Visit https://ebookultra.

com to download the full version and

browse more ebooks or textbooks

MATLAB and C Programming for Trefftz Finite

Element Methods 1st Edition Qing-Hua Qin

_____ Press the link below to begin your download _____

https://ebookultra.com/download/matlab-and-c-programming-
for-trefftz-finite-element-methods-1st-edition-qing-hua-qin/

Access ebookultra.com now to download high-quality

ebooks or textbooks
Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to
download, or explore more at ebookultra.com

Introduction to Finite and Spectral Element Methods Using

MATLAB Second Edition Pozrikidis

https://ebookultra.com/download/introduction-to-finite-and-spectral-
element-methods-using-matlab-second-edition-pozrikidis/

Smoothed Finite Element Methods 1st Edition Liu

https://ebookultra.com/download/smoothed-finite-element-methods-1st-
edition-liu/

Hybrid and Incompatible Finite Element Methods 1st Edition

Theodore H.H. Pian

https://ebookultra.com/download/hybrid-and-incompatible-finite-
element-methods-1st-edition-theodore-h-h-pian/

Higher Order Finite Element Methods With CDROM Pavel Solin

https://ebookultra.com/download/higher-order-finite-element-methods-
with-cdrom-pavel-solin/
The Finite Element Method for Fluid Dynamics Sixth Edition
O. C. Zienkiewicz

https://ebookultra.com/download/the-finite-element-method-for-fluid-
dynamics-sixth-edition-o-c-zienkiewicz/

Finite Element Methods Parallel Sparse Statics and Eigen

Solutions 1st Edition Duc Thai Nguyen

https://ebookultra.com/download/finite-element-methods-parallel-
sparse-statics-and-eigen-solutions-1st-edition-duc-thai-nguyen/

Stochastic Structural Dynamics Application of Finite

Element Methods 1st Edition Cho W. S. To

https://ebookultra.com/download/stochastic-structural-dynamics-
application-of-finite-element-methods-1st-edition-cho-w-s-to/

The Finite Element Method for Electromagnetic Modeling 1st

Edition Gerard Meunier

https://ebookultra.com/download/the-finite-element-method-for-
electromagnetic-modeling-1st-edition-gerard-meunier/

Essentials of the finite element method for mechanical and

structural engineers 1st Edition Pavlou

https://ebookultra.com/download/essentials-of-the-finite-element-
method-for-mechanical-and-structural-engineers-1st-edition-pavlou/
MATLAB and C Programming for Trefftz Finite
Element Methods 1st Edition Qing-Hua Qin Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Qing-Hua Qin, Hui Wang
ISBN(s): 9781420072754, 1420072757
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.62 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
 Qing-Hua Qin
Australian National University
Acton, Australia

Hui Wang
Henan University of Technology
Zhengzhou City, China

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
A TA Y L O R & F R A N C I S B O O K

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Consultant editor: Prof. D. R. Vij.

MATLAB® and Simulink® are trademarks of MathWorks, Inc. and are used with permission. The MathWorks does
not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® and
Simulink® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by the MathWorks of a
particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® and Simulink® software.

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-7275-4 (Hardcover)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have
been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility
for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to
trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if
permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged
please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written
permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com
(http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Dan-
vers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a
variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of
payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only
for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Qin, Qing-Hua.
Matlab and C programming for Trefftz finite element methods / Qing-Hua Qin and Hui
Wang.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-7275-4 (alk. paper)
1. Finite element method--Data processing. 2. MATLAB. 3. C (Computer program
language) I. Wang, Hui, 1976- II. Title.

TA347.F5Q248 2008
518’.2502855268--dc22 2008013045

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Preface

The Hybrid-Trefftz finite element method, employing a class of finite elements asso-
ciated with the Trefftz method, is a hybrid method which includes the use of an aux-
iliary inter-element displacement or traction frame to link the internal displacement
fields of the elements. These internal fields, chosen so as to a priori satisfy the gov-
erning differential equations, have conveniently been represented as the sum of a par-
ticular integral of non-homogeneous equations and a suitably truncated T-complete
set of regular homogeneous solutions (the series of the homogeneous solution to
the differential governing equation) multiplied by undetermined coefficients. Inter-
element continuity is enforced by using a modified variational principle together with
an independent frame field defined on each element boundary. Formulation of the
element, during which the internal parameters are eliminated at the element level,
in the end leads to the standard force-displacement relationship, with a symmetric
positive definite stiffness matrix. In contrast to conventional conforming finite ele-
ment methods, the main advantages of the Trefftz finite element method are (a) the
formulation calls for integration along the element boundaries only, which enables
arbitrary polygonal or even curve-sided elements to be generated; (b) the method
is likely to represent the optimal expansion bases for hybrid-type elements where
inter-element continuity need not be satisfied a priori, which is particularly impor-
tant for generating a quasi-conforming plate bending element; and (c) the method
offers the attractive possibility of developing accurate crack singular, corner or per-
forated elements, simply by using appropriate known local solution functions as the
trial functions of the intra-element displacements.
Research to date on the Trefftz finite element method has resulted in the publica-
tion of a great deal of new information and has given us a powerful computational
tool in the analysis of plane elasticity, thin and thick plate bending, Poisson’s equa-
tion, heat conduction, and piezoelectric materials. Articles on this subject have been
published in a wide range of journals, attracting the attention of both researchers
and practitioners with backgrounds in the mechanics of solids, applied physics, ap-
plied mathematics, mechanical engineering and materials science. Up to the present,
however, no extensive, detailed computer programming treatment of this subject has
been available, which significantly hinders the development and application of this
new method in practical engineering. Although there is an enormous gulf between
the basic theory and a working computer code, no textbooks have been devoted pri-
marily to the programming aspects of the method. It now appears timely to collect
significant information and to present a unified computer programming treatment of
these useful but scattered results. Those results should be made available to profes-
sional engineers, research scientists, workers and students in applied mechanics and

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

material engineering, such as physicists, metallurgists and materials scientists. That
is the motivation to write this book.
The purpose of this book is to provide the detailed MATLAB∗ and C program-
ming processes in applications of the Trefftz finite element method to potential and
elastic problems, helping readers to take what may be a painful step from mathemat-
ical formulation to computer programming, enabling them to develop appropriate
programs for their own particular applications. The methods and programming pro-
cess in this book are described with the objective of making them easy to understand
and accessible to research scientists, professional engineers and postgraduate stu-
dents.
This book consists of nine chapters and four appendices. The first chapter gives
an introduction and overview of the Hybrid-Trefftz finite element method. Basic
concepts and general element formulations of the method are described, as well as
comparison of T-elements with conventional finite elements and boundary elements.
Chapters 2 and 3 concentrate on the essentials of MATLAB and C programming, to
provide a source for reference in later chapters. Chapter 4 presents M ATLAB and C
subroutines commonly applied in Chapters 5-8. Applications of T-elements to poten-
tial problems and linear plane elasticity are described in Chapters 5 and 6. Chapter
7 deals with domain integrals caused by generalised body force terms. Based on the
concept used in dual-reciprocity boundary element method, an approach to deal with
arbitrary sources in potential problems and body force in elasticity by way of ra-
dial basis functions is presented. Chapter 8 describes MATLAB and C programming
for special circular hole elements. Some advanced topics, including construction of
Trefftz p-elements, dimensionless transformation, and an alternative formulation to
HT-FEM, are discussed in Chapter 9.
Many people have been most generous in their support of this writing effort. We
would like to especially thank Professor D. R. Vij of Kurukshetra University, Dr.
John Navas and Ms. Marsha Pronin of Taylor & Francis Group for their commit-
ment to excellence in all aspects of the publication of this book. We are very grateful
to the reviewers who made suggestions and comments for updating and improving
the text. Part of the research results presented in this text was obtained by the au-
thors at the Department of Engineering, Australian National University, Australia;
the College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University of Technology,
China; and the Department of Mechanics, Tianjin University, China. Support from
these universities and the Australian Research Council is gratefully acknowledged.
Finally, we wish to acknowledge the individuals and organizations cited in the book
for their permission to use that material.

Qing-Hua Qin and Hui Wang

∗ For
product information, please contact: The MathWorks, Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick,
MA 01760-2098, Tel: 508-647-7000, Fax: 508-647-7001, E-mail: [email protected], Web:
www.mathworks.com.

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Contents

1 Introduction to Trefftz finite element method 1

1.1 Historical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Trefftz finite element procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Basic field equations and boundary conditions . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Assumed fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3 Element stiffness equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Variational principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Concept of the T-complete solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Comparison of Trefftz FEM and conventional FEM . . . . . . . . 12
1.5.1 Assumed element fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5.2 Variational functionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5.3 Assessment of the two techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.6 Comparison of T-elements with boundary elements . . . . . . . . 17
1.6.1 Boundary elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.6.2 T-elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.6.3 Assessment of the two numerical models . . . . . . . . . 20
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2 Foundation of MATLAB programming 29

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2 Basic data types in MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.1 Array and variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.2 Types of variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2.3 Built-in variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3 Matrix manipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.1 Initialising matrix variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.2 Matrix indexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.3 Common array and matrix operations . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3.4 Hierarchy of operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4 Control structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4.1 Relational and logical operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4.2 The if construct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.3 The switch construct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.4 The for loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4.5 The while loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4.6 Jump commands for loop control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 2.5 M-file functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.5.1 M-file function structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.5.2 Global and local variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.5.3 Executing an m-file function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.6 I/O file manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.6.1 Open and close a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.6.2 Input manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.6.3 Output manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.7 Vectorization programming with MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.8 Common built-in MATLAB functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3 C programming 53
3.1 Data types, variable declaration and operators . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.1.1 Data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.1.2 Variable declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.1.3 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2 Control structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2.1 if-else structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2.2 switch-case structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.2.3 for loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2.4 while loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.2.5 Jump control commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.3 Advanced array and pointer action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.3.1 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.2 Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.3 Pointers and arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3.4 Initialisation of array and storage management . . . . . . 63
3.4 Functions and parameter transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.1 Types of functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.2 Function call and parameter transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.5 File manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.5.1 Open and close a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.5.2 Input data from a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.5.3 Output data to a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.6 Create and execute C codes in visual C++ platform . . . . . . . . 69
3.6.1 Creating a project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.6.2 Creating a C source file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.6.3 Compile, build and execute a C program . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.6.4 Output result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.7 Common library functions and related head files . . . . . . . . . . 73
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

4 Commonly used subroutines 77
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2 Input and output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2.1 Input of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2.2 MATLAB codes for input of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2.3 C codes for input of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.2.4 Output of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.5 MATLAB codes for output of results . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2.6 C codes for output of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3 Numerical integration over element edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.3.1 MATLAB codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.3.2 C codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.4 Shape functions along element edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.4.1 MATLAB codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.4.2 C codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.5 Assembly of elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.5.1 MATLAB codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.5.2 C codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.6 Introduction of essential boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.6.1 MATLAB codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.6.2 C codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.7 Solution of global stiffness equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.7.1 MATLAB codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.7.2 C codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

5 Potential problems 113

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.2 Basic equations of potential problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.3 Trefftz FE formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.3.1 Non-conforming intra-element field . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.3.2 Auxiliary conforming frame field . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.3 Modified variational principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.3.4 Recovery of rigid-body motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.4 T-complete functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5 Computation of H and G matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.5.1 Geometric characteristics of boundary edges . . . . . . . 122
5.5.2 Computation of H matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.5.3 Computation of G matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.6 Computation of equivalent nodal load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.7 Program structure for HT-FEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.8 MATLAB programming for potential problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.9 C computer programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.10 Numerical examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

6 Plane stress/strain problems 187
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.2 Linear theory of elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.2.1 Equilibrium equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.2.2 Strain-displacement relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.2.3 Constitutive relations (stress-strain relations) . . . . . . . 189
6.2.4 Boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6.2.5 Governing equations in terms of displacements . . . . . . 191
6.3 Trefftz finite element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6.3.1 Non-conforming intra-element field . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6.3.2 Auxiliary conforming frame field . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.3.3 Modified variational functional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
6.3.4 Recovery of rigid-body motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.4 T-complete functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.5 Computation of H and G matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.5.1 Geometric characteristics of boundary edges . . . . . . . 199
6.5.2 Computation of matrix H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.5.3 Computation of matrix G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
6.6 Evaluation of equivalent nodal loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
6.7 MATLAB functions for plane elastic problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.8 C computer programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
6.9 Numerical examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

7 Treatment of inhomogeneous terms using RBF approximation 247

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
7.2 Radial basis functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
7.2.1 Basics of radial basis functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
7.2.2 RBF approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.2.3 Stability and convergence of RBF approximation . . . . . 251
7.3 Non-homogeneous problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.3.1 Basic equations for Poisson’s problems . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.3.2 Basic equations for plane stress/strain problems . . . . . . 255
7.4 Solution procedure of HT-FEM for non-homogeneous problems . 256
7.4.1 Assumed fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.4.2 Variational functional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
7.4.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7.5 Particular solutions in terms of RBFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7.5.1 Particular solutions for Poisson’s equation . . . . . . . . . 259
7.5.2 Particular solutions for plane stress/strain equations . . . . 260
7.6 Modification of the program structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
7.6.1 Forming equivalent nodal flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
7.6.2 Introducing nodal potential condition . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7.7 MATLAB functions for particular solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7.7.1 Two-dimensional Poisson’s problems . . . . . . . . . . . 266

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 7.7.2 Plane stress/strain problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
7.8 C programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
7.8.1 Two-dimensional Poisson’s problems . . . . . . . . . . . 291
7.8.2 Plane stress/strain problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
7.9 Numerical examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
7.9.1 Poisson’s problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
7.9.2 Plane stress/strain problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

8 Special purpose T-elements 343

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
8.2 Basic concept of special Trefftz functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
8.3 Special purpose elements for potential problems . . . . . . . . . . 346
8.3.1 Trefftz-complete solutions for circular hole elements . . . 346
8.4 Special purpose elements for linear elastic problems . . . . . . . . 347
8.4.1 Special Trefftz solutions for circular hole elements . . . . 347
8.5 Programming implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
8.5.1 Data preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
8.5.2 Special Trefftz functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
8.5.3 Output quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
8.6 MATLAB functions for special T-elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
8.6.1 Potential problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
8.6.2 Elastic problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
8.7 C programming for special T-elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
8.7.1 Potential problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
8.7.2 Elastic problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
8.8 Test examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
8.8.1 Potential problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
8.8.2 Plane elastic problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

9 Advanced topics for further programming development 419

9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
9.2 Construction of Trefftz elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
9.3 Dimensionless transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
9.3.1 Dimensionless transformation in regular HT element for
plane potential problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
9.3.2 Dimensionless transformation in special HT element for
plane potential problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
9.3.3 Dimensionless transformation in regular element for plane
elastic problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
9.3.4 Dimensionless transformation in hole element for plane
elastic problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
9.4 Nodal stress evaluation-smooth techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
9.5 Generating intra-element points for outputting field results . . . . 429

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 9.6 Sparse matrix generation and solving procedure . . . . . . . . . . 429
9.7 An alternative formulation to HT-FEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

Appendix A Format of input data 437

Appendix B Glossary of variables 439

Appendix C Glossary of subroutines 443

Appendix D Plane displacement and stress transformations 445

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

1
Introduction to Trefftz finite element method

1.1 Historical background

The Trefftz finite element (FE) model, or T-element model for short, was originally
developed in 1977 for the analysis of the effects of mesh distortion on thin plate el-
ements [1]. During the subsequent three decades, the potential of T-elements for
the solution of different types of applied science and engineering problems was
recognised. Over the years, the Hybrid-Trefftz (HT) FE method has become in-
creasingly popular as an efficient numerical tool in computational mechanics and
has now become a highly efficient computational tool for the solution of complex
boundary value problems. In contrast to conventional FE models, the class of FE
associated with the Trefftz method is based on a hybrid method which includes the
use of an auxiliary inter-element displacement or traction frame to link the internal
displacement fields of the elements. Such internal fields, chosen so as to a priori
satisfy the governing differential equations, have conveniently been represented as
the sum of a particular integral of non-homogeneous equations and a suitably trun-
cated T (Trefftz)-complete set of regular homogeneous solutions multiplied by un-
determined coefficients. The mathematical fundamentals of T-complete sets were
established mainly by Herrera and his co-workers [2 - 5], who named such a system
a T-complete system. Following a suggestion by Zienkiewicz, Herrera changed this
to a T-complete system of solutions, in honor of the originator of such non-singular
solutions. As such, the terminology “TH-families” is usually used when referring
to systems of functions which satisfy the criterion originated by Herrera [3]. Inter-
element continuity is enforced by using a modified variational principle together with
an independent frame field defined on each element boundary. The element formula-
tion, during which the internal parameters are eliminated at the element level, leads
to a standard force–displacement relationship, with a symmetric positive definite
stiffness matrix. Clearly, while the conventional FE formulation may be assimilated
to a particular form of the Rayleigh-Ritz method, the HT FE approach has a close re-
lationship with the Trefftz method [6]. As noted in Refs. [7, 8], the main advantages
stemming from the HT FE model are: (a) The formulation calls for integration along
the element boundaries only, which enables arbitrary polygonal or even curve-sided
elements to be generated. As a result, it may be considered a special, symmetric,
substructure-oriented boundary solution approach and thus possesses the advantages
of the boundary element method (BEM). In contrast to conventional boundary el-

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

2 MATLAB and C Programming for Trefftz Finite Element Methods

ement formulation, however, the HT FE model avoids the introduction of singular

integral equations and does not require the construction of a fundamental solution
which may be very laborious to build. (b) The HT FE model is likely to represent
the optimal expansion bases for hybrid-type elements where inter-element continu-
ity need not be satisfied, a priori, which is particularly important for generating a
quasi-conforming plate bending element. And (c) The model offers the attractive
possibility of developing accurate crack-tip, singular corner or perforated elements,
simply by using appropriate known local solution functions as the trial functions of
intra-element displacements.
The first attempts to generate a general purpose HT FE formulation were pub-
lished by Jirousek and Leon [1] and Jirousek [9]. It was immediately noticed that
T-complete functions represented an optimal expansion basis for hybrid-type ele-
ments where inter-element continuity need not be satisfied a priori. Since then, the
concept of Trefftz-elements has become increasingly popular, attracting a growing
number of researchers into this field [10 - 23]. Trefftz-elements have been success-
fully applied to problems of elasticity [24 - 28], Kirchhoff plates [7, 22, 29 - 31],
moderately thick Reissner-Mindlin plates [32 - 36], thick plates [37 - 39], general 3-
D solid mechanics [20, 40], axisymmetric solid mechanics [41], potential problems
[42, 43], shells [44], elastodynamic problems [16, 45 - 47], transient heat conduction
analysis [48], geometrically nonlinear plates [49 - 52], materially nonlinear elastic-
ity [53 - 55], and piezoelectric materials [56, 57]. Further, the concept of special
purpose functions has been found to be of great efficiency in dealing with various
geometries or load-dependent singularities and local effects (e.g., obtuse or reentrant
corners, cracks, circular or elliptic holes, concentrated or patch loads. See Jirousek
and Guex [30]; Jirousek and Teodorescu [24]; Jirousek and Venkatesh [25]; Piltner
[27]; Venkatesh and Jirousek [58] for details). In addition, the idea of developing
p-versions of T-elements, similar to those used in the conventional FE model, was
presented in 1982 [24] and has already been shown to be particularly advantageous
from the point of view of both computation and facilities for use [13, 59]. Huang
and Li [60] presented an Adini’s element coupled with the Trefftz method which is
suitable for modeling singular problems. The first monograph to describe in detail
the HT FE approach and its applications in solid mechanics was published in 2000
[61]. Moreover, a wealthy source of information pertaining to the HT FE approach
exists in a number of general or special review type articles such as those of Herrera
[12, 62], Jirousek [63], Jirousek and Wroblewski [9, 64], Jirousek and Zielinski [65],
Kita and Kamiya [66], Qin [67 - 69], and Zienkiewicz [70].

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Introduction to Trefftz finite element method 3

1.2 Trefftz finite element procedure

1.2.1 Basic field equations and boundary conditions

Taking a plane stress problem as an example, the partial differential governing equa-
tion in the Cartesian coordinates Xi (i=1,2) is given by

σi j, j + bi = 0 in Ω (1.1)

where σi j is the stress tensor, a comma followed by an index denotes partial differ-
entiation with respect to that index, bi is body force vector, Ω is the solution domain,
and the Einstein summation convention over repeated indices is used. For a linear
elastic solid, the constitutive relation is
∂ Π (εi j )
σi j = = ci jkl εkl (1.2)
∂ εi j
for εi j as basic variable, and

∂ Ψ (σi j )
εi j = = si jkl σkl (1.3)
∂ σi j
for σi j as basic variable, where ci jkl and si jkl are stiffness and compliance coeffi-
cient tensors, respectively, εi j is the elastic strain tensor, Π and Ψ are, respectively,
potential energy and complementary energy functions, which are defined by
1
Π (εi j ) = ci jkl εi j εkl (1.4)
2
and
1
Ψ (σi j ) = si jkl σi j σkl (1.5)
2
The relation between strain tensor and displacement component, ui , is given by
1
εi j = (ui, j + u j,i) (1.6)
2
The boundary conditions of the boundary value problem (BVP) (1.1) - (1.6) are
given by:
ui = ūi on Γu (1.7)
ti = σi j n j = t¯i on Γt (1.8)
where ūi and t¯i are, respectively, prescribed boundary displacement and traction vec-
tor, a bar above a symbol denotes prescribed value, and Γ = Γu + Γt is the boundary
of the solution domain Ω.

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The Sixteenth Chapter.
The bestowing of the Rose Wreath. Also of two
surprising Rewards. And of the New Joy that came to
the Miller of Dee, and the Toy People.

OLIE POLIE could not understand why the Toy people

cheered, and he wondered at their hasty departure.
Then he crawled out from behind the bags and went
to the door of the mill. There the returning Toy
people found him, his clothes powdered white with
barley meal and his face full of wonderment.
Well, the end of the matter was just this: Rolie Polie, astride his
little donkey and loaded down with garlands of roses, was carried off
to the Castle. By his side walked the Miller, now wearing his best
clothes, and as happy a little body as there was in all the town. {122}
On the way the people told him of what had happened, and how,
when the gates were opened, the water ran out from the lake and
made the river so shallow, that the first thing the Buccaneers knew,
the stranded high and dry on a gravelly sand bar,
with no possible chance to escape capture.
“But,” interrupted one of the Toy people, “Buccaneers are clever
ones when it comes to getting out of a tight place, and it did not
take them long to climb over the side of their ship and run for the
woods.”
“The four rogues had good legs for running, too,” said another of
the Toy people.
“Had any harm come to Queen Helen?” asked the Miller of Dee.
“Oh no,” answered one of his companions. “You see the
grounded at the mouth of the river, and King
Tommy jumped quickly over the side into the shallow water and was
the first to reach the . He found Queen Helen tied
to the mast with a rope. The Queen acted bravely, and the
Buccaneers, seeing that she was no cry baby, did not treat her
roughly; for although they had tied her to the mast, the ropes were
not tight enough to really hurt.”
“Buccaneers always treat brave captives that way,” said another
of the Toy people. “It is only the scarey ones that they handle
roughly.”
“Probably Queen Helen couldn’t help being a little frightened
though,” said the Barley Miller.
“But perhaps she bit her lip and did not show one single particle
of it to the Buccaneers,” said Rolie Polie. “That would be just like
Helen.” {123}
“Yes,” said one of the Toy people, “I think she was somewhat
frightened, because that would be enough to scare any Queen; and
when Tommy cut her bonds and set her free, she looked so glad and
so excited, that I think she would have cried if there had not been so
many people about.”
“When the gates were closed and the lake began to fill, you
should have seen the people on the sand bar run!” said a Toy man
who was walking by the donkey; and then he laughed long and
heartily. “Why, in a jiffy the water was up to their ankles, and I think
it would have soon been to their knees had they not waded to the
shore, or hastily clambered over the side of the .”
“That was a fine race the two boats had back to the landing pier,”
said another Toy man. “The pirate ship is a fast boat, but I think the
is faster, and I don’t believe the
could have beaten but for being so skilfully handled.
Tommy certainly knows how to get speed out of a boat.”
When Rolie Polie came into the presence of the King, and the
story was told of how everything had happened, King Tommy said:
“Rolie Polie, you shall have a fine reward for this; three times your
tricks have saved us sorrow. I am going to give you a medal and
make you Captain of my Royal Guards. Go now and change this
clown’s dress for a new uniform.”
“Your Highness,” said Mr. Poodle, after Rolie Polie had thanked
the King and departed, “I think the Miller of Dee also deserves a
reward, for, from what I hear, he has acted most nobly; taking blame
when he thought that it would save Rolie Polie, and as graciously
according credit when {124} he found the opening of the gates had
brought honor and the praise of his fellow Toy people.”
“That is true,” said the King. “I will make the Miller of Dee my
first assistant Prime Minister.”
 The little Miller thanked the King, then laughed and said: “I think
the place for me is in the mill, simply grinding my barley corns.”
Mr. Poodle then told King Tommy that a good Miller was a very
handy fellow to have in the Kingdom, especially one who had
something more beneath his cap than the dust upon his hair, as
without doubt this one had. {125}
Tommy felt that there might be some truth in what the toymaker
said, but he told Mr. Poodle he thought that such a noble deed
certainly deserved a reward.
“That is true,” replied Mr. Poodle; “and now I would suggest that,
as a reward to the Miller, you make this a holiday, to be observed
every year and to be called the Miller’s Holiday.”
Tommy said that would be fine, and immediately issuing the
order, Heralds were soon proclaiming it throughout the city.
 The Toy people shouted and cheered at these words of the
Heralds, as they were all fond of holidays, and so thought the King
had found a fine way to reward their friend, the good Miller of Dee.
As for the Miller, he felt very much embarrassed, but at last found
words to thank the King, and then started off home to talk it all over
with his neighbors. A big man the Miller was in his neighbors’ eyes
now, you may be sure; all were glad enough to rub shoulders with
him, and no one minded the white barley dust on his clothes, I can
tell you, which was very nice for the little Miller.
Meanwhile the three Buccaneers, led by Long Jim, the crafty
courtier, made their way back to Grumbletown. Their clothes had
been badly torn by the wild scramble through the bushes; while
brambles and briars had made sad havoc with their faces, so that
altogether it was four sorry, dilapidated looking specimens that now
appeared before King Red Beard.
“Blunderheads!” That is what Red Beard called Long Jim and the
three Buccaneers, not once but a dozen times. Then he called them
“noodle skulls,” and, last of all, he {126} called them “four big
cowardly babies,” which certainly was a hard name to give, even to
wicked Buccaneers.
 But, by and by, when Red Beard began to quiet down, he said:
“Well, you have now failed three times, but we can’t allow that boy
and girl to rule in Toyville.” Then ordering his spies to return to
Toyville, he set about the making of new plans.
The Seventeenth Chapter.
How the Mayor makes New Plans. And of a Delightful
and happy Gathering in the Gardens. Also of a Parley
held at the Castle Gate.

HINKING there was now nothing to fear from an

attack by the army of Grumbletown, the Toyville
soldiers were ordered to return from the hills, and
already the sound of rumbling wheels in the streets,
told how promptly this order had been obeyed by the
Commanding General.
“We have much to make us thankful,” said the Mayor to one of
his councillors. “It certainly would have been a sad occurrence had
the capture of the Queen resulted in her being carried away to
Grumbletown. I think the occasion demands a celebration, and I
should suggest that {130} we at once prepare a big party to take place
on the lawns and in the pavilions of the Palace gardens.”
 “A splendid suggestion,” cried the councillors with one accord.
“Let us lose no time in getting under way the arrangements.”
The gardens, brilliant with pots of flowering shrubs and beds of
blossoming plants, their broad stretches of lawn bordered by hedges
of box, and interlaced with white pebbled walks, formed an ideal
place for the holding of a social gathering of this nature.
When to the natural beauty of the gardens there was added the
beauty of the handsome dresses and uniforms worn by the guests,
the scene thus presented proved of untold loveliness.
In one of the pavilions sat an orchestra which rendered the most
delightful music imaginable; in another pavilion were many little
tables where were served refreshments of the daintiest confections;
in a third pavilion the highly polished and waxed floor was given
over to dancing.
Under such delightful conditions, the King and Queen, as well as
the Lords and Ladies, soon forgot their recent fears, and with Rolie
Polie in his new uniform standing guard at the front gate, one and all
felt perfectly safe.
Outside the walls of the Castle and gardens, the streets of the
city were quiet and almost deserted, for the Toy people had repaired
to the park, where they, too, were celebrating with all manner of
jolly games and sports.
Meanwhile, King Red Beard had not been idle, and by the time
his spies returned to tell how matters were going in Toyville, he had
two hundred picked ruffians ready to make a last attempt to capture
the King and Queen. {131}
How Red Beard did laugh when his spies told him of the
celebration that was being held in Toyville. “Ha, ha, ha,” said he,
“those Toy people think they have seen the last of old Red Beard, do
they? Well, we will soon show them their mistake.”
After that it wasn’t long before the Grumbletown King and his
two hundred hardy rascals had travelled through the secret passage
of the hills and were in the quiet, deserted streets of Toyville.
 When the company came near the Castle and could hear the
sweet strains of music and the sound of happy laughter, King Red
Beard sent Long Jim on ahead to spy how the land lay.
Presently, Long Jim returned. He had taken a peek here and
there, and told Red Beard that there was only one soldier standing
guard at the front gate. “And your Majesty,” said he, “I think the
soldier is that stupid clown, Rolie Polie, now dressed in the uniform
of the King’s Guard.”
Red Beard gave a wild laugh when he heard what Long Jim had
to say. “Forward, march!” he cried; “we can easily fool that
simpleton.” Then away they all went, and in two jiffies Red Beard
was tapping at the front gate and parleying courteously through the
wicket with Rolie Polie.
Now, the kernel to the nut Red Beard tried to crack on Rolie
Polie’s skull, was just this: he wanted to have the gates opened so
he and his two hundred tatterdemalion followers could enter the
gardens and capture all the people.
Red Beard was good at arguing and gave all manner of reasons,
but none of these availed him in the least, for {132} Rolie Polie, now
very proud of being a King’s Guard, would never think of doing
anything untrue to his trust.
At the last, when Red Beard was about ready to give up trying
trickery and guile, and almost on the point of ordering his men to
make an assault, a brilliant idea came jumping into the brain of Rolie
Polie. “Oh, ho,” thought he, “I know King Tommy would like to have
me capture this old Red Beard, and here, the very first thing, is my
chance. I will just open the gate and let them inside the walls, then I
will jump outside, close and lock the gate, and there I shall have the
whole company safe and sound where they can’t get away.”
No sooner did this clever idea enter the brain of Rolie Polie, than
the little guard was unlocking the gate and throwing it wide open.
Then step, step, step, every man going softly on tiptoe, through the
gate went Red Beard followed by his two hundred ragamuffin
ruffians.
“Ha, ha, ha,” laughed Rolie Polie, as he turned the key in the
lock, “that is the time I was too clever for Red Beard!”
“Ha, ha, ha,” laughed Red Beard, “did anyone ever see a body so
stupid as that Rolie Polie? Here I have King Tommy and Queen
Helen, and all the Lords and Ladies at my mercy. It is a fine
company of captives I will get to put in chains and march as slaves
to Grumbletown.”
The Eighteenth Chapter.
In which something is told of how the Page brought
a Message which proved a Surprise. Also of what the
Dame found in the Fountain of the Fish.

ITH everyone enjoying such a good time in the

gardens, it would not have been surprising if the King
had forgotten his guard at the gate. This he did not
do, however, and at the moment when Red Beard
and his men were entering, a page was being
dispatched for Rolie Polie.
Thus, it happened then, that when the page was about to enter
the court yard, he saw it thronged with ruffians.
“We are betrayed!” he cried as he ran hurrying back to the
gardens. “The gates have been opened and the enemy is now within
the walls!” {136}
At this cry, the Ladies turned pale with fright and the Nobles
sought hastily for the swords they had laid aside at the beginning of
the dance. “Every man be brave!” shouted the King. “We must rally
to the defence of the Ladies! Let King Red Beard and his ruffians
come, they will find us ready!”
But for all King Tommy spoke so bravely, he was not at all
deceived, and realized quite the same, as did the Mayor and some
others, that any defence would prove practically useless, and at best
do no more than prolong an engagement, which in the end could
result only in their defeat and capture.
To reach the gardens from the court yard, it was necessary to go
half way around, or else right through the Castle; the Grumbletown
company, therefore, divided; one party going one way, the other
going another way.
As has been told, Red Beard and his followers, when once within
the walls of the Castle, were in high glee. “We will make a fine big
capture of prisoners to-day, my hearties,” said the King. “When this
fine boy and girl are marching to Grumbletown dragging their heavy
chains along the highway, they will wish that that old toy maker,
Peter Poodle, had never brought them on a visit to Toyville. What
ho, my brave followers, do I speak the truth?”
“Aye, aye, aye!” answered the band, barely above a whisper, not
wishing to be heard by the Toy people.
“Aye,” said Red Beard, “we will make a fine capture of prisoners
and a big haul of treasure. Every man must fill his pockets with gold
and silver and jewels, all he can carry; we will loot the whole Castle.
That will be a haul worth making; what ho, my hearties?” {137}
“Aye, aye, aye!” replied the band.
“We must make no noise,” said Red Beard. “Every man creep
along stealthily, take them by surprise. I say that’s the way to make
a good capture.”
 While Red Beard was talking and creeping along so slowly, King
Tommy would have had time to make new plans for defence, had
any chance existed of such plans proving successful. “There is
nothing for us to do but depend upon our swords,” said he to Mr.
Poodle. {138}
“Yes,” replied Mr. Poodle, “and our swords are far too few to
withstand an onslaught from so many big burly ruffians. I was going
to suggest that we make a dash for the Castle and bar the doors.
Our chances would then be better. But judging from the sounds, I
fear that the Castle is already occupied.”
 Meanwhile, much excitement prevailed among all the Ladies who
by now were occupying one of the pavilions on the far side of the
lawn. Tommy attributed this excitement to a fear which the
circumstances rendered only natural. But now the excitement
seemed to be from some other cause, and presently the King was
surprised to see Queen Helen, accompanied by the Royal Ladies,
come hurrying across the lawn.
“O, Tommy,” said the Queen, “an old lady, an old servant, I think,
has just told me she knows of a secret passage underground,
through which we can escape! come quickly!”
The old dame, a little lady wearing a tall peaked cap, had
followed immediately after the Queen. “Yes, your Majesty, I can
show you the way; come with me,” she said.
That funny little twinkle went dancing about in Mr. Poodle’s eyes
again, when he saw the old dame. There was a twinkle in her eyes,
too; but though she tipped him a courtsey and he bowed politely,
neither spoke even one word to the other.
On the lawn, midway between where the King and his men had
assembled, and the pavilion from which the Queen had just come,
there foamed a beautiful fountain, made in the manner of a great
marble basin. On the rim of the basin there was the green head of a
great bronze {139} fish, apparently just rising from out the water. On
the back of the fish sat a chubby little boy, sculptured so faithfully in
marble as almost to seem alive.
The little old dame hurriedly led the King and Queen,
accompanied by all the company, straight towards the great head of
the fish. Putting forth her hand, she three times wiggled the big toe
of the chubby boy; at the third wiggle the mouth of the fish opened,
revealing a long flight of stairs running down under the fountain.
The next minute, the little old dame stepped into this mouth and
onto the stairs, being quickly followed by all the others. The King
was the last to enter. As he did so, he turned for one look at the
Castle, and saw the infuriated Red Beard and his followers entering
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookultra.com