GBTCE

Chapter 4
IOT
After accomplishing this chapter, Students will be able to:
 Describe IoT
 Explain the history of IoT
 Describe the pros and cons of IoT
 Explain how IoT works
 Explain the architecture of IoT
 Describe IoT tools and platforms
 Describe some of the application areas of IoT
4.1. Overview of IoT
Definitions:

 Internet Architecture Board (IAB): IOT involves networking smart objects via the internet
protocol, often as part of larger systems like buildings or vehicles, without direct human
interaction.
 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): IoT is about networking smart objects with
constraints like limited bandwidth and power, ensuring interoperability.
 IEEE Communications Magazine: IoT is a framework enabling machine-to-machine
(M2M) communication across physical and virtual spaces.
 Oxford Dictionary: IoT is the interaction of everyday objects via the internet, allowing data
exchange.
 The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to the 2020 conceptual framework is expressed
through a simple formula such as: IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors

The most important features of IoT include:-

 AI
 Connectivity
 Sensors
 Active Engagement: - IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or
service engagement.
 Small Devices – Devices become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over time. IoT
exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility.

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 History of IoT
Read from the module
IoT – Advantage
 Improved Customer Engagement
 Technology Optimization
 Reduced Waste
 Enhanced Data Collection
IoT – Disadvantages
 hacker could steal confidential information
 • If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected device will become
corrupted.
 Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it’s difficult for
devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other
 IoT devices and collecting and managing the data from all those devices will be
challenging
Challenges of IoT
 Security
 Privacy
 Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment,
and maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new
enabling technologies.
 Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate
easily with another.
 Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply
with regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly
challenging when many consider standard software compliance a battle
How does it work?
IoT ecosystem
 It consists of web-enabled smart devices that use
 Embedded processors
 Sensors
 Communication hardware to collect, send and act on data they
acquire from their environments.

 IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or
another edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or
analyzed locally.
 The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can
interact with the devices.
Architecture of IoT
 An IoT device can be explained as a network of things that consists of hardware,
software, network connectivity, and sensors.
1. Sensing Layer
 It identifies any phenomena in the devices’ peripheral and obtains data from the
real world.
 It consists of several sensors.
 Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated through sensor hubs.
 A sensor hub is a common connection point for multiple sensors that accumulate
and forward sensor data to the processing unit of a device.

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  Actuators can also intervene to change the physical conditions that generate the
data.
Example
 Shut off a power supply
 adjust an airflow valve
 Move a robotic gripper in an assembly process.
 Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into three broad categories as described
below:
A. Motion Sensors:
 Measure the change in motion as well as the orientation of the
devices.
 two types of motion
 Linear motion refers to the linear displacement of an IoT
device
 Angular motion refers to the rotational displacement of the
device.
B. Environmental Sensors:
 It helps the devices to take autonomous decisions according to the
changes of a device’s peripheral.
 It used in many applications to improve user experience (e.g., home
automation systems, smart locks, smart lights, etc.).
 Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc are example of environmental
sensor
C. Position sensors:
 It deals with the physical position and location of the device.
 Magnetic sensors: - digital compass and help to fix the orientation
of the device display.
 Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors:-it used for navigation
purposes
2. Network Layer
 The network layer acts as a communication channel to transfer data, collected
in the sensing layer, to other connected devices.
 Implemented by using diverse communication technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWave, LoRa, cellular network, etc.) to allow data flow
between other devices within the same network.
3. Data Processing Layer
 The data processing layer takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses
the data to make decisions based on the result.
 In some IoT devices (e.g., smart watch, smart home hub, etc.), the data processing
layer also saves the result of the previous analysis to improve the user
experience.
 This layer may share the result of data processing with other connected devices
via the network layer.
4. Application Layer
 It implements and presents the results of the data processing layer to accomplish
disparate applications of IoT devices.
 It is user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the users.
 There exist diverse IoT applications, which include smart transportation, smart
home, personal care, healthcare, etc.

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IoT devices are designed to work together across various environments, including homes,
industries, and enterprises. These devices can be categorized into three main groups:

1. Consumer: Includes smart TVs, speakers, toys, wearables, appliances, smart meters,
commercial security systems, and smart city technologies.
2. Enterprise: Devices used for monitoring traffic, weather conditions, and more.
3. Industrial: Technologies such as smart air conditioning, thermostats, lighting, and
security that can be used in various settings.

IoT Network Characteristics:

 IoT networks typically consist of devices with constrained resources (e.g., power,
processing, memory) that may be deployed in large areas like smart cities, industrial
plants, or challenging environments like pipelines or war zones.
 Effective management of these networks must consider the constraints of low-power
devices and the complexities of the communication infrastructure.

Challenges in IoT Network Management:

 The IoT landscape is characterized by an increasing number of heterogeneous connected

devices within resource-constrained networks.
 To ensure proper functioning, devices need to be remotely accessed for configuration and
monitoring.
 Developing an IoT network management solution involves addressing challenges related
to scalability, interoperability, energy efficiency, topology control, Quality of Service
(QoS), fault tolerance, and security.

M4DN.IoT Platform:

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  The M4DN.IoT platform is designed for managing IoT networks and devices, integrating
and controlling individual device functionalities and the overall network status.
 It defines a management structure with two scopes: Local management, where the
platform operates within the same environment as the devices, and Remote
management, where it controls devices across different networks.
 The platform is expandable, allowing for the addition of new network devices or
applications, and offers standard web services like device discovery, data storage, and
user authority management, essential for creating IoT applications.

IoT Devices and Network Management

IoT devices can be categorized into three main groups:

 Consumer: Devices for personal use, such as smart home appliances and wearables.
 Enterprise: Devices used for business purposes, like traffic monitoring and weather
sensing.
 Industrial: Devices for industrial applications, such as smart manufacturing equipment.

IoT networks typically involve devices with limited resources, deployed in various
environments. Effective management of these networks must consider factors like low power
consumption and complex communication infrastructure.

Challenges in IoT network management include:

 Heterogeneity: Managing a variety of connected devices.

 Remote Access: Configuring and monitoring devices from a distance.
 Scalability: Handling a large number of devices.
 Interoperability: Ensuring devices can communicate effectively.
 Energy Efficiency: Optimizing power consumption.
 Topology Control: Managing network structure.
 Quality of Service: Guaranteeing performance.
 Fault Tolerance: Handling device failures.
 Security: Protecting against cyber threats.

The M4DN.IoT platform is designed to address these challenges. It provides a management

structure for both local and remote control of IoT devices, offers scalability and flexibility, and
includes standard web services for managing devices and data.

Applications of IoT

IoT Applications Summary

IoT (Internet of Things) has a wide range of applications across various industries, enhancing
efficiency, productivity, and quality of life. Here's a summary of key IoT applications:

Agriculture

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  Indoor Planting: Monitoring and controlling microclimate conditions for optimal plant
growth.
 Outdoor Planting: Sensing soil moisture, nutrients, and weather data for efficient
irrigation and fertilizer management.

Consumer Use

 Wearables: Improving health, fitness, entertainment, and network connectivity.

 Smart Homes: Automating environmental controls, appliances, and security systems for
convenience and comfort.

Healthcare

 Patient Monitoring: Remotely monitoring patient health and reducing hospital stays.
 Healthcare Facilities: Improving efficiency and reliability of medical equipment and
facilities.
 Elderly Care: Providing real-time monitoring and assistance for elderly individuals.

Insurance

 Personalized Policies: Offering discounts and tailored policies based on IoT data.
 Health Promotion: Encouraging healthier habits through fitness tracking.

Manufacturing

 Supply Chain Management: Tracking products from production to delivery.

 Process Optimization: Identifying bottlenecks and improving efficiency in
manufacturing processes.
 Predictive Maintenance: Predicting equipment failures and reducing downtime.

Retail

 Inventory Management: Optimizing inventory levels and warehouse operations.

 Customer Engagement: Tailoring marketing and promotions based on customer
behavior.
 Store Optimization: Analyzing store traffic and making adjustments to improve
customer experience.

Transportation

 Autonomous Vehicles: Developing self-driving cars for safer and more efficient
transportation.
 Route Optimization: Planning efficient routes for trucks and other vehicles.
 Traffic Management: Improving traffic flow and reducing congestion.

Utilities

 Energy Management: Optimizing energy consumption and reducing costs.

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  Environmental Monitoring: Monitoring environmental conditions and improving
sustainability.
 Grid Management: Improving efficiency and reliability of power grids.

Smart Home

 Remote Control: Managing home devices from anywhere.

 Integration: Connecting and controlling various devices within a home network.
 Automation: Automating tasks like appliance control, temperature regulation, and
security.

Smart City

 Infrastructure Management: Monitoring and maintaining infrastructure for safety and

efficiency.
 Urban Planning: Analyzing data to improve city planning and resource allocation.
 Citizen Services: Enhancing services like transportation, waste management, and public
safety.

Smart Farming

 Precision Agriculture: Optimizing crop yields and reducing waste through data-driven
farming practices.
 Animal Tracking and Care: Monitoring animal health and improving livestock
management.
 Environmental Control: Managing environmental factors like temperature, humidity,
and ventilation.

1. Agriculture: IoT enables precise monitoring and management of indoor and outdoor
planting conditions, improving production, irrigation, and resource use.
2. Consumer Use: IoT enhances daily life through wearables (e.g., Fitbits, smartwatches)
and smart homes, providing improved health monitoring, entertainment, connectivity,
and home automation, including remote control of appliances and security systems.
3. Healthcare: IoT allows for remote patient monitoring, smart hospital equipment, and
improved elderly care, reducing hospital stays and improving care through real-time data.
4. Insurance: IoT wearables like fitness trackers enable insurers to offer personalized
policies and promote healthier lifestyles.
5. Manufacturing: IoT aids in tracking products, optimizing production, and maintaining
equipment, reducing waste and preventing breakdowns.
6. Retail: IoT supports inventory management, customer engagement, and in-store
experience enhancement, helping retailers adapt to changing consumer behaviors.
7. Transportation: IoT facilitates self-driving cars, GPS-based route optimization, and
traffic management, improving efficiency and safety.
8. Utilities: IoT sensors monitor environmental conditions, optimize energy usage, and
manage municipal power grids more efficiently, leading to significant energy savings.

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IoT-Based Smart Homes: IoT enables remote management of home devices, smart appliances,
safety monitoring, intrusion detection, and energy/water use monitoring, enhancing convenience,
security, and resource efficiency.

IoT-Based Smart Cities: IoT supports smart grids, traffic management, safety, smart parking,
and waste management, contributing to sustainable urban development.

IoT-Based Smart Farming: IoT enhances greenhouse conditions, compost management, animal
tracking, offspring care, and field monitoring, improving agricultural productivity and quality.