ASSIGNEMENT # 2

Course Title:
PY-307

Degree:
BS(AI) E1

Ag no:
2024-ag-10540

Submitted to:
Dr. Muhammad Yasin Naz

Submitted by:
Ahmad Akhtar
 Assignment: Work and Energy

Question no 1:
Work and Its Types

Introduction

In physics, work is a fundamental concept that describes the transfer of

energy through motion. It occurs when a force is applied to an object,
causing it to move in the direction of the force. Understanding work and
its types is essential in mechanics and energy studies. Work is closely
related to energy and plays a significant role in various physical
processes, from simple movements to complex mechanical operations.

Definition of Work
Work is defined as the product of force and displacement in the direction of the
applied force. Mathematically, it is expressed as:

Work (W) = Force (F) × Displacement (d) × cos(θ)

where θ is the angle between the force and displacement.

Conditions for Work to be Done:

 A force must be applied.

 The object must be displaced.
 The force must have a component in the direction of
displacement.

Work is a scalar quantity, meaning it has magnitude but no direction. Its

SI unit is the Joule (J), where 1 Joule = 1 Newton × 1 meter (1 J = 1 N·m).
If the work done is greater than zero, it means energy is being
transferred to the object. If the work done is negative, energy is being
taken away.

Types of Work

Work can be classified into different types based on the nature of force
and displacement:

1. Positive Work

When the applied force and displacement are in the same direction, the
work done is positive. In this case, energy is transferred to the object,
increasing its kinetic energy.

Example: A person pushing a moving car forward, a ball rolling downhill,

or a person pedaling a bicycle.

2. Negative Work

When the applied force and displacement are in opposite directions, the
work done is negative. In this case, energy is taken away from the
object, reducing its kinetic energy.

Example: Friction acting on a moving object, slowing it down, or a

person trying to stop a moving car.

3. Zero Work

If there is no displacement or if the force is perpendicular to the

displacement, the work done is zero.

Example: Carrying a bag while walking horizontally (the force is vertical,

but displacement is horizontal), or a person pushing a wall without
moving it.

Work Done by Different Forces

1. Work Done by Gravitational Force

The work done by gravity depends on the height change of the object.
When an object moves downward under gravity, work done is positive,
whereas lifting an object upward results in negative work.
Formula: W = mgh (for vertical displacement), where m is mass, g is
gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s²), and h is height.

Examples:

 A falling apple does positive work as gravity pulls it downward.

 A person lifting a book does negative work against gravity.

2. Work Done by a Variable Force

When the force is not constant, work is calculated using integration:

W = ∫ F dx

This is often used in cases where the force varies with position, such as
stretching a rubber band or compressing a gas.

3. Work Done by a Spring Force

In the case of elastic objects like springs, work is determined using

Hooke’s Law:

W = (1/2) k x²

where k is the spring constant and x is the displacement from

equilibrium.

Example: A stretched or compressed spring stores potential energy,

which can be released as kinetic energy.

Energy and Work Relationship

Work and energy are closely related. Work done on an object changes
its energy. The Work-Energy Theorem states:

W = ΔKE

This means that work done on an object is equal to the change in its
kinetic energy.

Example: When a moving car applies brakes, the negative work done by
friction reduces its kinetic energy.
Power and Efficiency

Power is the rate at which work is done. It is given by:

Power (P) = Work (W) / Time (t)

The SI unit of power is the Watt (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.

Efficiency is the ratio of useful work output to total work input,

expressed as a percentage:

Efficiency = (Useful Work Output / Total Work Input) × 100%

Example: A motor with 80% efficiency converts 80% of electrical energy

into useful mechanical work, while the rest is lost as heat..

Question no 2:
Energy and Its Types :

Introduction

In physics, work and energy are fundamental concepts

that describe the transfer and transformation of forces and motion.
Work occurs when a force is applied to an object, causing it to move,
while energy is the capacity to do work. Understanding these concepts
helps in analyzing mechanical systems, power generation, and various
real-world applications.

Energy

Definition of Energy

Energy is the ability to do work. It exists in different forms and can be

transformed from one form to another. The SI unit of energy is the Joule
(J).
Types of Energy

Energy is broadly classified into kinetic energy and potential energy,

with several other specific forms.

1. Kinetic Energy (KE)

Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a moving object. It depends on

mass and velocity and is given by the equation:

KE = (1/2) m v²

where m is mass and v is velocity.

Examples:

 A moving car has kinetic energy.

 A flying ball possesses kinetic energy.

2. Potential Energy (PE)

Potential energy is stored energy due to an object’s position or configuration. The

most common type is gravitational potential energy, calculated as:

PE = mgh

where m is mass, g is acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²), and h is

height.

Examples:

 Water stored in a dam has potential energy.

 A stretched spring has elastic potential energy.

3. Mechanical Energy

Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy:

ME = KE + PE

It is used in machines, engines, and moving objects.

4. Thermal Energy (Heat Energy)

Thermal energy is the energy of particles in motion within a substance. It

increases with temperature.

Examples:

 Boiling water has thermal energy.

 The Sun emits heat energy.

5. Chemical Energy
Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds and released during reactions.

Examples:

 Food provides chemical energy for our bodies.

 Fuel (like gasoline) burns to release energy.

6. Electrical Energy

Electrical energy results from the movement of electric charges.

Examples:

 Batteries store electrical energy.

 Lightning is a natural form of electrical energy.

7. Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is released during nuclear reactions, such as fission and

fusion.

Examples:

 Nuclear power plants generate electricity.

 The Sun produces energy through nuclear fusion.

8. Sound Energy

Sound energy is produced by vibrating objects and travels in waves.

Examples:

 Music and voices produce sound energy.

 Vibrating strings in a guitar create sound waves.

9. Light (Radiant) Energy

Light energy, or electromagnetic energy, travels in waves and can move

through space.

Examples:

 The Sun’s rays provide light energy.

 A light bulb emits electromagnetic radiation.

Energy Transformation

Energy can be converted from one form to another.

Examples:

 A moving car converts chemical energy (fuel) into kinetic energy.

 A hydroelectric dam converts potential energy into electrical
energy.
 A solar panel transforms light energy into electrical energy.

The Law of Conservation of Energy

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created

or destroyed; it can only be transferred or transformed.

Formula:

Total Energy (Initial) = Total Energy (Final)

Example: In a pendulum, energy continuously converts between kinetic

and potential energy, but the total energy remains constant.

Power and Efficiency

Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. It is

given by:
 Power (P) = Work (W) / Time (t)

The SI unit of power is the Watt (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s.

Efficiency is the ratio of useful energy output to total energy input,

expressed as a percentage:

Efficiency = (Useful Energy Output / Total Energy Input) × 100%

Applications of Work and Energy in Physics

 Mechanical Systems: Engines, vehicles, and machines rely on

energy and work.
 Electricity Production: Power plants transform energy from
nuclear, hydro, solar, or wind sources.
 Everyday Life: Walking, running, cooking, and using electronic
devices all involve energy transfer.
 Industrial Use: Factories use energy for production and
manufacturing processes.
 Space Exploration: Rockets use chemical energy to produce
kinetic energy for propulsion.

Conclusion

Work and energy are interrelated concepts in physics that govern all
physical activities and natural processes. Understanding their types and
transformations helps in scientific advancements, engineering
applications, and efficient energy use in daily life. The conservation of
energy principle ensures that while energy can change forms, the total
energy in a system remains constant. This understanding is essential for
harnessing energy effectively and developing sustainable technologies.