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Lecture Note-Chap 4 Discretization

This document discusses the discretization methods in computational fluid dynamics, focusing on deriving algebraic equations from differential equations. It covers various techniques such as the finite volume method, the method of weighted residuals, and outlines essential rules for discretization. Additionally, it addresses boundary conditions and the solution of linear algebraic equations.

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Manh Dat Le
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Lecture Note-Chap 4 Discretization

This document discusses the discretization methods in computational fluid dynamics, focusing on deriving algebraic equations from differential equations. It covers various techniques such as the finite volume method, the method of weighted residuals, and outlines essential rules for discretization. Additionally, it addresses boundary conditions and the solution of linear algebraic equations.

Uploaded by

Manh Dat Le
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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[UST] Computational fluid dynamics (2025 Spring)

Chapter 4
Discretization

Won Yang

Principal researcher
Carbon neutral technology R&D department
Korea Institute of Industrial Technology
Contents
4.1 Method of deriving the discretization equations

4.2 Method of weighted residuals

4.3 Discretization using finite volume method

4.4 The four basic rules

4.5 Boundary conditions

4.6 Solution of the linear algebraic equations

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4.1 Method of deriving the discretization equations
 Basic concepts
 Discretization: Derivation of the algebraic equations involving the unknown values of φ at
chosen grid points from the differential equation governing φ
 Discretization equation: An algebraic relation connecting the values of φ for a group of grid
points

(1) Taylor-series formulation


1 2 3

Δx Δx

 For grid point 2, the Taylor-series expansion around 2 gives

3
 Truncating the series just after the third term, and adding and subtracting the two equations,
we obtain

 The substitution of such expansions into the differential equation leads to the finite –
difference equation

 Features of the finite difference method (FDM)


 Higher derivatives are unimportant
 Leads to an undesirable formulation when, for example, exponential variations are encountered
 Relatively straightforward
 Less flexibility
 Provide little insight into the physical meaning of the terms

(2) Variation formulation


 Commonly employed in finite-element method for stress analysis: limited applicability
 Very complex in algebra and concept
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4.2 (3) Method of weighted residuals
 Let the differential equation be presented by

 Let’s assume an approximate solution that contains a number of undetermined


parameters, for example,

 The substitution of into the differential equation leaves a residual R, defined as

 We wish to make this residual small in some sense. Let us propose that

 By choosing a succession of ( ), we can generate as many


equations as are required for evaluating the parameters
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 Control-volume formulation
 The control volume formulation is a special version of the method of weighted residuals
 The calculation domain is divided into a number of non-overlapping control volumes such that
there is one control volume surrounding each grid point
 The differential equation is integrated over each control volume
 Piecewise profiles expressing the variation of φ between the grid points are used to evaluate
the required integrals
 The result is the discretization equation containing the values of φ for a group of grid points

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4.3 Discretization using finite volume method
 Steady 1-D heat conduction governed by

Δx
w e
W P E
:( )
:(
(δx)w (δx)e )
 If we integrate the above equation over the control volume, we get

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 Profile assumptions,

T T

W w P e E x W w P e E x

( ) ( )

 If we assume piecewise-linear profile, linear interpolation functions can be used


between the grid points. Then,

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 Finally,

 The number of neighbors increases for two- and three- dimensional situations. In general it is
convenient to think of ( ) as having the form

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 Linearizing source term,

 Then,

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4.4 The four basic rules
 Rule 1: Consistency at control-volume faces
 When a face is common to two adjacent control volumes, the flux across it must be
represented by the same expression in the discretization equations for the two control
volumes
 For avoiding the inconsistency, it is useful to remember that an interface flux must be
considered in its own right, and not as belonging to a certain control volume

 Rule 2: Positive coefficients


 All coefficients ( ) must always be positive,
because an increase in the value at one grid point should, with other conditions remaining
unchanged, lead to an increase in the value at the neighboring grid points

 Rule 3: Negative-slope linearization


of the source term
 When the source term is linearized
as ( ), the
coefficient Sp must always be less
than or equal to 0
 If Sp were positive, the physical
situation could become unstable

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 Rule 4: Sum of the neighbor coefficients

 for situations where the differential equation continues to remain satisfied after a constant is
added to the dependent variable

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4.5 Boundary conditions
Δx
w e
I W P E

“Half”
(δx)w (δx)e
Typical
control
control volume
volume

 There are 3 kinds of boundary conditions

 Integrating ( ) over the “half” control volume,

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 if qB is given,

If the heat flux qB is specified in terms of a heat transfer coefficient h and a sorrounding-
fluid temperature Tf such that,

 Then the equation for TB becomes

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4.6 Solution of the linear algebraic equations

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