Course: Programming for Engineers (C language)

Dr.-Ing. Nguyen Van Binh

Email: [email protected]
HCMC, Feb. 2025
 Content

1. Introduction to Computer and C language

2. Making Decisions
3. Looping
4. Functions
5. Arrays
6. Pointers
7. Structures
8. Characters and Strings
9. File Processing
10.Dynamic Memory Allocation
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 2 Making decisions
2.1 Introduction

• This lecture introduces …

– Making decision/selection structures
• if
• if…else
• if… elseif …else
– switch multiple selection statement
– break statement
• Used for exiting immediately and rapidly from certain
control structures

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 2 Making decisions
2.1 Introduction
– All programs written in terms of 3 control structures
• Sequence structures: Built into C. Programs executed sequentially by
default
• Selection structures: C has three types: if, if…else, and switch
• Repetition structures: C has three types: while, do…while and for

Flowcharting C’s sequence structure.

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 2 Making decisions
2.2 The if statement • Selection structure
if
Only performs an action if the condition is true
• Syntax
If (test_expression)
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
...
}

Flowchart of if Statement
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 2 Making decisions
2.2 The if statement

Flowcharting the single-selection if statement.

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 2 Making decisions
2.2 The if statement

C code:
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
int grade;
printf( "Enter your grade :");
scanf("%d", &grade);
if ( grade >= 60 ) {
printf( "Passed\n");
}
}

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 2 Making decisions
2.2 The if statement
• if…else
– Specifies an action to be performed both when the
condition is true and when it is false
• Syntax
if (test_expression)
{
//execute your code
}
else
{
//execute your code
}

Flowchart of if-else Statement

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 2 Making decisions
2.2 The if statement

Flowcharting the double-selection if...else statement.

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 2 Making decisions
2.2 The if statement
C code:
#include<stdio.h>
main(){
int grade;
printf( "Enter your grade :");
scanf("%d", &grade);
if ( grade >= 60 ){
printf( "Passed\n");
else
printf( "Failed\n");
}
}
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 2 Making decisions
2.2 The if statement
• Syntax nested if…else statement

if(test_expression one)
{
if(test_expression two) {
/*Statement block Executes when the boolean test expression two is true.
*/
}
}
else
{
//else statement block
}

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 2 Making decisions
C code:
2.2 The if statement
#include<stdio.h>
nested if…else statement
main(){
int grade;
printf( "Enter your grade :");
scanf("%d", &grade);
if ( grade >= 60 ){
if ( grade >= 90 )
printf( "excellent \n");
else
printf( “Good\n");
}
else
printf( "Failed\n");
}
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 2 Making decisions
2.2 The if statement
The else…if statement
• Syntax
if(test_expression)
{
//execute your code
}
else if(test_expression n)
{
//execute your code
}
else
{
//execute your code
}

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 2 Making decisions
C code:
2.2 The if statement
#include<stdio.h>
The else…if statement
main(){
int grade;
printf( "Enter your grade :");
scanf("%d", &grade);
if ( grade >= 90 )
printf( "excellent \n");

else if ( grade >= 60 ){

printf( "Good\n");
}
else
printf( "Failed\n");
}
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 2 Making decisions
2.3 The switch statement
– Useful when a variable or expression is tested for all the values it can
assume and different actions are taken

switch multiple-selection statement with breaks

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 2 Making decisions
2.3 The switch statement

• Syntax
– Series of case labels and an optional default case
switch ( value ){
case '1’:
//actions in case 1
break; //exits from statement
case ‘2’:
//actions in case 1
break; //exits from statement
default:
//actions in default
}

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 2 Making decisions
2.3 The switch statement
#include<stdio.h> printf("You chose Four");
main() break;
{ case 5:
int a; printf("You chose Five.");
printf("Please enter a no between 1 and 5: break;
"); default :
scanf("%d",&a); printf("Invalid Choice. Enter a no between
switch(a) 1 and 5");
{ break;
case 1: }
printf("You chose One"); }
break;
case 2:
printf("You chose Two");
break;
case 3:
printf("You chose Three");
break;
case 4:
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 2 Making decisions
2.4 Loop
– Repetition control structures
• for
• while
• do…while

Flowchart of Looping

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 2 Making decisions
2.4 Loop
for Loop
Syntax:
for ( init; condition; increment )
{
statement(s);
}

Flowchart of Looping

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 2 Making decisions
2.4 Loop
for Loop
#include<stdio.h>
int main ()
{
/* local variable Initialization */
int n,times=5;
/* for loops execution */
for( n = 1; n <= times; n = n + 1 )
{
printf("C for loops: %d\n", n);
}
return 0;
}

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 2 Making decisions
2.4 Loop
while Loop
Syntax:
While (condition)
{
statement(s);
Incrementation;
}

Flowchart of while loop

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 2 Making decisions
2.4 Loop
#include<stdio.h> while Loop
int main ()
{
/* local variable Initialization */
int n = 1,times=5;

/* while loops execution */

while( n <= times )
{
printf("C while loops: %d\n", n);
n++;
}
return 0;
}
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 2 Making decisions
2.4 Loop do while Loop
Syntax:
do
{
statement(s);

}while( condition );

Flowchart of do while loop

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 2 Making decisions
2.4 Loop do while Loop
#include<stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable Initialization */ int n
= 1,times=5;

/* do loops execution */ do
{
printf("C do while loops: %d\n", n);
n = n + 1;
}while( n <= times );

return 0;
}

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 2 Making decisions
Common Programming Error

• Placing a semicolon after the condition

if ( grade >= 60 );

• Missing the beginning and ending braces of compound

statements

• Forgetting a break statement in a switch statement.

• Forgetting an increment in while loop.

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