Modeling and Simulation

FARAH TABSUM JABBAR

SP25-REE-001

Assignment # 02

Modeling and Simulation of parallel RLC circuit

Question#01

Solution:

(a) Input-Output Relation of the Second-Order System

The given system is a parallel RLC circuit driven by an input current Iin(t), with the
output voltage measured across the capacitor, denoted as Vo(t). Applying
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) at the top node:

( ) = + +

where:

1
=

Taking the derivative on both sides:

1
1
= + +

Rearranging:
 Modeling and Simulation

+ + =

(b) Transfer Function H(s)

( )
( )=
( )

Taking the Laplace transform of the differential equation:

1 1
( ) + ( ) + ( ) = ( )

Factoring Vo(s):

( )
= ( )

Thus, the transfer function is:

( )
( )= =
( )
+ +

(c) Unity Feedback Closed-Loop Representation

Rewriting the transfer function in standard second-order form:

( )=
1 1
+ +

Comparing with the standard form:

( )=
( + 2 + )

where:
1 1
= , 2 =
 Modeling and Simulation

Rearranging, we can represent it as a unity feedback system where the plant transfer
function is:

( )=
( + )

(d) Types of Responses of the Second-Order System

The system’s response depends on the damping ratio ζ:

1. Overdamped (ζ > 1) – Two distinct real poles; slow response.

2. Critically Damped (ζ = 1) – Two equal real poles; fastest response without

oscillation.

3. Underdamped (0 < ζ < 1) – Complex conjugate poles; oscillatory response.

4. Undamped (ζ = 0) – Purely imaginary poles; sustained oscillations.

(e) Pole-Zero Plot and Stability

1 1
+ + = 0

The roots (poles) are:

Poles and Zeros of the System

The characteristic equation of the system is:
1 1
+ + = 0

The poles are the roots of the denominator

Solving this quadratic equation for s, we get the poles:

1 1 4
− ± −
=
2

Since this is a second-order system, there are two poles.

 Modeling and Simulation

The zero is at:

= 0

For stability, both roots must have negative real parts.

 If ζ>0, the system is stable.

 If ζ<0, the system is unstable.

System Stability
The system is stable if all poles have negative real parts, meaning they lie in the left
half of the s-plane.

The real part of the poles depends on the discriminant:

1 4
−

The stability conditions are as follows:

1. If the real part of both roots is negative, the system is stable.

2. If any root has a positive real part, the system is unstable.
3. If the poles are purely imaginary, the system is marginally stable.

f) Impulse Response h(t)

The impulse response h(t) is derived from the inverse Laplace transform of the transfer
function H(s).

The impulse response is given by the inverse Laplace Transform of H(s).

 Modeling and Simulation

For different cases:

1. Underdamped case (0<ζ<1):

{ } { }\ ( )
( )=
{ − }

where ωd= {1 − }

2. Critically damped case (ζ=1)

( )
( )=

3. Overdamped case (ζ>1):

( )= ( )+ ( )

where s1 and s2 are the poles.

(g) Step and Ramp Responses

 Unit Step Response:

( )
( )=

 Unit Ramp Response:

( )
( )=

These responses can be found using inverse Laplace transforms.

(h) MATLAB Simulation

For given values:

 R=1000R = 1000R=1000Ω

 L=5L = 5L=5H

 C=10C = 10C=10F
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MATLAB Code:

% Given values

R = 1e3; % Resistance in ohms (1kΩ)

L = 5; % Inductance in henry (5 H)

C = 10; % Capacitance in farads (10 F)

% Calculate system parameters

omega_n = 1 / sqrt(L * C); % Natural frequency (rad/s)

zeta_values = [0.1, 0.5, 1, 2]; % Different damping ratios

% Loop over different damping ratios

for i = 1:length(zeta_values)

zeta = zeta_values(i); % Damping ratio

% Define the transfer function: H(s) = 1 / (LCs^2 + RCs + 1)

num = [1];

den = [L*C, R*C, 1]; % Coefficients of s^2, s, and constant terms

% Define the system

sys = tf(num, den);

% Plot Impulse Response in a separate figure

figure;

impulse(sys);

title(['Impulse Response, \zeta = ', num2str(zeta)]);

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xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

% Plot Step Response in a separate figure

figure;

step(sys);

title(['Step Response, \zeta = ', num2str(zeta)]);

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

% Plot Ramp Response in a separate figure

figure;

t = 0:0.01:10; % Time vector for ramp response

u_ramp = t; % Ramp input (u(t) = t)

[y, t_out] = lsim(sys, u_ramp, t); % Response to ramp input

plot(t_out, y);

title(['Ramp Response, \zeta = ', num2str(zeta)]);

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

end

Figures
Modeling and Simulation
Modeling and Simulation