];

var fruitsObject = { ...fruits };
console.log(fruitsObject); // {0: "banana", 1: "apple", 2: "orange", 3:
"watermelon"}
367. How do you create an array with some data
You can create an array with some data or an array with the same values using fill
method.
var newArray = new Array(5).fill("0");
console.log(newArray); // ["0", "0", "0", "0", "0"]

368. What are the placeholders from console object

Below are the list of placeholders available from console object,
1. %o — It takes an object,
2. %s — It takes a string,
3. %d — It is used for a decimal or integer These placeholders can be
represented in the console.log as below
const user = { name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" };
console.log(
"Hello %s, your details %o are available in the object form",
"John",
user
); // Hello John, your details {name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi"} are
available in object

369. Is it possible to add CSS to console messages

Yes, you can apply CSS styles to console messages similar to html text on the web
page.
console.log(
"%c The text has blue color, with large font and red background",
"color: blue; font-size: x-large; background: red"
);

The text will be displayed as below, Screenshot

Note: All CSS styles can be applied to console messages.

370. What is the purpose of dir method of console object

The console.dir() is used to display an interactive list of the properties of the
specified JavaScript object as JSON.
const user = { name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" };
console.dir(user);

The user object displayed in JSON representation Screenshot

371. Is it possible to debug HTML elements in console
Yes, it is possible to get and debug HTML elements in the console just like inspecting
elements.
const element = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];
console.log(element);

It prints the HTML element in the console,

Screenshot

372. How do you display data in a tabular format using console object
The console.table() is used to display data in the console in a tabular format to
visualize complex arrays or objects.
const users = [
{ name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" },
{ name: "Max", id: 2, city: "London" },
{ name: "Rod", id: 3, city: "Paris" },
];
console.table(users);

The data visualized in a table format,

Screenshot Not: Remember that console.table() is not supported in IE.

373. How do you verify that an argument is a Number or not

The combination of IsNaN and isFinite methods are used to confirm whether an
argument is a number or not.
function isNumber(n) {
return !isNaN(parseFloat(n)) && isFinite(n);
}

374. How do you create copy to clipboard button

You need to select the content(using .select() method) of the input element and
execute the copy command with execCommand (i.e, execCommand(‘copy’)). You can
also execute other system commands like cut and paste.
document.querySelector("#copy-button").onclick = function () {
// Select the content
document.querySelector("#copy-input").select();
// Copy to the clipboard
 document.execCommand("copy");
};

375. What is the shortcut to get timestamp

You can use new Date().getTime() to get the current timestamp. There is an
alternative shortcut to get the value.
console.log(+new Date());
console.log(Date.now());

376. How do you flattening multi dimensional arrays

Flattening bi-dimensional arrays is trivial with Spread operator.
const biDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, 55], [66, 77], 88, 99];
const flattenArr = [].concat(...biDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 33, 44,
55, 66, 77, 88, 99]

But you can make it work with multi-dimensional arrays by recursive calls,

function flattenMultiArray(arr) {
const flattened = [].concat(...arr);
return flattened.some((item) => Array.isArray(item))
? flattenMultiArray(flattened)
: flattened;
}
const multiDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, [55, 66, [77, [88]],
99]]];
const flatArr = flattenMultiArray(multiDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 33,
44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99]

Also you can use the flat method of Array.

const arr = [1, [2, 3], 4, 5, [6, 7]];
const fllattenArr = arr.flat(); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

// And for multiDimensional arrays

const multiDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, [55, 66, [77, [88]],
99]]];
const oneStepFlat = multiDimensionalArr.flat(1); // [11, 22, 33, 44,
[55, 66, [77, [88]], 99]]
const towStep = multiDimensionalArr.flat(2); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55,
66, [77, [88]], 99]
const fullyFlatArray = multiDimensionalArr.flat(Infinity); // [11, 22,
33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99]
 377. What is the easiest multi condition checking
You can use indexOf to compare input with multiple values instead of checking each
value as one condition.
// Verbose approach
if (
input === "first" ||
input === 1 ||
input === "second" ||
input === 2
) {
someFunction();
}
// Shortcut
if (["first", 1, "second", 2].indexOf(input) !== -1) {
someFunction();
}

378. How do you capture browser back button

The beforeunload event is triggered when the window, the document and its
resources are about to be unloaded. This event is helpful to warn users about losing
the current data and detect back button event.
window.addEventListener('beforeunload', () => {
console.log('Clicked browser back button');
});

You can also use popstate event to detect the browser back button. Note: The
history entry has been activated using history.pushState method.

window.addEventListener('popstate', () => {
console.log('Clicked browser back button');
box.style.backgroundColor = 'white';
});

const box = document.getElementById('div');

box.addEventListener('click', () => {
box.style.backgroundColor = 'blue';
window.history.pushState({}, null, null);
});

In the preceeding code, When the box element clicked, its background color
appears in blue color and changed to while color upon clicking the browser
back button using `popstate` event handler. The `state` property of
`popstate` contains the copy of history entry's state object.

**[ ](#table-of-contents)**
379. How do you disable right click in the web page
The right click on the page can be disabled by returning false from the
oncontextmenu attribute on the body element.

<body oncontextmenu="return false;"></body>

380. What are wrapper objects

Primitive Values like string,number and boolean don’t have properties and methods
but they are temporarily converted or coerced to an object(Wrapper object) when
you try to perform actions on them. For example, if you apply toUpperCase()
method on a primitive string value, it does not throw an error but returns uppercase
of the string.

let name = "john";

console.log(name.toUpperCase()); // Behind the scenes treated as

console.log(new String(name).toUpperCase());

i.e, Every primitive except null and undefined have Wrapper Objects and the list of
wrapper objects are String,Number,Boolean,Symbol and BigInt.

381. What is AJAX

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML and it is a group of related
technologies(HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XMLHttpRequest API etc) used to display data
asynchronously. i.e. We can send data to the server and get data from the server
without reloading the web page.

382. What are the different ways to deal with Asynchronous Code
Below are the list of different ways to deal with Asynchronous code.

1. Callbacks
2. Promises
3. Async/await
4. Third-party libraries such as async.js,bluebird etc

383. How to cancel a fetch request

Until a few days back, One shortcoming of native promises is no direct way to cancel
a fetch request. But the new AbortController from js specification allows you to
use a signal to abort one or multiple fetch calls. The basic flow of cancelling a fetch
request would be as below,
 1. Create an AbortController instance
2. Get the signal property of an instance and pass the signal as a fetch option for
signal
3. Call the AbortController’s abort property to cancel all fetches that use that
signal For example, passing the same signal to multiple fetch calls will cancel
all requests with that signal,
const controller = new AbortController();
const { signal } = controller;

fetch("http://localhost:8000", { signal })
.then((response) => {
console.log(`Request 1 is complete!`);
})
.catch((e) => {
if (e.name === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});

fetch("http://localhost:8000", { signal })
.then((response) => {
console.log(`Request 2 is complete!`);
})
.catch((e) => {
if (e.name === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});

// Wait 2 seconds to abort both requests

setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 2000);

384. What is web speech API

Web speech API is used to enable modern browsers recognize and synthesize
speech(i.e, voice data into web apps). This API was introduced by W3C Community
in the year 2012. It has two main parts:
1. SpeechRecognition (Asynchronous Speech Recognition or Speech-to-
Text): It provides the ability to recognize voice context from an audio input
and respond accordingly. This is accessed by the SpeechRecognition
interface. The example below shows how to use this API to get text from
speech,
window.SpeechRecognition =
window.webkitSpeechRecognition || window.SpeechRecognition; //
webkitSpeechRecognition for Chrome and SpeechRecognition for FF
const recognition = new window.SpeechRecognition();
 recognition.onresult = (event) => {
// SpeechRecognitionEvent type
const speechToText = event.results[0][0].transcript;
console.log(speechToText);
};
recognition.start();

In this API, browser is going to ask you for permission to use your microphone

2. SpeechSynthesis (Text-to-Speech): It provides the ability to recognize

voice context from an audio input and respond. This is accessed by the
SpeechSynthesis interface. For example, the below code is used to get
voice/speech from text,
if ("speechSynthesis" in window) {
var speech = new SpeechSynthesisUtterance("Hello World!");
speech.lang = "en-US";
window.speechSynthesis.speak(speech);
}

The above examples can be tested on chrome(33+) browser’s developer console.

Note: This API is still a working draft and only available in Chrome and Firefox
browsers(ofcourse Chrome only implemented the specification)

385. What is minimum timeout throttling

Both browser and NodeJS javascript environments throttles with a minimum delay
that is greater than 0ms. That means even though setting a delay of 0ms will not
happen instantaneously. Browsers: They have a minimum delay of 4ms. This
throttle occurs when successive calls are triggered due to callback nesting(certain
depth) or after a certain number of successive intervals. Note: The older browsers
have a minimum delay of 10ms. Nodejs: They have a minimum delay of 1ms. This
throttle happens when the delay is larger than 2147483647 or less than 1. The best
example to explain this timeout throttling behavior is the order of below code
snippet.
function runMeFirst() {
console.log("My script is initialized");
}
setTimeout(runMeFirst, 0);
console.log("Script loaded");

and the output would be in

Script loaded
My script is initialized

If you don’t use setTimeout, the order of logs will be sequential.

 function runMeFirst() {
console.log("My script is initialized");
}
runMeFirst();
console.log("Script loaded");

and the output is,

My script is initialized
Script loaded

386. How do you implement zero timeout in modern browsers

You can’t use setTimeout(fn, 0) to execute the code immediately due to minimum
delay of greater than 0ms. But you can use window.postMessage() to achieve this
behavior.

387. What are tasks in event loop

A task is any javascript code/program which is scheduled to be run by the standard
mechanisms such as initially starting to run a program, run an event callback, or an
interval or timeout being fired. All these tasks are scheduled on a task queue. Below
are the list of use cases to add tasks to the task queue,
1. When a new javascript program is executed directly from console or running
by the <script> element, the task will be added to the task queue.
2. When an event fires, the event callback added to task queue
3. When a setTimeout or setInterval is reached, the corresponding callback
added to task queue

388. What is microtask

Microtask is used for the javascript code which needs to be executed immediately
after the currently executing task/microtask is completed. They are kind of blocking
in nature. i.e, The main thread will be blocked until the microtask queue is empty.
The main sources of microtasks are Promise.resolve, Promise.reject,
MutationObservers, IntersectionObservers etc
Note: All of these microtasks are processed in the same turn of the event loop.

389. What are different event loops

In JavaScript, there are multiple event loops that can be used depending on the
context of your application. The most common event loops are:

1. The Browser Event Loop

 2. The Node.js Event Loop
• Browser Event Loop: The Browser Event Loop is used in client-side JavaScript
applications and is responsible for handling events that occur within the browser
environment, such as user interactions (clicks, keypresses, etc.), HTTP requests, and
other asynchronous actions.
• The Node.js Event Loop is used in server-side JavaScript applications and is
responsible for handling events that occur within the Node.js runtime environment,
such as file I/O, network I/O, and other asynchronous actions.

390. What is the purpose of queueMicrotask

The queueMicrotask function is used to schedule a microtask, which is a function
that will be executed asynchronously in the microtask queue. The purpose of
queueMicrotask is to ensure that a function is executed after the current task has
finished, but before the browser performs any rendering or handles user events.

Example:
console.log("Start"); //1

queueMicrotask(() => {
console.log("Inside microtask"); // 3
});

console.log("End"); //2

By using queueMicrotask, you can ensure that certain tasks or callbacks are
executed at the earliest opportunity during the JavaScript event loop, making it
useful for performing work that needs to be done asynchronously but with higher
priority than regular setTimeout or setInterval callbacks.

391. How do you use javascript libraries in typescript file

It is known that not all JavaScript libraries or frameworks have TypeScript
declaration files. But if you still want to use libraries or frameworks in your
TypeScript files without getting compilation errors, the only solution is declare
keyword along with a variable declaration. For example, let’s imagine you have a
library called customLibrary that doesn’t have a TypeScript declaration and have a
namespace called customLibrary in the global namespace. You can use this library
in typescript code as below,
declare var customLibrary;

In the runtime, typescript will provide the type to the customLibrary variable as
any type. The another alternative without using declare keyword is below
 var customLibrary: any;

392. What are the differences between promises and observables

Some of the major difference in a tabular form

Promises Observables
Emits only a single value at a Emits multiple values over a period of
time time(stream of values ranging from 0 to
multiple)
Eager in nature; they are going Lazy in nature; they require subscription
to be called immediately to be invoked
Promise is always asynchronous Observable can be either synchronous or
even though it resolved asynchronous
immediately
Doesn’t provide any operators Provides operators such as map, forEach,
filter, reduce, retry, and retryWhen etc
Cannot be canceled Canceled by using unsubscribe() method

393. What is heap

Heap(Or memory heap) is the memory location where objects are stored when we
define variables. i.e, This is the place where all the memory allocations and de-
allocation take place. Both heap and call-stack are two containers of JS runtime.
Whenever runtime comes across variables and function declarations in the code it
stores them in the Heap.

Screenshot

394. What is an event table

Event Table is a data structure that stores and keeps track of all the events which
will be executed asynchronously like after some time interval or after the resolution
of some API requests. i.e Whenever you call a setTimeout function or invoke async
operation, it is added to the Event Table. It doesn’t not execute functions on it’s own.
The main purpose of the event table is to keep track of events and send them to the
Event Queue as shown in the below diagram.

Screenshot

395. What is a microTask queue

Microtask Queue is the new queue where all the tasks initiated by promise objects
get processed before the callback queue. The microtasks queue are processed before
 the next rendering and painting jobs. But if these microtasks are running for a long
time then it leads to visual degradation.

396. What is the difference between shim and polyfill

A shim is a library that brings a new API to an older environment, using only the
means of that environment. It isn’t necessarily restricted to a web application. For
example, es5-shim.js is used to emulate ES5 features on older browsers (mainly pre
IE9). Whereas polyfill is a piece of code (or plugin) that provides the technology that
you, the developer, expect the browser to provide natively. In a simple sentence, a
polyfill is a shim for a browser API.

397. How do you detect primitive or non primitive value type

In JavaScript, primitive types include boolean, string, number, BigInt, null, Symbol
and undefined. Whereas non-primitive types include the Objects. But you can easily
identify them with the below function,
var myPrimitive = 30;
var myNonPrimitive = {};
function isPrimitive(val) {
return Object(val) !== val;
}

isPrimitive(myPrimitive);
isPrimitive(myNonPrimitive);

If the value is a primitive data type, the Object constructor creates a new wrapper
object for the value. But If the value is a non-primitive data type (an object), the
Object constructor will give the same object.

398. What is babel

Babel is a JavaScript transpiler to convert ECMAScript 2015+ code into a backwards
compatible version of JavaScript in current and older browsers or environments.
Some of the main features are listed below,

1. Transform syntax
2. Polyfill features that are missing in your target environment (using
@babel/polyfill)
3. Source code transformations (or codemods)
399. Is Node.js completely single threaded
Node is a single thread, but some of the functions included in the Node.js standard
library(e.g, fs module functions) are not single threaded. i.e, Their logic runs outside
of the Node.js single thread to improve the speed and performance of a program.

400. What are the common use cases of observables

Some of the most common use cases of observables are web sockets with push
notifications, user input changes, repeating intervals, etc

401. What is RxJS

RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript) is a library for implementing reactive
programming using observables that makes it easier to compose asynchronous or
callback-based code. It also provides utility functions for creating and working with
observables.

402. What is the difference between Function constructor and function declaration
The functions which are created with Function constructor do not create closures
to their creation contexts but they are always created in the global scope. i.e, the
function can access its own local variables and global scope variables only. Whereas
function declarations can access outer function variables(closures) too.

Let’s see this difference with an example,

Function Constructor:
var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return new Function("return a;");
}
console.log(createFunction()()); // 100

Function declaration:

var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return function func() {
return a;
};
}
console.log(createFunction()()); // 200
403. What is a Short circuit condition
Short circuit conditions are meant for condensed way of writing simple if
statements. Let’s demonstrate the scenario using an example. If you would like to
login to a portal with an authentication condition, the expression would be as below,

if (authenticate) {
loginToPorta();
}

Since the javascript logical operators evaluated from left to right, the above
expression can be simplified using && logical operator

authenticate && loginToPorta();

404. What is the easiest way to resize an array

The length property of an array is useful to resize or empty an array quickly. Let’s
apply length property on number array to resize the number of elements from 5 to
2,
var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
console.log(array.length); // 5

array.length = 2;
console.log(array.length); // 2
console.log(array); // [1,2]

and the array can be emptied too

var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
array.length = 0;
console.log(array.length); // 0
console.log(array); // []

405. What is an observable

An Observable is basically a function that can return a stream of values either
synchronously or asynchronously to an observer over time. The consumer can get
the value by calling subscribe() method. Let’s look at a simple example of an
Observable
import { Observable } from "rxjs";

const observable = new Observable((observer) => {

setTimeout(() => {
observer.next("Message from a Observable!");
}, 3000);
});
 observable.subscribe((value) => console.log(value));

Screenshot

Note: Observables are not part of the JavaScript language yet but they are being
proposed to be added to the language

406. What is the difference between function and class declarations

The main difference between function declarations and class declarations is
hoisting. The function declarations are hoisted but not class declarations.

Classes:
const user = new User(); // ReferenceError

class User {}

Constructor Function:
const user = new User(); // No error

function User() {}

407. What is an async function

An async function is a function declared with the async keyword which enables
asynchronous, promise-based behavior to be written in a cleaner style by avoiding
promise chains. These functions can contain zero or more await expressions.

Let’s take a below async function example,

async function logger() {
let data = await fetch("http://someapi.com/users"); // pause until
fetch returns
console.log(data);
}
logger();

It is basically syntax sugar over ES2015 promises and generators.

408. How do you prevent promises swallowing errors

While using asynchronous code, JavaScript’s ES6 promises can make your life a lot
easier without having callback pyramids and error handling on every second line.
But Promises have some pitfalls and the biggest one is swallowing errors by default.
Let’s say you expect to print an error to the console for all the below cases,
Promise.resolve("promised value").then(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});

Promise.reject("error value").catch(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});

new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {

throw new Error("error");
});

But there are many modern JavaScript environments that won’t print any errors.
You can fix this problem in different ways,
1. Add catch block at the end of each chain: You can add catch block to the
end of each of your promise chains
Promise.resolve("promised value")
.then(function () {
throw new Error("error");
})
.catch(function (error) {
console.error(error.stack);
});

But it is quite difficult to type for each promise chain and verbose too.
2. Add done method: You can replace first solution’s then and catch blocks
with done method

Promise.resolve("promised value").done(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});

Let’s say you want to fetch data using HTTP and later perform processing on
the resulting data asynchronously. You can write done block as below,
getDataFromHttp()
.then(function (result) {
return processDataAsync(result);
})
.done(function (processed) {
displayData(processed);
});

In future, if the processing library API changed to synchronous then you can
remove done block as below,
 getDataFromHttp().then(function (result) {
return displayData(processDataAsync(result));
});

and then you forgot to add done block to then block leads to silent errors.

3. Extend ES6 Promises by Bluebird: Bluebird extends the ES6 Promises API
to avoid the issue in the second solution. This library has a “default”
onRejection handler which will print all errors from rejected Promises to
stderr. After installation, you can process unhandled rejections
Promise.onPossiblyUnhandledRejection(function (error) {
throw error;
});

and discard a rejection, just handle it with an empty catch

Promise.reject("error value").catch(function () {});

409. What is deno

Deno is a simple, modern and secure runtime for JavaScript and TypeScript that
uses V8 JavaScript engine and the Rust programming language. It solves the
inherent problems of Node.Js and has been officially released in May 2018. Unlike
Node.JS, by default Deno executes the code in a sandbox, which means that runtime
has no access to below areas:
1. The file system
2. The network
3. Execution of other scripts
4. The environment variables

410. How do you make an object iterable in javascript

By default, plain objects are not iterable. But you can make the object iterable by
defining a Symbol.iterator property on it.

Let’s demonstrate this with an example,

const collection = {
one: 1,
two: 2,
three: 3,
[Symbol.iterator]() {
const values = Object.keys(this);
let i = 0;
return {
next: () => {
 return {
value: this[values[i++]],
done: i > values.length,
};
},
};
},
};

const iterator = collection[Symbol.iterator]();

console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 1, done: false}

console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 2, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: 3, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // → {value: undefined, done: true}

The above process can be simplified using a generator function,

const collection = {
one: 1,
two: 2,
three: 3,
[Symbol.iterator]: function* () {
for (let key in this) {
yield this[key];
}
},
};
const iterator = collection[Symbol.iterator]();
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: 1, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: 2, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: 3, done: false}
console.log(iterator.next()); // {value: undefined, done: true}

411. What is a Proper Tail Call

First, we should know about tail call before talking about “Proper Tail Call”. A tail
call is a subroutine or function call performed as the final action of a calling function.
Whereas Proper tail call(PTC) is a technique where the program or code will not
create additional stack frames for a recursion when the function call is a tail call.
For example, the below classic or head recursion of factorial function relies on stack
for each step. Each step need to be processed upto n * factorial(n - 1)

function factorial(n) {
if (n === 0) {
return 1;
}
return n * factorial(n - 1);
 }
console.log(factorial(5)); //120

But if you use Tail recursion functions, they keep passing all the necessary data it
needs down the recursion without relying on the stack.
function factorial(n, acc = 1) {
if (n === 0) {
return acc;
}
return factorial(n - 1, n * acc);
}
console.log(factorial(5)); //120

The above pattern returns the same output as the first one. But the accumulator
keeps track of total as an argument without using stack memory on recursive calls.

412. How do you check an object is a promise or not

If you don’t know if a value is a promise or not, wrapping the value as
Promise.resolve(value) which returns a promise

function isPromise(object) {
if (Promise && Promise.resolve) {
return Promise.resolve(object) == object;
} else {
throw "Promise not supported in your environment";
}
}

var i = 1;
var promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
resolve();
});

console.log(isPromise(i)); // false
console.log(isPromise(promise)); // true

Another way is to check for .then() handler type

function isPromise(value) {
return Boolean(value && typeof value.then === "function");
}
var i = 1;
var promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
resolve();
});
 console.log(isPromise(i)); // false
console.log(isPromise(promise)); // true

413. How to detect if a function is called as constructor

You can use new.target pseudo-property to detect whether a function was called as
a constructor(using the new operator) or as a regular function call.

1. If a constructor or function invoked using the new operator, new.target

returns a reference to the constructor or function.
2. For function calls, new.target is undefined.
function Myfunc() {
if (new.target) {
console.log("called with new");
} else {
console.log("not called with new");
}
}

new Myfunc(); // called with new

Myfunc(); // not called with new
Myfunc.call({}); // not called with new

414. What are the differences between arguments object and rest parameter
There are three main differences between arguments object and rest parameters
1. The arguments object is an array-like but not an array. Whereas the rest
parameters are array instances.
2. The arguments object does not support methods such as sort, map, forEach,
or pop. Whereas these methods can be used in rest parameters.
3. The rest parameters are only the ones that haven’t been given a separate
name, while the arguments object contains all arguments passed to the
function

415. What are the differences between spread operator and rest parameter
Rest parameter collects all remaining elements into an array. Whereas Spread
operator allows iterables( arrays / objects / strings ) to be expanded into single
arguments/elements. i.e, Rest parameter is opposite to the spread operator.

416. What are the different kinds of generators

There are five kinds of generators,
1. Generator function declaration:
 function* myGenFunc() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
const genObj = myGenFunc();

2. Generator function expressions:

const myGenFunc = function* () {

yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
};
const genObj = myGenFunc();

3. Generator method definitions in object literals:

const myObj = {
*myGeneratorMethod() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
},
};
const genObj = myObj.myGeneratorMethod();

4. Generator method definitions in class:

class MyClass {
*myGeneratorMethod() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
}
const myObject = new MyClass();
const genObj = myObject.myGeneratorMethod();

5. Generator as a computed property:

const SomeObj = {
*[Symbol.iterator]() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
},
};

console.log(Array.from(SomeObj)); // [ 1, 2, 3 ]
417. What are the built-in iterables
Below are the list of built-in iterables in javascript,

1. Arrays and TypedArrays

2. Strings: Iterate over each character or Unicode code-points
3. Maps: iterate over its key-value pairs
4. Sets: iterates over their elements
5. arguments: An array-like special variable in functions
6. DOM collection such as NodeList

418. What are the differences between for…of and for…in statements
Both for…in and for…of statements iterate over js data structures. The only
difference is over what they iterate:

1. for..in iterates over all enumerable property keys of an object

2. for..of iterates over the values of an iterable object.
Let’s explain this difference with an example,
let arr = ["a", "b", "c"];

arr.newProp = "newVlue";

// key are the property keys

for (let key in arr) {
console.log(key); // 0, 1, 2 & newProp
}

// value are the property values

for (let value of arr) {
console.log(value); // a, b, c
}

Since for..in loop iterates over the keys of the object, the first loop logs 0, 1, 2 and
newProp while iterating over the array object. The for..of loop iterates over the
values of a arr data structure and logs a, b, c in the console.

419. How do you define instance and non-instance properties

The Instance properties must be defined inside of class methods. For example, name
and age properties defined inside constructor as below,
class Person {
constructor(name, age) {
this.name = name;
 this.age = age;
}
}

But Static(class) and prototype data properties must be defined outside of the
ClassBody declaration. Let’s assign the age value for Person class as below,

Person.staticAge = 30;
Person.prototype.prototypeAge = 40;

420. What is the difference between isNaN and Number.isNaN?

1. isNaN: The global function isNaN converts the argument to a Number and
returns true if the resulting value is NaN.
2. Number.isNaN: This method does not convert the argument. But it returns
true when the type is a Number and value is NaN.
Let’s see the difference with an example,
isNaN(‘hello’); // true
Number.isNaN('hello'); // false

421. How to invoke an IIFE without any extra brackets?

Immediately Invoked Function Expressions(IIFE) requires a pair of parenthesis to
wrap the function which contains set of statements.
(function (dt) {
console.log(dt.toLocaleTimeString());
})(new Date());

Since both IIFE and void operator discard the result of an expression, you can avoid
the extra brackets using void operator for IIFE as below,
void function (dt) {
console.log(dt.toLocaleTimeString());
}(new Date());

422. Is that possible to use expressions in switch cases?

You might have seen expressions used in switch condition but it is also possible to
use for switch cases by assigning true value for the switch condition. Let’s see the
weather condition based on temperature as an example,
const weather = (function getWeather(temp) {
switch (true) {
case temp < 0:
return "freezing";
 case temp < 10:
return "cold";
case temp < 24:
return "cool";
default:
return "unknown";
}
})(10);

423. What is the easiest way to ignore promise errors?

The easiest and safest way to ignore promise errors is void that error. This approach
is ESLint friendly too.

await promise.catch((e) => void e);

424. How do style the console output using CSS?

You can add CSS styling to the console output using the CSS format content specifier
%c. The console string message can be appended after the specifier and CSS style in
another argument. Let’s print the red color text using console.log and CSS specifier
as below,

console.log("%cThis is a red text", "color:red");

It is also possible to add more styles for the content. For example, the font-size can
be modified for the above text

console.log(
"%cThis is a red text with bigger font",
"color:red; font-size:20px"
);

425. What is nullish coalescing operator (??)?

It is a logical operator that returns its right-hand side operand when its left-hand
side operand is null or undefined, and otherwise returns its left-hand side operand.
This can be contrasted with the logical OR (||) operator, which returns the right-
hand side operand if the left operand is any falsy value, not only null or undefined.
console.log(null ?? true); // true
console.log(false ?? true); // false
console.log(undefined ?? true); // true
426. How do you group and nest console output?
The console.group() can be used to group related log messages to be able to easily
read the logs and use console.groupEnd()to close the group. Along with this, you can
also nest groups which allows to output message in hierarchical manner.

For example, if you’re logging a user’s details:

console.group("User Details");
console.log("name: Sudheer Jonna");
console.log("job: Software Developer");

// Nested Group
console.group("Address");
console.log("Street: Commonwealth");
console.log("City: Los Angeles");
console.log("State: California");

// Close nested group

console.groupEnd();

// Close outer group

console.groupEnd();

You can also use console.groupCollapsed() instead of console.group() if you

want the groups to be collapsed by default.

427. What is the difference between dense and sparse arrays?

An array contains items at each index starting from first(0) to last(array.length - 1)
is called as Dense array. Whereas if at least one item is missing at any index, the
array is called as sparse.
Let’s see the below two kind of arrays,
const avengers = ["Ironman", "Hulk", "CaptainAmerica"];
console.log(avengers[0]); // 'Ironman'
console.log(avengers[1]); // 'Hulk'
console.log(avengers[2]); // 'CaptainAmerica'
console.log(avengers.length); // 3

const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", , "Batman"];

console.log(justiceLeague[0]); // 'Superman'
console.log(justiceLeague[1]); // 'Aquaman'
console.log(justiceLeague[2]); // undefined
console.log(justiceLeague[3]); // 'Batman'
console.log(justiceLeague.length); // 4
428. What are the different ways to create sparse arrays?
There are 4 different ways to create sparse arrays in JavaScript

1. Array literal: Omit a value when using the array literal

const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", , "Batman"];

console.log(justiceLeague); // ['Superman', 'Aquaman', empty
,'Batman']

2. Array() constructor: Invoking Array(length) or new Array(length)

const array = Array(3);
console.log(array); // [empty, empty ,empty]

3. Delete operator: Using delete array[index] operator on the array

const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", "Batman"];
delete justiceLeague[1];
console.log(justiceLeague); // ['Superman', empty, ,'Batman']

4. Increase length property: Increasing length property of an array

const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", "Batman"];

justiceLeague.length = 5;
console.log(justiceLeague); // ['Superman', 'Aquaman', 'Batman',
empty, empty]

429. What is the difference between setTimeout, setImmediate and process.nextTick?

1. Set Timeout: setTimeout() is to schedule execution of a one-time callback
after delay milliseconds.
2. Set Immediate: The setImmediate function is used to execute a function
right after the current event loop finishes.
3. Process NextTick: If process.nextTick() is called in a given phase, all the
callbacks passed to process.nextTick() will be resolved before the event loop
continues. This will block the event loop and create I/O Starvation if
process.nextTick() is called recursively.

430. How do you reverse an array without modifying original array?

The reverse() method reverses the order of the elements in an array but it mutates
the original array. Let’s take a simple example to demonistrate this case,
const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const newArray = originalArray.reverse();

console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
console.log(originalArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
There are few solutions that won’t mutate the original array. Let’s take a look.
1. Using slice and reverse methods: In this case, just invoke the slice()
method on the array to create a shallow copy followed by reverse() method
call on the copy.
const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const newArray = originalArray.slice().reverse(); //Slice an
array gives a new copy

console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

2. Using spread and reverse methods: In this case, let’s use the spread syntax
(…) to create a copy of the array followed by reverse() method call on the
copy.

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [...originalArray].reverse();

console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

3. Using reduce and spread methods: Here execute a reducer function on an

array elements and append the accumulated array on right side using spread
syntax

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = originalArray.reduce((accumulator, value) => {
return [value, ...accumulator];
}, []);

console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

4. Using reduceRight and spread methods: Here execute a right reducer

function(i.e. opposite direction of reduce method) on an array elements and
append the accumulated array on left side using spread syntax
const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const newArray = originalArray.reduceRight((accumulator, value)
=> {
return [...accumulator, value];
}, []);

console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
 5. Using reduceRight and push methods: Here execute a right reducer
function(i.e. opposite direction of reduce method) on an array elements and
push the iterated value to the accumulator

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = originalArray.reduceRight((accumulator, value)
=> {
accumulator.push(value);
return accumulator;
}, []);

console.log(originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

431. How do you create custom HTML element?

The creation of custom HTML elements involves two main steps,
1. Define your custom HTML element: First you need to define some custom
class by extending HTMLElement class. After that define your component
properties (styles,text etc) using connectedCallback method. Note: The
browser exposes a function called customElements.define inorder to reuse
the element.

class CustomElement extends HTMLElement {

connectedCallback() {
this.innerHTML = "This is a custom element";
}
}
customElements.define("custom-element", CustomElement);

2. Use custom element just like other HTML element: Declare your custom
element as a HTML tag.
<body>
<custom-element>
</body>

432. What is global execution context?

The global execution context is the default or first execution context that is created
by the JavaScript engine before any code is executed(i.e, when the file first loads in
the browser). All the global code that is not inside a function or object will be
executed inside this global execution context. Since JS engine is single threaded
there will be only one global environment and there will be only one global
execution context.
 For example, the below code other than code inside any function or object is
executed inside the global execution context.
var x = 10;

function A() {
console.log("Start function A");

function B() {
console.log("In function B");
}

B();
}

A();

console.log("GlobalContext");

433. What is function execution context?

Whenever a function is invoked, the JavaScript engine creates a different type of
Execution Context known as a Function Execution Context (FEC) within the Global
Execution Context (GEC) to evaluate and execute the code within that function.

434. What is debouncing?

Debouncing is a programming pattern that allows delaying execution of some piece
of code until a specified time to avoid unnecessary CPU cycles and API calls. This in
turn enhance the web page performance. The debounce function make sure that
your code is only triggered once per user input. The common usecases are Search
box suggestions, text-field auto-saves, and eliminating double-button clicks.
Let’s say you want to show suggestions for a search query, but only after a visitor
has finished typing it. So here you write a debounce function where the user keeps
writing the characters with in 500ms then previous timer cleared out using
clearTimeout and reschedule API call/DB query for a new time—300 ms in the
future.
function debounce(func, timeout = 500) {
let timer;
return function (...args) {
clearTimeout(timer);
timer = setTimeout(() => {
func.apply(this, args);
}, timeout);
};
 }
function fetchResults() {
console.log("Fetching input suggestions");
}
const processChange = debounce(() => fetchResults());

The debounce() function can be used on input, button and window events.
Input:
<input type="text" onkeyup="processChange()" />

Button:
<button onclick="processChange()">Click me</button>

Windows event:
window.addEventListener("scroll", processChange);

435. What is throttling?

Throttling is a technique used to limit the execution of an event handler function in a
given period of time, even when this event triggers continuously due to user actions.
The common use cases are browser resizing, window scrolling, mouse movements
etc.
The below example creates a throttle function to reduce the number of events for
each pixel change and trigger scroll event for each 100ms except for the first event.
const throttle = (func, limit) => {
let inThrottle;
return (...args) => {
if (!inThrottle) {
func.apply(this, args);
inThrottle = true;
setTimeout(() => (inThrottle = false), limit);
}
};
};
window.addEventListener("scroll", () => {
throttle(handleScrollAnimation, 100);
});

436. What is optional chaining?

According to MDN official docs, the optional chaining operator (?.) permits reading
the value of a property located deep within a chain of connected objects without
having to expressly validate that each reference in the chain is valid.
 The ?. operator is like the . chaining operator, except that instead of causing an error
if a reference is nullish (null or undefined), the expression short-circuits with a
return value of undefined. When used with function calls, it returns undefined if the
given function does not exist.
const adventurer = {
name: "Alice",
cat: {
name: "Dinah",
},
};

const dogName = adventurer.dog?.name;

console.log(dogName);
// expected output: undefined

console.log(adventurer.someNonExistentMethod?.());
// expected output: undefined

437. What is an environment record?

According to ECMAScript specification 262 (9.1):
Environment Record is a specification type used to define the association of
Identifiers to specific variables and functions, based upon the lexical nesting
structure of ECMAScript code.
Usually an Environment Record is associated with some specific syntactic structure
of ECMAScript code such as a FunctionDeclaration, a BlockStatement, or a Catch
clause of a TryStatement.
Each time such code is evaluated, a new Environment Record is created to record
the identifier bindings that are created by that code.

438. How to verify if a variable is an array?

It is possible to check if a variable is an array instance using 3 different ways,
1. Array.isArray() method:
The Array.isArray(value) utility function is used to determine whether
value is an array or not. This function returns a true boolean value if the
variable is an array and a false value if it is not.
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
const user = { name: "John" };
Array.isArray(numbers); // true
Array.isArray(user); //false
 2. instanceof operator:

The instanceof operator is used to check the type of an array at run time. It
returns true if the type of a variable is an Array other false for other type.
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
const user = { name: "John" };
console.log(numbers instanceof Array); // true
console.log(user instanceof Array); // false

3. Checking constructor type:

The constructor property of the variable is used to determine whether the
variable Array type or not.
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
const user = { name: "John" };
console.log(numbers.constructor === Array); // true
console.log(user.constructor === Array); // false

439. What is pass by value and pass by reference?

Pass-by-value creates a new space in memory and makes a copy of a value.
Primitives such as string, number, boolean etc will actually create a new copy.
Hence, updating one value doesn’t impact the other value. i.e, The values are
independent of each other.
let a = 5;
let b = a;

b++;
console.log(a, b); //5, 6

In the above code snippet, the value of a is assigned to b and the variable b has been
incremented. Since there is a new space created for variable b, any update on this
variable doesn’t impact the variable a.

Pass by reference doesn’t create a new space in memory but the new variable
adopts a memory address of an initial variable. Non-primitives such as objects,
arrays and functions gets the reference of the initiable variable. i.e, updating one
value will impact the other variable.
let user1 = {
name: "John",
age: 27,
};
let user2 = user1;
user2.age = 30;
 console.log(user1.age, user2.age); // 30, 30

In the above code snippet, updating the age property of one object will impact the
other property due to the same reference.

440. What are the differences between primitives and non-primitives?

JavaScript language has both primitives and non-primitives but there are few
differences between them as below,

Primitives Non-primitives
These types are predefined Created by developer
These are immutable Mutable
Compare by value Compare by reference
Stored in Stack Stored in heap
Contain certain value Can contain NULL too

441. How do you create your own bind method using either call or apply method?
The custom bind function needs to be created on Function prototype inorder to use
it as other builtin functions. This custom function should return a function similar to
original bind method and the implementation of inner function needs to use apply
method call.
The function which is going to bind using custom myOwnBind method act as the
attached function(boundTargetFunction) and argument as the object for apply
method call.
Function.prototype.myOwnBind = function (whoIsCallingMe) {
if (typeof this !== "function") {
throw new Error(this + "cannot be bound as it's not callable");
}
const boundTargetFunction = this;
return function () {
boundTargetFunction.apply(whoIsCallingMe, arguments);
};
};

442. What are the differences between pure and impure functions?
Some of the major differences between pure and impure function are as below,

Pure function Impure function

It has no side effects It causes side effects
Pure function Impure function
It is always return the same It returns different result on each call
result
Easy to read and debug Difficult to read and debug because they are affected by
external code

443. What is referential transparency?

An expression in javascript that can be replaced by its value without affecting the
behaviour of the program is called referential transparency. Pure functions are
referentially transparent.
const add = (x, y) => x + y;
const multiplyBy2 = (x) => x * 2;

//Now add (2, 3) can be replaced by 5.

multiplyBy2(add(2, 3));

444. What are the possible side-effects in javascript?

A side effect is the modification of the state through the invocation of a function or
expression. These side effects make our function impure by default. Below are some
side effects which make function impure,
• Making an HTTP request. Asynchronous functions such as fetch and promise are
impure.
• DOM manipulations
• Mutating the input data
• Printing to a screen or console: For example, console.log() and alert()
• Fetching the current time
• Math.random() calls: Modifies the internal state of Math object

445. What are compose and pipe functions?

The “compose” and “pipe” are two techniques commonly used in functional
programming to simplify complex operations and make code more readable. They
are not native to JavaScript and higher-order functions. the compose() applies right
to left any number of functions to the output of the previous function.
446. What is module pattern?
Module pattern is a designed pattern used to wrap a set of variables and functions
together in a single scope returned as an object. JavaScript doesn’t have access
specifiers similar to other languages(Java, Python, etc) to provide private scope. It
uses IIFE (Immediately invoked function expression) to allow for private scopes. i.e.,
a closure that protect variables and methods.

The module pattern looks like below,

(function () {
// Private variables or functions goes here.

return {
// Return public variables or functions here.
};
})();

Let’s see an example of a module pattern for an employee with private and public
access,
const createEmployee = (function () {
// Private
const name = "John";
const department = "Sales";
const getEmployeeName = () => name;
const getDepartmentName = () => department;

// Public
return {
name,
department,
getName: () => getEmployeeName(),
getDepartment: () => getDepartmentName(),
};
})();

console.log(createEmployee.name);
console.log(createEmployee.department);
console.log(createEmployee.getName());
console.log(createEmployee.getDepartment());

Note: It mimic the concepts of classes with private variables and methods.

447. What is Function Composition?

It is an approach where the result of one function is passed on to the next function,
which is passed to another until the final function is executed for the final result.
 //example
const double = (x) => x * 2;
const square = (x) => x * x;

var output1 = double(2);

var output2 = square(output1);
console.log(output2);

var output_final = square(double(2));

console.log(output_final);

448. How to use await outside of async function prior to ES2022?

Prior to ES2022, if you attempted to use an await outside of an async function
resulted in a SyntaxError.
await Promise.resolve(console.log("Hello await")); // SyntaxError:
await is only valid in async function

But you can fix this issue with an alternative IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function
Expression) to get access to the feature.

(async function () {
await Promise.resolve(console.log("Hello await")); // Hello await
})();

In ES2022, you can write top-level await without writing any hacks.
await Promise.resolve(console.log("Hello await")); //Hello await

449. What is the purpose of the this keyword in JavaScript?

• The this keyword in JavaScript is a special variable that is used within a function to
refer to the object on which the function is invoked. The value of this depends on
how the function is called. It allows functions to access and interact with the object
they are bound to.
• The this keyword in JavaScript is a reference to the object that owns or invokes the
current function. Its value is determined by the calling context.
Example 1: this in a Global Context

console.log(this);

– In a global context, this refers to the global object (e.g., window in a browser).
Example 2: this in a Function
 function displayThis() {
console.log(this);
}

displayThis();

– In a regular function, this refers to the global object.

Example 3: this in a Method
const person = {
name: 'John',
greet: function() {
console.log('Hello, ' + this.name);
}
};

person.greet();

– In a method, this refers to the object that owns the method (person in the
case).
Example 4: this in an Event Handler
document.getElementById('myButton').addEventListener('click',
function() {
console.log(this);
});

– In an event handler, this refers to the element that triggered the event (the
button in this case).

450. What are the uses of closures?

Closures are a powerful feature in programming languages like JavaScript. They
allow functions to retain access to variables from their containing (enclosing) scope
even after the outer function has finished executing. This means that a function
defined within another function can access variables from the outer function, even if
the outer function has already returned. Here are some common use cases of
closures:
• Data Privacy: Closures can be used to create private variables and methods. By
defining variables within a function’s scope and returning inner functions that have
access to those variables, you can create a form of encapsulation, limiting access to
certain data or functionality.

• Function Factories: Closures are often used to create functions with pre-set
parameters. This is useful when you need to create multiple functions with similar
behavior but different configurations.
 • Callback Functions: Closures are frequently used in asynchronous programming,
such as handling event listeners or AJAX requests. The inner function captures
variables from the outer scope and can access them when the callback is invoked.

• Memoization: Closures can be used for memoization, a technique to optimize

performance by caching the results of expensive function calls. The inner function
can remember the results of previous calls and return the cached result if the same
input is provided again.

• iterators and Generators: Closures can be used to create iterators and generators,
which are essential for working with collections of data in modern JavaScript.

451. What are the phases of execution context?

The execution context in JavaScript is a data structure that stores the information
necessary for executing a piece of code. It includes the code itself, the values of the
variables used in the code, and the scope chain. The scope chain is a list of objects
that are used to resolve variable names.
The execution context has two phases: * Creation phase: In this phase, the JavaScript engine
creates the execution context and sets up the script’s environment. This includes creating
the variable object and the scope chain. * Execution phase: In this phase, the JavaScript
engine executes the code in the execution context. This includes evaluating expressions,
assigning values to variables, and calling functions.
The execution context is created when a function is called. The function’s code is then
executed in the execution context. When the function returns, the execution context is
destroyed.

452. What are the possible reasons for memory leaks?

Memory leaks can lead to poor performance, slow loading times and even crashes in
web applications. Some of the common causes of memory leaks are listed below,
1. The execessive usage of global variables or omitting the var keyword in local
scope.
2. Forgetting to clear the timers set up by setTimeout or setInterval.
3. Closures retain references to variables from their parent scope, which leads
to variables might not garbage collected even they are no longer used.
453. What are the optimization techniques of V8 engine?
V8 engine uses the below optimization techniques.
1. Inline expansion: It is a compiler optimization by replacing the function
calls with the corresponding function blocks.
 2. Copy elision: This is a compiler optimization method to prevent expensive
extra objects from being duplicated or copied.
3. Inline caching: It is a runtime optimization technique where it caches the
execution of older tasks those can be lookup while executing the same task in
the future.

454. What are the examples of built-in higher order functions?

There are several built-in higher order functions exists on arrays, strings, DOM and
promise methods in javascript. These higher order functions provides significant
level of abstraction. The list of functions on these categories are listed below,

1. arrays: map, filter, reduce, sort, forEach, some etc.

2. DOM: The DOM method element.addEventListener(type, handler) also
accepts the function handler as a second argument.
3. Strings: replace() method.

455. What are the benefits higher order functions?

The main benefits of higher order functions are:
1. Abstraction
2. Reusability
3. Immutability
4. Modularity

456. How do you create polyfills for map, filter and reduce methods?
The polyfills for array methods such as map, filter and reduce methods can be created
using array prototype.
1. map:
The built-in Array.map method syntax will be helpful to write polyfill. The map
method takes the callback function as an argument and that callback function can
have below three arguments passed into it.

i. Current value
ii. Index of current value(optional)
iii. array(optional)
The syntax would like below,
let newArray = arr.map(callback(currentValue[, index, arr) {
// return new array after executing the code
})
 Let’s build our map polyfill based on the above syntax,
Array.prototype.myMap = function(cb) {
let newArr = [];
for(let i=0; i< this.length; i++) {
newArr.push(cb(this[i], i, this));
}
return newArr;
};

const nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const multiplyByTwo = nums.myMap(x => x * 2);
console.log(multiplyByTwo); // [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

In the above code, custom method name ‘myMap’ has been used to avoid conflicts
with built-in method.
2. filter: Similar to map method, Array.filter method takes callback function as an
argument and the callback function can have three agurguments passed into it.
i. Current value
ii. Index of current value(optional)
iii. array(optional)

The syntax looks like below,

let newArray = arr.filter(callback(currentValue[, index, arr) {
// return new array whose elements satisfy the callback conditions
})

Let’s build our filter polyfill based on the above syntax,

Array.prototype.myFilter = function(cb) {
let newArr = [];
for(let i=0; i< this.length; i++) {
if(cb(this[i], i, this)) {
newArr.push(this[i]);
}
}
return newArr;
}

const nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];

const evenNums = nums.myFilter(x => x % 2);
console.log(evenNums); // [2, 4, 6]

3. reduce:
 The built-in Array.reduce method syntax will be helpful to write our own polyfill.
The reduce method takes the callback function as first argument and the initial
value as second argument.

The callback function can have four arguments passed into it.

i. Accumulator
ii. Current value
iii. Index of current value(optional)
iv. array(optional)
The syntax would like below,
arr.reduce(callback((acc, curr, i, arr) => {}), initValue);

Let’s build our reduce polyfill based on the above syntax,

Array.prototype.myReduce = function(cb, initialValue) {
let accumulator = initialValue;
for(let i=0; i< this.length; i++) {
accumulator = accumulator ? cb(accumulator, this[i], i, this) :
this[i];
}
return accumulator;
}
const nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
const sum = nums.myReduce((acc, curr, i, arr) => {
return acc += curr
}, 0);
console.log(sum); // 21

4. What is the difference between map and forEach functions?

Both map and forEach functions are used to iterate over an arrays but there are
some differences in their functionality.

1. Returning values: The map method returns a new array with transformed
elements whereas forEach method returns undefined eventhough both of
them are doing the same job.
const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
arr.map(x => x * x); // [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
arr.forEach(x => x * x); //

The `forEach()` method in JavaScript always returns undefined. This

is because forEach() is used to iterate over arrays and perform side
effects on each element, rather than returning a `new array or
transforming the original array`
 2. Chaining methods: The map method is chainable. i.e, It can be attached with
reduce, filter, sort and other methods as well. Whereas forEach cannot be
attached with any other methods because it returns undefined value.
const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
arr.map(x => x * x).reduce((total, cur) => total + cur); // 55
arr.forEach(x => x * x).reduce((total, cur) => total + cur);;
//Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefine(reading
'reduce')

3. Mutation: The map method doesn’t mutate the original array by returning
new array. Whereas forEach method also doesn’t mutate the original array
but it’s callback is allowed to mutate the original array.
Note: Both these methods existed since ES5 onwards.

458. Give an example of statements affected by automatic semicolon insertion?

The javascript parser will automatically add a semicolon while parsing the source
code. For example, the below common statements affected by Automatic Semicolon
Insertion(ASI).

1. An empty statement
2. var statement
3. An expression statement
4. do-while statement
5. continue statement
6. break statement
7. return statement
8. throw statement

459. What are the event phases of a browser?

There are 3 phases in the lifecycle of an event propagation in JavaScript,

1. Capturing phase: This phase goes down gradually from the top of the DOM
tree to the target element when a nested element clicked. Before the click
event reaching the final destination element, the click event of each parent’s
element must be triggered.
2. Target phase: This is the phase where the event originally occurred reached
the target element .

3. Bubbling phase: This is reverse of the capturing phase. In this pase, the
event bubbles up from the target element through it’s parent element, an
ancestor and goes all the way to the global window object.
The pictorial representation of these 3 event phases in DOM looks like below,
 Screenshot

460. What are the real world use cases of proxy?

Proxies are not used in regular day to day JavaScript work but they enabled many
exciting programming patterns. Some of the real world use cases are listed below,

1. Vue3 used proxy concept to implement reactive state

2. SolidJS implemented reactive stores
3. Immerjs built upon proxy to track updates to immutable updates
4. ZenStack improved Prisma ORM for access control layer

461. What are hidden classes?

Since JavaScript is a dynamic programming language, you can add or remove
properties and methods from objects on the fly at runtime. This nature of JavaScript
increases the dynamic dictionary lookups(because objects implemented as
HashTables in memory) for retrieving a property on an object.
Let’s consider the following example to see how the additional properties age and
gender added at runtime.

function Person(name) {
this.name = name;
}

var person1 = new Person('John');

var person2 = new Person('Randy');

person1.age = 40;
person1.gender = "Male";

person2.gender = "Female";
person2.age = 50;

As a result, this behavior leads to lower JavaScript performance compared to the

contiguous buffer method used in non-dynamic languages. The V8 engine provided
a solution named hidden classes to optimize the access time when retrieving a
property on an object. This optimization is achieved by sharing hidden classes
among objects created in a similar fashion. These hidden classes are attached to
each and every object to track its shape.
When V8 engine sees the constructor function(e.g, Person) is declared, it creates a
hidden class (let’s say Class01) without any offsets. Once the first property
assignment statement (this.name = name) is executed, V8 engine will create a new
hidden class (let’s say Class02), inheriting all properties from the previous hidden
 class (Class01), and assign the property to offset 0. This process enables compiler to
skip dictionary lookup when you try to retrieve the same property(i.e, name).
Instead, V8 will directly point to Class02. The same procedure happens when you
add new properties to the object.
For example, adding age and gender properties to Person constructor leads to
transition of hidden classes(Class02 -> Class03 -> Class04). If you create a second
object(Person2) based on the same Person object, both Class01 and Class02 hidden
classes are going to be shared. However, the hidden classes Class03 and Class04
cannot be shared because second object has been modified with a different order of
properties assignment.

Since both the objects(person1 and person2) do not share the hidden classes, now
V8 engine cannot use Inline Caching technique for the faster access of properties.

462. What is inline caching?

Inline caching is an optimization technique based on the observation that repeated calls to
same function tends to occur on same type of objects. The V8 compiler stores a cache of the
type of objects that were passed as a parameter in recent method calls. Upon next time
when same function is called, compiler can directly search for the type in cache.
Let’s consider an example where the compiler stores the shape type in cache for repeated
calls in the loop.
let shape = {width : 30, height: 20}; // Compiler store the type in cache
as { width: <int>, height: <int>} after repeated calls

function area(obj) {
//Calculate area
}
for(let i=0; i<100; i++) {
area(shape);
}

After few successful calls of the same area method to its same hidden class, V8 engine omits
the hidden class lookup and simply adds the offset of the property to the object pointer
itself. As a result, it increases the execution speed.
There are mainly 3 types of inline caching possible:
1. Monomorphic: This is a optimized caching technique in which there can be always
same type of objects passed.
2. Polymorphic: This ia slightly optimized caching technique in which limited number
of different types of objects can be passed.
3. Megamorphic: It is an unoptimized caching in which any number of different objects
can be passed.
463. What are the different ways to execute external scripts?
There are three different ways to execute external scripts,

1. async: The script is downloaded in parallel to parsing the page, and executed
as soon as it is available even before parsing completes. The parsing of the
page is going to be interuppted once the script is downloaded completely and
then the script is executed. Thereafter, the parsing of the remaining page will
continue.

The syntax for async usage is as shown below,

<script src="demo.js" async></script>

2. defer: The script is downloaded in parallel to parsing the page, and executed
after the page has finished parsing.

The syntax for defer usage is as shown below,

<script src="demo.js" defer></script>

3. Neither async or defer: The script is downloaded and executed immediately

by blocking parsing of the page until the script execution is completed.

Note: You should only use either async or defer attribute if the src attribute is
present.

464. What is Lexical Scope?

Lexical scope is the ability for a function scope to access variables from the parent
scope. js <script> function x(){ var a=10;
function y(){ console.log(a); // will print a , because
of lexical scope, it will first look 'a' in //its local
memory space and then in its parent functions memory space }
y(); } x(); </script>

465. How to detect system dark mode in javascript?

The combination of Window.matchMedia() utility method along with media query is
used to check if the user has selected a dark color scheme in their operating system
settings or not. The CSS media query prefers-color-scheme needs to be passed to
identify system color theme.

The following javascript code describes the usage,

 const hasDarkColorScheme = () =>
window.matchMedia &&
window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches;

You can also watch changes to system color scheme using addEventListener,
window
.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)")
.addEventListener("change", (event) => {
const theme = event.matches ? "dark" : "light";
});

Note: The matchMedia method returns MediaQueryList object stores information

from a media query.

466. What is the purpose of requestAnimationFrame method?

The requestAnimationFrame() method in JavaScript is used to schedule a function
to be called before the next repaint of the browser window, allowing you to create
smooth, efficient animations. It’s primarily used for animations and visual updates,
making it an essential tool for improving performance when you’re animating
elements on the web.
const element = document.getElementById("myElement");
function animate() {
let currentPosition = parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(element).left,
10);

// Move the element 2px per frame

currentPosition += 2;
element.style.left = currentPosition + 'px';
// If the element hasn't moved off-screen, request the next frame
if (currentPosition < window.innerWidth) {
requestAnimationFrame(animate);
}
}
// Start the animation
requestAnimationFrame(animate);

467. What is the difference between substring and substr methods?

There are subtle differences between the substring() and substr() methods, so you
should be careful not to get them confused.
• The two parameters of substr() are start and length, while for substring(), they are
start and end.
• substr()’s start index will wrap to the end of the string if it is negative, while
substring() will clamp it to 0.
 • Negative lengths in substr() are treated as zero, while substring() will swap the two
indexes if end is less than start.
Furthermore, substr() is considered a legacy feature in ECMAScript, so it is best to avoid
using it if possible.
const text = "Mozilla";
console.log(text.substring(2, 5)); // "zil"
console.log(text.substr(2, 3)); // "zil"

468. How to find the number of parameters expected by a function?

The function’s object has a length property which tells you how many formal
parameters expected by a function. This is a static value defined by the function, not
the number of arguments the function is called with(arguments.length). The basic
usage of length propery is,
function multiply(x, y) {
return x * y;
}

function sum(a, b, c) {
return a + b +c;
}

console.log(multiply.length); //2
console.log(sum.length); //3

But there are few important rules which needs to be noted while using length property.
1. Default values: Only the parameters which exists before a default value are
considered. javascript function sum(a, b=2, c=3) { return
a + b + c; } console.log(sum.length); // 1

2. Rest params: The rest parameters are excluded with in length property.
javascript function sum(a, b, ...moreArgs) { let total
= a + b; for (const arg of moreArgs) { total +=
arg; } return total; }
console.log(sum.length); // 2

3. Destructuring patterns: Each destructuring pattern counted as a single parameter.

```javascript function func([a, b], {x, y}){ console.log(a+b, x, y); }
console.log(func.length); // 2 ```

Note: The Function constructor is itself a function object and it has a length property of 1.
 469. What is globalThis, and what is the importance of it?
Nowadays JavaScript language is used in a wide variety of environments and each
environment has its own object model. Due to this fact, there are different
ways(syntax) to access the global object.

1. In web browser, the global object is accessible via window, self, or frames.
2. In Node environment, you have to use global.
3. In Web workers, the global object is available through self.
The globalThis property provides a standard way of accessing the global object without
writing various code snippet to support multiple environments. For example, the global
object retuned from multiple environments as shown below,
//1. browser environment
console.log(globalThis); // => Window {...}

//2. node.js environment

console.log(globalThis); // => Object [global] {...}

//3. web worker environment

console.log(globalThis); // => DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope {...}

470. What are the array mutation methods?

JavaScript array methods can be categorized into two groups:
471. Mutating methods: These are the methods that directly modify the original array.
472. Non-mutating methods: These methods return a new array without altering the
original one.
There are 9 methods in total that mutate the arrays, 1. push: Adds one or more elements to
the end of the array and returns the new length. 2. pop: Removes the last element from the
array and returns that element. 3. unshift: Adds one or more elements to the beginning of
the array and returns the new length.. 4. shift: Removes the first element from the array
and returns that element. 5. splice: Adds or removes elements from the array at a specific
index position. 6. sort: Sorts the elements of the array in-place based on a given sorting
criteria. 7. reverse: Reverses the order of elements in the given array. 8. fill: Fills all
elements of the array with a specific value. 9. copyWithIn: Copies a sequence of elements
within the array to a specified target index in the same array.

471. What is module scope in JavaScript?

Module scope is a feature introduced with ES6 (ES2015) modules that creates a
scope specific to a module file, isolating variables and functions declared within it
from the global scope and other modules. Variables and functions declared in a
module are private by default and can only be accessed by other modules if they are
explicitly exported.
Key characteristics of module scope:
1. Variables declared in a module are scoped to that module only.
2. Each module has its own top-level scope
3. Variables and functions need to be explicitly exported to be used in other modules
4. The global scope cannot access module variables unless they are explicitly exported
and imported
5. Modules are always executed in strict mode
// moduleA.js

// This variable is PRIVATE to moduleA. It's like a tool inside a closed box.
const privateVariable = "I am private";

// This variable is PUBLIC because it's exported. Others can use it when they
import moduleA.
export const publicVariable = "I am public";

// PUBLIC function because it's exported. But it can still access

privateVariable inside moduleA.
export function publicFunction() {
✅
console.log(privateVariable); // This works because we're inside the
same module.
return "Hello from publicFunction!";
}

// moduleB.js

// Importing PUBLIC items from moduleA.

import { publicVariable, publicFunction } from './moduleA.js';
✅
console.log(publicVariable); // "I am public" - Works because it's
exported. ✅
console.log(publicFunction()); // "Hello from publicFunction!" - Works
as well.
❌
// This will cause an ERROR because privateVariable was NOT exported from
moduleA. ❌
// console.log(privateVariable); // ReferenceError: privateVariable is
not defined

Common use cases and benefits:

• Encapsulation of module-specific code
• Prevention of global scope pollution
• Better code organization and maintenance
• Explicit dependency management
• Protection of private implementation details