Two Marks 1

Two MARKS
1. Define inertia. Give its classification. [AUG - 2022]
The inherent property of a body to resist any change in its state (rest or motion), unless it
is influenced by an external unbalanced force is called inertia.
Classification of Inertia :
 Inertia of rest  Inertia of motion  Inertia of direction
2. Classify the types of force based on their application. [AUG - 2022]
Types of Forces:
(i) Like parallel force (ii) Unlike parallel force
3. If a 5 N and a 15 N forces are acting opposite to one another. Find the resultant force and
the direction of action of the resultant force.
Given , 𝐹1 = 5𝑁 𝐹2 = 15 𝑁
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹2 − 𝐹1 = 15 − 5 = 10 𝑁.
∴ Magnitude is 10 N and direction is along 15 N force.
4. Differentiate mass and weight. [MAY - 2022]
Mass Weight
1. It measures the quantity of matter. 1. It measures the gravitational force on a body.
2. SI unit is Kilogram (Kg). 2. SI unit is Newton (N).
3. Fundamental quantity. 3. Derived quantity.
4. Scalar quantity. 4. Vector quantity.
5. Define moment of a couple.
It is the product of any one of the forces and the perpendicular distance between the line of
action of two forces. Its SI unit is Nm.
𝐌= 𝐅 × 𝐒
6. State the principle of moments.
At equilibrium, the algebraic sum of the moments of all the individual forces about any point
is equal to zero.
Moment of clockwise direction = Moment of anticlockwise direction
7. State Newton’s second law. [MDL – 19, MAY - 2022]
The force acting on a body is directly proportional to the rate of change of linear momentum
of the body and the change in momentum takes place in the direction of the force.
𝐅 = 𝒎𝒂
8. Why a spanner with a long handle is preferred to tighten screws in heavy vehicles?
 The turning effect is more when the distance between line of action and axis of rotation is more.
 Hence, the spanner has a long handle is preferred to tighten screws in heavy vehicles.
9. While catching a cricket ball the fielder lowers his hands backwards. Why?
 To increase the time of contact.
 To reduce the impulse and the pain.
 2

10. How does an astronaut float in a space shuttle?

 Astronauts are not floating but falling freely around the Earth due to their huge orbital velocity.
 Since space station and astronauts have equal acceleration, they are under free fall condition.
Additional Questions
11. Shock absorbers are used in luxury buses. Why? [PTA – 2]
Shock absorbers are used in luxury buses for the comfort purpose. Because, they absorb or
damp the shocks or unwanted oscillations of the bus due to damaged roads.
12. Illustrate some examples of Newton's third law of motion. [PTA – 2]
i) Action : When birds fly, they push the air downwards with their wings.
Reaction : The air pushes the birds upwards.
ii) Action : When a person swims, he pushes the water using the hands backwards.
Reaction : The water pushes the swimmer in the forward direction.
iii) Action : When we fire a bullet, the gun recoils backward and the bullet is moving forward.
Reaction : The gun equalizes this forward action by moving backward.
13. Why the apples weigh more at poles than at equator? [PTA – 3]
 Weight depends on the acceleration due to gravity of the Earth(g). The acceleration due to
gravity is more at poles than at equator.
 So, the apples weigh more at poles than at equator.

1. What is refractive index? 2. State Snell’s law (or) State Second law of refraction.
The ratio of speed of light in The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and
vacuum to the speed of light in a sine of the angle of refraction is equal to the ratio of
medium is refractive index.
refractive indices of the two media. [AUG - 2022]
𝐜
𝛍= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐢 𝛍𝟐
𝐯 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐫 𝛍𝟏
3. Draw a ray diagram to show the 4. Define dispersion of light.
image formed by a convex lens
Refraction of white light or composite light into
when the object is placed between
F and 2F. [MDL – 19] its component colours when passed through any
transparent media is called dispersion of light.
5. State Rayleigh’s law of scattering. [PTA-3]
The amount of scattering of light is inversely
proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength.
𝟏
S∝ 𝛌𝟒
 Two Marks 3

6. Differentiate convex lens and concave lens. [PTA-3]

Convex lens Concave lens

1. Thicker in the middle. 1. Thinner in the middle.
2. Converging lens. 2. Diverging lens.
3. Produces real images mostly. 3. Produces only virtual images.
4. Used to treat Hypermetropia. 4. Used to treat myopia.

7. What is power of accommodation of eye?

It is the ability of the eye lens to focus nearby as well as the distant objects by changing the
focal length of eye lens with the help of ciliary muscles.
8. What are the causes of ‘Myopia’? [MDL – 19]
 It occurs due to the lengthening of eye ball.
 The focal length of eye lens is reduced or the distance between eye lens and retina increases.
 The image of distant objects are formed before retina.
9. Why does the sky appear in blue colour? [PTA – 1]
By Reyleigh’s law of scattering blue colour of sunlight scatters the most by the atmosphere.
Thus, the sky appears blue in colour.

10. Why are traffic signals red in colour? [PTA – 4]

Red light has longest wavelength and scatters less. Thus it travels longer and hence it is used
in traffic signals to stop the vehicle.

Additional Questions
11. Write any two applications or uses of concave lens. [SEP – 2021]
 Used as eye lens of ‘Galilean Telescope’
 Used to correct myopia.

12. Complete the ray diagram of a concave lens. [PTA – 6]

Question Answer
 4

IX. Higher order thinking (HOT) questions

1. While doing an experiment for the determination of focal length of a convex lens, Raja suddenly
dropped the lens. It got broken into two halves along the axis. If he continues his experiment with
the same lens, (a) can he get the image? (b) Is there any change in the focal length?
a) Yes. He got the image. But, with less intensity.
b) No. There is no change in the focal length, because it is cut along the axis.
2. The eyes of the nocturnal birds like owl are having a large cornea and a large pupil. How
does it help them? (or) How owls could see at night?
 Nocturnal birds are the birds that are active at night. Ex : Owl
 Large cornea and large pupil, increases the amount of light entering into its eyes.
 Thus, it helps them to see clearly in dim light.
Additional Question
3. A Student in a classroom can read textbook but he/ she cannot see the letters on the black board
distinctly. What is his/ her eye defect? Mention its cause and suggest a remedy. [PTA–1]
 His / Her eye defect is Myopia or short sightedness.
 It occurs due to the lengthening of eyeball.
 It can be corrected using a concave lens.

1. Define one calorie. [AUG – 2022, MDL – 19]

One calories is the amount of heat energy required to rise the temperature of 1 gram of water
through 1℃.
2. Distinguish between linear, areal (or) superficial expansion.

Linear Expansion Areal / Superficial Expansion

1) When a body is heated or cooled, the 1) When a body is heated or cooled, the area
length of the body changes. of the body changes.
∆𝐿 ∆𝐴
2) Coefficient of linear expansion, 𝛼𝐿 = 2) Coefficient of Areal expansion,𝛼𝐴 =
𝐿ₒ ∆𝑇 𝐴ₒ ∆𝑇

3. What is co-efficient of cubical expansion? [PTA – 6]

It is the ratio of increase in volume of the body per degree rise in temperature to its unit volume.
∆𝑉
𝛼v =
𝑉ₒ ∆𝑇
Its SI unit is K −1 .
 Two Marks 5

4. State Boyle’s law. [MDL – 19, MAY - 2022]

When temperature is kept constant, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
1
P∝ V (i.e.) PV = constant.

5. State the law of volume. (or) State Charles’s law.

When pressure is kept constant, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature.
V
V ∝ T (or) T = constant

6. Distinguish between ideal gas and real gas.

Ideal gas Real gas

1. Atoms/molecules do not interact with each other. 1. Atoms/molecules interact with each other.
2. It has low intermolecular/interatomic force 2. It has definite intermolecular/
of attraction. interatomic force of attraction.

7. What is co-efficient of real expansion? [SEP – 2020]

It is the ratio of the true rise in the volume of the liquid per degree rise in temperature to its
unit volume. Its SI unit is K −1 .
8. What is co-efficient of apparent expansion?
It is the ratio of the apparent rise in the volume of the liquid per degree rise in temperature
to its unit volume. Its SI unit is K −1 .
Additional Questions
9. State Avogadro’s Law. [SEP – 2021]
Avogadro’s law states that at constant pressure and temperature, the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to number of atoms or molecules present in it.
𝐕
V∝ 𝐧 (or) = Constant
𝐧

10. Define Co-efficient of linear expansion. [PTA – 1]

It is the ratio of increase in length of the body per degree rise in temperature to its unit length.
IX. HOT Question

1. If you keep ice at 0°C and water at 0°C in either of your hands, in which hand you will
feel more chillness? Why?
We feel more chillness in the hand in which ice is placed at 0℃
Reason: When water and ice are kept in our hand at 0℃, ice requires additional latent heat
energy to melt down. ∴ Ice absorbs more heat energy when compared to water.
 6

4. ELECTRICITY
1. Define electric potential and potential difference.
Electric potential: It is the amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge from infinity
to that point against the electric force.
Potential difference: It is the amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge from one
point to another point against the electric force.
𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐝𝐨𝐧𝐞 (𝐖)
Potential Difference (V) =
𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 (𝐐)

2. What is the role of the earth wire in domestic circuits?

 Earth wire act as protective conductor and saves us from electric shocks.
 When a live wire accidentally touches the metallic body of the appliance, earth wire
provides a low resistance path to the current and sends it from the body to the earth.
3. State Ohm’s law.
At a constant temperature, the steady current ‘I’ flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference ‘V’ between the two ends of the conductor.

I ∝ V ⇒ V = IR
Where R → Resistance of the material.
4. Distinguish between the resistivity and conductivity of a conductor.

Resistivity (𝝆) Conductivity (𝝈)

i) It is the resistance of a conductor of unit i) It is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.
length and unit area of cross section.
ii) Its unit is ohm metre (Ωm). ii) Its unit is mho metre-1.
iii) It is the measure of resisting power. iii)It is the measure of ability to pass the current.

5. What connection is used in domestic appliances and why?

Domestic appliances are connected in parallel.
Reason:  Disconnection of one circuit does not affect other circuit
 Each appliance gets an equal voltage.
Additional Questions
6. Define the unit of electrical energy 7. Draw the picture of seven segment display
consumption. [PTA – 5] for any one alpha numeric number.[PTA–3]
 Unit of electrical energy consumption is
watt second or kilowatt hour.
 It is the product of electric power and
time of usage.
 One kilowatt hour is known as one unit
of electrical energy.
 Two Marks 7

5. ACOUSTICS
1. Why does sound travel faster on a rainy day than on a dry day? (or) Why does sound
propagate faster on a rainy season than on summer season? [PTA – 6]
 Presence of moisture in air decreases the density and increases velocity.
 Hence, with high moisture, sound travel faster on a rainy day than on a dry day.
2. Why does an empty vessel produce more sound than a filled one? [PTA – 2]
 Amplitude of vibration of air is greater than liquid.
 Also amplitude is more due to the free space in empty vessel.
 Intensity is also increased by multiple reflections in empty vessel.
3. Air temperature in the Rajasthan desert can reach 46°𝑪. What is the velocity of sound in
air at that temperature? (V0 = 331 m s-1)
V0 = 331 m s-1 T = 46℃
VT = V0 + 0.61 T = 331 + 0.61 × 46 = 359.06 ms-1
4. Explain why, the ceilings of concert halls are curved. [MAY-2022, PTA-6]
 Ceilings of concert halls are curved because sound intensity is maximized after multiple
reflections and reaches every corner. Audience can listen the sound clearly.
5. Mention two cases in which there is no Doppler effect in sound. [MDL – 19, SEP - 2020]
 When source (S) and listener (L) both are at rest.
 When source (S) and listener (L) move with constant distance between them.

Additional Questions
6. Write any two application of echo? [MAY-2022]
 Used by some animals to locate objects.
 Echo is used to determine the velocity of sound waves in any medium.
 It is used in obstetric ultrasonography, to capture images of fetus in mother’s uterus.
7. Difference between the Sound and Light waves. [PTA – 3]

S.No SOUND LIGHT

1. Medium is required for propagation. Medium is not required for propagation.

2. Longitudinal waves. Transverse waves.

3. Wavelength from 1.65 cm to 1.65 m Wavelength from 4 × 10–7 m to 7 × 10–7 m

4. Speed = 340ms–1 at NTP. Speed = 3 × 108 ms–1.

 8

X. HOT Questions
1. Suppose that a sound wave and a light wave have the same frequency, then which one has a
longer wavelength?
a) Sound b) Light c) both a and b d) data not sufficient
𝛌 ∝ 𝐕 ∴ Light has longer wavelength.
2. When sound is reflected from a distant object, an echo is produced. Let the distance between
the reflecting surface and the source of sound remain the same. Do you hear an echo sound
on a hotter day? Justify your answer.
 As temperature increases, speed of sound increases. ∴ Speed of sound is more on hotter day.
 The distance is same. Hence, time taken by the sound would be less on hotter day.
 Echo occurs when time difference is atleast 0.1 s.
 Thus, if the new time is less than 0.1 s, echo won’t be heard. If it is greater than 0.1 s, echo
can be heard even on a hotter day.

6. NUCLEAR PHYSICS
1. Write any three features of natural and artificial radioactivity. [AUG-22, MAY-22, PTA-1]

Natural radioactivity Artificial radioactivity

1. Spontaneous process. Induced process.

2. Cannot be controlled. Can be controlled.
3. Alpha, beta and gamma are emitted. Elementary particles like neutron, positron, etc., are emitted.
2. Define Critical mass.
 Minimum mass of fissile material necessary to sustain the chain reaction is called critical mass(mc).
 Sub critical: Mass is less than critical mass.  Super critical: Mass is more than critical mass.
3. Define one Roentgen.
One roentgen is the quantity of radioactive substance that produces a charge of 2.58 ×10-4 coulomb
in 1 kg of air under standard conditions of pressure, temperature and humidity.
4. State Soddy and Fajan’s displacement law.
i) When a radioactive element emits an alpha particle, a daughter nucleus is formed whose
mass number is less by 4 units and atomic number is less by 2 units, than the parent nucleus.
ii) When a radioactive element emits a beta particle, a daughter nucleus is formed whose mass
number is the same and atomic number is more by 1 unit, than the parent nucleus.
5. Give the function of control rods in a nuclear reactor. (or) What are control rods? [PTA – 3]
 Control rods are used to control the number of neutrons by absorbing them to maintain the
chain reaction. Ex: Boron, Cadmium rods.
6. In Japan, some of the new born children are having congenital diseases. Why?
 The atom bombs exploded in Japan emitted hazardous radiations causing genetic diseases.
 Thus, exposed mothers give birth to children with congenital diseases.
 Two Marks 9

7. Mr. Ramu is working as an X - ray technician in a hospital. But, he does not wear the lead
aprons. What suggestion will you give to Mr. Ramu?
 Though it do not have any impact initially, in future he may suffer from many diseases.
 Thus, I will suggest Ramu to wear Lead coated aprons and gloves to safeguard himself.
8. What is stellar energy?
Fusion reaction in the cores of Sun and other stars results in enormous energy called stellar energy.
9. Give any two uses of radio isotopes in the field of agriculture.
Phosphorous isotopes (P-32):  Increases the productivity of crops.
 Used to kill insects and parasites.
Additional Questions
10. Nuclear fission of a uranium nucleus (𝑼𝟐𝟑𝟓) as follows 92U235 + 0n1→ X + Y + 3 0n1+ Q (energy)
Find the daughter nuclei X and Y emitted from the above reaction. [PTA – 4]
Nuclear Fission reaction is
∴ X – 56Ba141, Y – 36Kr92

XII. Higher Order Thinking Questions

1. 'X – rays should not be taken often'. Give the reason. [PTA – 5]
 Exposure to X-rays can cause cell mutations and cancer.
 Exposure to X-rays can cause vomiting, bleeding, fainting, hair loss and skin damage.
2. Cell phone towers should be placed far away from the residential area – Why?
 Cell phone towers emit high frequency radio waves, which are dangerous and cause
health risks like cancer, birth defects, memory loss, etc.,
 Thus, it is better to place cell phone towers far away from residential areas.

7. ATOMS AND MOLECULES

1. Define: Relative Atomic Mass (or) Define Standard atomic weight. [AUG - 22, PTA – 3]
Relative Atomic mass of an element is the ratio between average mass of its isotope
1
to th part of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
12
Average mass of the isotopes of the element
Relative Atomic Mass, 𝐀 𝐫 = 1
th of the mass of one carbon−12 atom
12

2. Write the different types of isotopes of oxygen and its percentage abundance.

Isotope Atomic Mass (amu) % abundance

16
8O 15.9949 99.757
17
8O 16.9991 0.038
18
8O 17.9992 0.205
 10

3. Define: Atomicity. Give an example. [AUG – 2022, MAY-2022, SEP – 2021]

 Number of atoms present in molecule is called its atomicity.
 Ex : Atomicity of Phosphorous(P4) is 4.
4. Give any two examples for hetero diatomic molecules. [AUG - 2022]
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl), Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
5. What is Molar volume of a gas?
It is the volume occupied by one mole of a gas at STP. Its value is 22.4 litre / 22400 ml
6. Find the percentage of nitrogen in ammonia. [PTA – 1]
14
% of Nitrogen in NH3 = Mass of element
Molecular mass
× 100 = 17 × 100 = 82.35 %

VIII. HOT Question

1. Calcium carbonate is decomposed on heating in the following reaction.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
i) How many moles of Calcium carbonate are involved in this reaction?
One mole of CaCO3.
ii) Calculate the gram molecular mass of calcium carbonate involved in this reaction.
Gram Molecular Mass of CaCO3 = (40 × 1) + (12 × 1) + (16 × 3)
= 40 + 12 + 48 = 100 g
iii) How many moles of CO2 are there in this equation?
One mole of CO2.

8. PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS
1. A is a reddish brown metal, which combines with O2 at < 1370 K gives B, a black coloured
compound. At a temperature > 1370 K, A gives C which is red in colour. Find A, B and C
with the reaction. [PTA – 4]

< 1370 K
2 Cu + O2 → 2 CuO
(B) Copper II oxide (black)

> 1370 K
4 Cu + O2 → 2 Cu2O
(C) Copper I oxide (red )

A → Copper (Cu);
B → Copper II oxide (CuO)
C → Copper I oxide (Cu2O)
 Two Marks 11

2. A is a silvery white metal. A combines with O2 to form B at 800oC, the alloy of A is used in
making the aircraft. Find A and B. [PTA – 1]

4 Al + 3O2 800℃ 2 Al2O3

(A) Aluminium oxide (B)

A → Aluminium (Al)

B → Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)

3. What is rust? Give the (chemical) equation for formation of rust. [SEP – 2021, PTA – 4]
When iron is exposed to moist air, it forms a layer of brown hydrated ferric oxide on its
surface. This compound is known as rust.

4Fe + 3O2 + x H2O → 2 Fe2 O3 . 𝑥 H2 O (Rust)

Iron Hydrated ferric oxide

4. State two conditions necessary for rusting of iron.

Presence of air and water vapour (in air) are the two necessary conditions for rusting of iron.

Additional Questions

5. From the following clues identify the group number in the periodic table and write the
names of any two elements of that group. [PTA – 1]
a) The atoms of this group have very stable electronic configuration.
b) These elements are mostly unreactive.
Group : 18th (or) Noble gas Ex : Helium(He), Neon(Ne), Argon(Ar).
6. Copper pyrites is the prime ore of copper. It is concentrated by froth floatation method.
(OR) Lighter / sulphide ores can be concentrated by froth floatation method. Give reason.

Reason: Froth floatation depends on preferential wettability of ore with oil. Only if impurity
is heavier than ore, can be concentrated by froth floatation. Thus, lighter ore like Copper
pyrites (CuFeS2) are concentrated by froth floatation method. [PTA – 4]
7. ‘X’ is an element that belongs to 1st group of the modern periodic table. ‘X’ is a gas and its covalent
radius value is 0.37 A°. Identify and write the chemical symbol of ‘X’. [PTA – 6]

 Element X is Hydrogen, Chemical symbol is H / H2.

 12

VIII. Hot Questions

1. Name the acid that renders aluminium passive. Why? [PTA – 3]
 Dilute or Concentrated nitric acid renders aluminium passive.
 It is due to formation of oxide film on its surface.
2. a) Identify the bond between H and F in HF molecule.
Electronegativity of H = 2.1 and F = 4.0
Difference in electronegativity = 4.0 − 2.1 = 1.9 which is >1.7
∴ The bond between H and F in HF molecule is ionic.
b) What property forms the basis of identification?
Electronegativity
c) How does the property vary in periods and in groups?
 Across the period, from left to right, electronegativity increases.
 Down a group, from top to bottom, electronegativity decreases.

Additional Questions
3. A is the second most abundant metal available next to aluminium on the earth. A forms its
magnetic oxide B, when steam is passed over metal A in red hot condition. A forms an alloy
C with carbon and nickel. C is used to make aircraft parts and propeller. Identify and write
names of B and C. Write the balanced chemical equation for the formation of magnetic oxide.

3 Fe + 4 H2O (steam) → Fe3O4 + 4H2 ↑ [PTA – 2]

Iron Magnetic oxide

A → Iron (Fe)
B → Magnetic oxide (Fe3O4)
C → Nickel steel (Fe, C, Ni)

4. A is a metal and belongs to Boron family in modern periodic table acts as a good reducing
agent. It reduces iron oxide into iron. It is used to make household utensils. Write the
balanced chemical equation for the reduction of iron oxide by ‘A’. [PTA – 6]

A → Aluminium. This process is aluminothermic process.

𝐅𝐞𝟐 𝐎𝟑 + 𝟐𝐀𝒍 → 𝟐 𝐅𝐞 + 𝐀𝒍𝟐 𝐎𝟑 + 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭

Iron oxide Iron
 Two Marks 13

1. Define the term - Solution.

 It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Ex : Sea water
 Components: Solute (lesser amount) and Solvent (larger amount)
2. What is mean by binary solution?
Binary solution consists of two components one solute and one solvent. Ex: NaCl in water
3. Give an example each i) gas in liquid ii) solid in liquid iii) solid in solid iv) gas in gas
i) Gas in liquid - Soda water ii) Solid in liquid - NaCl in water [PTA – 1]
iii) Solid in solid - Copper in gold iv) Gas in gas - Mixture of Helium and oxygen
4. What is aqueous and non-aqueous solution? Give an example.
Aqueous solution : It is the solution in which water acts as a solvent. Ex: Sugar in water.
Non - Aqueous solution : It is the solution in which any liquid other than water acts as solvent.
Ex: Sulphur dissolved in carbon - disulphide.
5. Define Volume percentage.
It is the percentage by volume of solute (in ml) present in the given volume of the solution.
Volume of the solute
Volume percentage = × 100
Volume of the solute + Volume of the solvent

6. The aquatic animals live more in cold region. Why? [PTA – 5]

 In cold regions, solubility of gas in liquid is more at lower temperature.
 Thus, more oxygen is dissolved in water. Hence, aquatic animals live more in cold regions.
7. Define Hydrated salt.
It is the ionic substances, which contain water of crystallization. Ex : Blue vitriol (CuSO4 . 5H2O)
8. A hot saturated solution of copper sulphate forms crystals as it cools. Why?
 When hot saturated solution of copper sulphate is cooled, excess copper sulphate in the
solution will be crystallized.
 Solubility decreases with decrease in temperature.
9. Classify the following substances into deliquescent, hygroscopic. [AUG - 2022]
(Conc. Sulphuric acid, Copper sulphate penta hydrate, Silica gel, Calcium chloride, and Gypsum salt)
 Deliquescent substances : Calcium chloride
 Hygroscopic substances : Conc. Sulphuric acid, Silica gel, Gypsum salt, Copper sulphate penta hydrate
Additional Questions
10. Analyse the following statement about the formation of solutions and explain with an
example. “Like solvents dissolve Like solutes” [PTA – 1]
This statement means dissolving occurs when similarities exist between solvent and solute.
 Polar Compounds are soluble in polar solvents. Ex: Common salt dissolves in water.
11. What will be the impact of temperature & pressure while dissolving carbon dioxide in water? [PTA–5]
 Impact of Temperature : Solubility of CO2 in water decreases with the increase in temperature.
 Impact of Pressure : Solubility of CO2 in water increases with the increase in pressure.
 14

VII. HOT Questions

1. Vinu dissolves 50 g of sugar in 250 ml of hot water, Sarath dissolves 50 g of same sugar in
250 ml of cold water. Who will get faster dissolution of sugar? and Why? [PTA – 6]
Vinu readily dissolves sugar than Sarath because solubility increases with increase in temperature.
2. 'A' is a blue coloured crystalline salt. On heating it loses blue colour and to give 'B'. When
water is added, 'B' gives back to 'A'. Identify A and B, write the equation. [MAY - 2022]
 When blue vitriol (A) is heated, it loses its five water molecules and becomes colourless
CuSO4 (Anhydrous copper sulphate) ‘B’. If water is added, it returns back to blue vitriol (A).

A → blue vitriol, Copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4. 5H2O)

B → Anhydrous copper sulphate (CuSO4)

3. Will the cool drinks give more fizz at top of the hills or at the foot? Explain.
 Pressure is reduced when we move from foot to top of the hill.
 When pressure is decreased, solubility is decreased.
 Thus, cool drinks fizzes lesser at top than at the foot of hills.

Additional Question

4. Compound A is a colourless, crystalline, hydrated salt of magnesium. On heating it

becomes an anhydrous salt. The number of water molecules lost by compound A is equal
to number of water molecules present in green vitriol on heating. [PTA – 2]
i) Identify compound A.

A → Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate (MgSO4. 7H2O)

Colourless, crystalline, hydrated salt of magnesium

ii) Give the Chemical equation for this heating reaction.

When Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate(A) is heated, anhydrous magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) is
formed losing seven water molecules(as in Green vitriol - FeSO4.7H2O)
 Two Marks 15

10. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. When an aqueous solution of potassium chloride is added to an aqueous solution of silver
nitrate, a white precipitate is formed. Give the chemical equation of this reaction. [PTA – 6]
Double Displacement Reaction
KCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → KNO3(aq) + AgCl(s) ↓
Potassium nitrate silver nitrate
White precipitate

2. Why does the reaction rate of a reaction increase on raising the temperature? (or) Why
food kept at room temperature spoil faster than at refrigerator? [PTA –6, MDL – 19]
 Raising temperature provides more energy to break more bonds (i.e) Reaction rate is increased.
 Thus, Food kept at room temperature spoil faster than at refrigerator, as the temperature
in fridge is lower which makes the reaction rate slower.
3. Define combination reaction. Give one example for an exothermic combination reaction.
A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a compound is known as
Combination (or) Synthesis (or) Composition reaction.
General schematic representation: A+ B → AB [MAY - 2022]
Example for Exothermic combination reaction: SiO2(s) + CaO(s) → CaSiO3(s)
4. Differentiate reversible and irreversible reactions. [AUG-22, MAY-22, SEP-2021, PTA-1]

Reversible reaction Irreversible reaction

1. It can be reversed under suitable condition. 1. It cannot be reversed.
2. Both forward and backward reactions take 2. It proceeds only in forward direction.
place simultaneously.
3. It attains equilibrium. 3. Equilibrium is not attained.
4. It is relatively slow. 4. It is fast.

Additional Questions
5. Define Single displacement reaction with example. [SEP – 2020]
Single displacement reaction: It is the reaction between an element and a compound, where one
element of the compound-reactant is replaced by the element-reactant to
form a new compound and an element.
Ex: 𝐙𝐧(𝐬) + 𝟐𝐇𝐂𝒍(𝒂𝒒) → 𝒁𝒏𝑪𝒍𝟐(𝒂𝒒) + 𝐇𝟐 (𝐠)

6. If the pH value of solution is zero then what will be the nature of the solution? Give reason.
 pH of a solution is zero means, −log [H+ ] = 0; [H+ ] = 1 [PTA – 3]
 Concentration of hydrogen ion is 1. So it is highly acidic in nature.
 16

7. Which one of the following reactions is feasible? Give support to your answer. [PTA – 3]
i) 𝟐𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥 + 𝐅𝟐 → 𝟐𝐍𝐚𝐅 + 𝐂𝐥𝟐 ii) 𝐍𝐚𝐅 + 𝐂𝐥𝟐 → 𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥 + 𝐅𝟐

 1st reaction: is feasible whereas 2nd reaction is not feasible

 Because, fluorine is more reactive than chlorine. So Fluorine displaces Chlorine.

8. 𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐎𝟑(𝐬) + 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 → 𝐂𝐚𝐎(𝐬) + 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) 𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐎𝟑 (𝐬) + 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 ⇄ 𝐂𝐚𝐎(𝐬) + 𝐂𝐎𝟐(𝐠)

Analyse the above chemical reactions. At what condition(s) these reactions are feasible? [PTA – 4]
 The first reaction is thermal decomposition reaction. Heat is required to break the bonds.
 If the first reaction is carried out in a closed vessel, it reaches a chemical equilibrium. Thus,
second reaction is feasible.
9. Write one example each for chemical reactions to be faster and chemical reactions to be
slower in your daily life activities. [PTA – 3]

 Faster Reaction - Digestion of food  Slower Reaction - Rusting of iron

10. Which of the following chemical reactions is a neutralization reaction? Reason out.

𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇(𝐚𝐪) + 𝐇𝐂𝐈(𝐚𝐪) → 𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥(𝐚𝐪) + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐈) [PTA – 4]

𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 (𝐠) + 𝟓𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) → 𝟑𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) + 𝟒𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐠) + 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭

 The first reaction is neutralization reaction.

 Reason: Sodium replaces hydrogen from hydrochloric acid forming sodium chloride, a salt.

11. Does pure water conduct electricity? Justify you answer. [PTA – 5]
Pure water does not conduct electricity, because of the absence of ions in pure water.

12. What is the role of manganese dioxide in the heating reaction of potassium chlorate for the
production of oxygen gas? [PTA – 6]
Manganese dioxide acts as a catalyst and increases the reaction rate.

VII. HOT Questions

1. Can a nickel spatula be used to stir copper sulphate solution? Justify your answer. [PTA – 6]
 Nickel spatula cannot be used to stir copper sulphate solution.
 Nickel is more reactive than copper. Hence, nickel displaces copper from its solution.
 Two Marks 17

11. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

1. Name the simplest ketone and give its structural (or) molecular formula. [PTA –2]
Simplest ketone : Acetone
Structural formula : CH3−CO−CH3
IUPAC Name : Propanone
2. Classify the following compounds based on the pattern of carbon chain and give their
structural formula: (i) Propane (ii) Benzene (iii) Cyclobutane (iv) Furan [PTA – 1, MAY-2022]

Name Classification Molecular formula Structural formula

i) Propane Acyclic (or) open chain compounds C3H8

ii) Benzene Aromatic compound C6H6

iii) Cyclobutane Alicyclic compound C4H8

iv) Furan Heterocyclic compound C4H4O

3. How is ethanoic acid prepared from ethanol? Give the chemical equation.
Ethanoic acid is prepared from oxidation of ethanol in the presence of alkaline potassium
permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate.
𝐊𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟒 /𝐎𝐇−
CH3CH2OH → CH3COOH + H2O
2[𝐎]
Ethanol Ethanoic acid

4. How do detergents cause water pollution? Suggest remedial measures to prevent this pollution.
Detergents having branched hydrocarbon chain are not fully biodegradable by micro-
organisms in water. So, they cause water pollution. [PTA – 3]
Remedy: We can use straight hydrocarbon chains, which can be easily degraded by bacteria.
5. Differentiate soaps and detergents. [SEP – 2020, PTA – 3, MDL – 19]

Soaps Detergents

1. Sodium salt of long chain fatty acid 1. Sodium salts of sulphonic acids.
2. Ionic part is –COO− Na+ 2. Ionic part is – SO3 − Na+
3. It is less effective in hard water. 3. 4. It is effective even in hard water.
4. It forms a scum in hard water. 5. It does not form a scum in hard water.
5. Poor foaming capacity. 6. Rich foaming capacity.
6. Biodegradable. 7. Mostly non-biodegradable.
 18

Additional Questions
6. Write any 2 uses of Ethanol. [SEP – 2021]
 Ethanol is used in medical wipes, as an antiseptic.
 It is used as solvent for drugs, oils, fats, perfumes. Dyes, etc,.

7. Why ethene is more reactive than ethane? [PTA – 1]

 Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon with a strong Single bond.
 Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with a weak double bond
 Thus, ethene is unstable and more reactive than ethane which is stable.

8. Applying IUPAC rules, derive the structural formula of the following compounds. [PTA – 2]

a) Pentanoic acid b) 2-methyl-butan-2-ol

𝐂𝐇𝟑 −𝐂𝐇𝟐 − 𝐂𝐇𝟐 − 𝐂𝐇𝟐 − 𝐂𝐎𝐎𝐇

9. Read & categorize the following statements that are suitable for ethanol & ethanoic acid[PTA–4]
a) 95.5% of this compound’s water solution is called rectified sprit - Ethanol
b) Pure form of this compound change into ice like crystals on freezing - Ethanoic acid
c) This compound undergoes decarboxylation on heating with soda lime. - Sodium salt of ethanoic acid

10. Compound A is a colourless liquid having burning taste. When the vapour of compound A
is passed over heated copper at 573 K, it is dehydrogenated to acetaldehyde. What is
compound ‘A’? What is the role of copper in this chemical reaction? Write the balanced
chemical equation of this reaction. [PTA – 6]
 Compound A is Ethanol , CH3CH2-OH
 Copper is used as catalyst.

𝐂𝐮
CH3CH2OH →573 K CH3CHO + H2↑
ethanol acetaldehyde
 Two Marks 19

12. PLANT ANATOMY AND PLANT

PHYSIOLOGY
1. Give an account on vascular bundle of dicot stem.
 Vascular bundles of dicot stem are conjoint collateral, endarch and open.
 They are arranged as ring around the pith.
2. Write a short note on mesophyll. 3. Draw and label
Tissue between upper and lower epidermis of leaf is called mesophyll. the structure of
 Palisade parenchyma: Elongated cells with more chloroplasts. oxysomes.
Helps in photosynthesis.
 Spongy parenchyma: Spherical cells with intercellular spaces.
Helps in gaseous exchange.
4. Name the three basic tissue system in flowering plants.
 Dermal/Epidermal tissue system  Ground tissue system  Vascular tissue system
5. What is photosynthesis and where in a cell does it occur? [SEP – 2021, PTA – 3]
It is a process by which organisms utilize energy from sunlight to synthesize their own food.
𝐋𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
𝟔𝐂𝐎𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝐇𝟐 𝐎 → 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟏𝟐 𝐎𝟔 + 𝟔𝐇𝟐 𝑶 + 𝟔𝐎𝟐 ↑
Chlorophyll

 It occurs in the chloroplast.

6. What is Respiratory quotient? [AUG – 2022, MAY - 2022,SEP – 2021, PTA – 1]
Respiratory Quotient (R.Q.) is the ratio of volume of carbon dioxide liberated and volume
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐎𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
of oxygen consumed during respiration. 𝐑. 𝐐 =
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐎 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐝
𝟐

7. Why should the light dependent reaction occur before the light independent reaction?
 During light independent reactions, CO2 is reduced into carbohydrates with the help of
ATP and NADPH2 which is generated during light dependent reaction.
 So, light dependent reaction should occur before the light independent reaction.
8. Write the reaction for photosynthesis. [MAY - 2022]
𝐋𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
𝟔𝐂𝐎𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝐇𝟐 𝐎 → 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟏𝟐 𝐎𝟔 + 𝟔𝐇𝟐 𝑶 + 𝟔𝐎𝟐 ↑
Carbon di oxide Water Chlorophyll Glucose Water Oxygen

Additional Questions
9. What are the factors affecting photosynthesis? [AUG – 2022]
 External factors → Light, Carbon dioxide, temperature, water and mineral elements.
 Internal factors → Pigments, leaf age, accumulation of carbohydrates and hormones.
10. What is vascular bundle? [PTA – 1]
 Xylem and phloem tissues are present in the form of bundles called vascular bundles.
 Xylem conducts water and minerals. Phloem conducts food materials.
 20

11. Draw and label the different types of vascular bundles. 12. Draw and label the internal
(Conjoint vascular bundles) [PTA – 4] structure of a Dicot/Bean root
[PTA–6]

VIII. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. Where do the light dependent reaction and the Calvin cycle occur in the chloroplast?
 Light dependent reaction takes place in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast.
Calvin cycle takes place in stroma of chloroplast

13. STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF

ANIMALS
1. Why are the rings of cartilages found in trachea of rabbit? [PTA – 4, SEP – 2020]
The rings of cartilages are found in trachea of rabbit to help in free passage of air.

2. List out the parasitic adaptations in leech. [MDL – 19]

 Blood is sucked by pharynx.
 Anterior and posterior suckers helps to attach to the host.
 Three jaws, causes painless Y-shaped wound in the host.
 For continuous blood supply, Hirudin is produced to prevent blood to coagulate.
 Parapodia and setae are absent.
 Blood is stored in crop and gives nourishment for several months.

Additional Question

3. What are the glands embedded in the Rabbit skin to regulate the body temperature?
Sweat glands and sebaceous glands. [PTA – 3]
 Two Marks 21

VIII. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. Arjun is studying in tenth standard. He was down with fever and went to meet the doctor.
As he went to the clinic, he saw a patient undergoing treatment for severe leech bite. Being
curious, Arjun asked the doctor why leech bite was not felt as soon as it attaches to the
skin? What would have been the reply given by the doctor? (or) Why do the host doesn’t
feel bite of a leech.
When leeches bite they inject an anesthetic substance that prevent the host from feeling its
bite. Thus, the host doesn’t feel the bite of a leech.
2. Shylesh has some pet animals at his home. He has few rabbits too, one day while feeding
them he observed something different with the teeth. He asked his grandfather, why is it
so? What would have been the explanation of his grandfather?
Rabbit has diphyodont and heterodont dentition. Rabbit has diphyodont and heterodont
dentition.
IX. Value based questions
1. Leeches do not have an elaborate secretion of digestive juices and enzymes - Why?
In leeches, blood is stored in crop. It gives nourishment for several months. Thus, they do not
have an elaborate secretion of digestive juices and enzymes.
2. How is the digestive system of rabbit suited for herbivorous mode of feeding? [PTA –3]
 Teeth helps to cut, tear and grind food.
 Diastema helps in mastication and chewing of food.
 Secretions of digestive glands helps in digestion of food.
 Bacteria in small and large intestine helps in digestion of cellulose.

14. TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS AND

CIRCULATION IN ANIMALS
1. What causes the opening and closing of guard cells of stomata during transpiration?
Change in turgidity of guard cells causes opening and closing of stomata.
2. What is cohesion? [PTA – 1]
The force of attraction between water molecules is called cohesion.
3. Trace the pathway followed by water molecules from the time it enters
a plant root to the time it escapes into the atmosphere from a leaf.
 Root hair absorbs water by osmosis.
 Root pressure conducts water to stem through xylem.
 Stem conducts water to leaf.
 Excess water is evaporated through stomata by transpiration.
Root hair → Root → Stem → Leaf → Stomata → Water is evaporated

4. What would happen to leaves of a plant that transpires more water than its absorption in roots?
 Plant dehydrates and losses moisture resulting in wilting or drying of leaves.
 It affects plant growth, photosynthesis and may lead to death.
 22

5. Describe the structure and working of the human heart.

Heart is a muscular pumping organ that pumps blood into blood vessels.
Structure:
 Heart is enclosed by pericardium.
 It is four chambered and is situated between lungs.
Auricle - Two upper thin walled chambers
Ventricle - Two lower thick walled chambers
 These chambers are separated by septum.
Working of human heart :
 Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body parts through main veins.
 Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs through pulmonary veins.
 Right and left auricles pump blood into right and left ventricles respectively.
 Right ventricle supplies deoxygenated blood to lungs by pulmonary arteries.
 Left ventricle supplies oxygenated blood to body parts by aorta.
 Coronary arteries supply blood to heart.
6. Why is the circulation in man referred to as double circulation? [PTA – 1]
In man, blood circulates twice through heart in one complete cycle. So, it is called double circulation.
7. What are heart sounds? How are they produced?
 Rhythmic closure and opening of heart valves is called heart sounds.
 LUBB sound is produced by closure of tricuspid & bicuspid valves.
 DUPP sound is produced by closure of semilunar valves.
8. What is the importance of valves in the heart? [MAY - 2022, PTA – 2]
 Valves regulate blood flow in single direction.
 It prevents backward flow of blood into ventricles.
9. Who discovered Rh factor? Why was it named so? [PTA – 6]
 Landsteiner and Wiener discovered Rh factor.
 It was discovered in the blood of Rhesus monkey. So, it was named as Rh factor.
10. How are arteries and veins structurally different from one another? [PTA – 5]

S.No Artery Vein

1. It have a strong, thick and elastic wall. It have a weak, thin and non-elastic wall.
2. Internal valves are absent. Internal valves are present.
3. Deep in location Superficial in location

11. Why the sinoatrial node is called as the pacemaker of heart? [MDL – 19, PTA – 5]
Sinoatrial node initiates an impulse, which simulates heart muscles to contract. SA node
plays an important role in the initiation of heartbeat. Hence, it is called as pacemaker of heart.
 Two Marks 23

12. Differentiate between systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. [PTA – 2]

Systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation
1. Oxygenated blood is pumped from heart 1. Deoxygenated blood is pumped from heart
to body. to lungs.
2. Deoxygenated blood is returned to heart. 2. Oxygenated blood is returned to heart.
3. Occurs between heart and body via 3. Occurs between heart and lungs via
arteries and veins. pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins.

13. The complete events of cardiac cycle last for 0.8 sec. What is the timing for each event?
Each Event of cardiac cycle involves:
 Atrial systole: 0.1 sec
 Ventricular systole: 0.3 seconds
 Ventricular diastole: 0.4 seconds

Additional Questions
14. Draw and label the parts of process of 15. Draw pictures of Granulocytes.
transpiration. [MAY-2022] [AUG – 2022, MAY-2022]

VII. Give reasons for the following statements

1. Minerals cannot be passively absorbed by the roots.
 Minerals in soil are ions. It cannot move across cell membrane.
 Concentration of minerals in soil is lower than the concentration of minerals in root.
 Thus, minerals cannot be passively absorbed by roots.
2. Guard cells are responsible for opening and closing of stomata. [SEP – 2021]
 Change in turgidity of guard cells causes opening and closing of stomata.
 When water enters, guard cells become turgid and stoma open.
 When guard cells lose water, it shrinks and stoma closes.
3. The movement of substances in the phloem can be in any (or) all direction. [PTA – 4]
 Function of Phloem is to transport food from source to sink.
 Normally, Phloem transports food in downward direction (i.e) from leaves to root, stem etc.,
 Based on plant’s need, Phloem transports in upward direction from root to all parts.
 Thus, movement of substances in phloem can be in any direction.
 24

4. Minerals in the plants are not lost when the leaf falls. [PTA – 2]
Reason: Minerals are remobilised from older dying leaves to younger leaves.
So, minerals in plants are not lost, when leaf falls.

5. The walls of the right ventricle are thicker than the right auricle.
Reason: Right ventricle have to pump out blood with force away from heart.
Thus, the walls of ventricles are thicker than auricles.

6. Mature RBC in mammals do not have cell organelles. [PTA – 4]

Reasons:
 Lack of nucleus makes the cells biconcave and increases the surface area for oxygen binding.
 Lack of mitochondria allows RBC to transport all the oxygen to tissues.
 Lack of endoplasmic reticulum gives flexibility for RBC to move through narrow capillaries.

X. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. When any dry plant material is kept in water, they swell up. Name and define the
phenomenon involved in this change.
 Phenomenon is Imbibition.
 Definition: It is a type of diffusion in which a solid absorbs water and gets swelled up.
 Ex: Absorption of water by seeds and dry grapes.
2. Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than the other chambers of the heart?
Left ventricle pumps blood with great pressure into aorta, to the whole body. Whereas the
other chambers pump the blood with comparatively lesser pressure. Thus it is thicker.
3. Doctors use stethoscope to hear the sound of the heart. Why?
Stethoscope is a diagnostic tool to identify and localize health problems and diagnose disease.
4. How does the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein differ in their function when
compared to a normal artery and vein?
 All arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood.
 All veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood.

5. Transpiration is a necessary evil in plants. Explain. [PTA – 3]

 During transpiration 95% of water is evaporated. It is an inevitable process.
 Therefore, it is a necessary evil in plants.
Two Marks 25

15. NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Define stimulus.
Stimulus is the changes in environmental condition, detected by receptors present in the body.
2. Name the parts of the hind brain. [PTA – 2]
 Cerebellum  Pons  Medulla oblongata
3. What are the structures involved in the protection of brain? [PTA – 4]
 Brain is covered by duramater, arachnoid membrane and piamater that protect from injury.
 Cerebrospinal fluid acts as shock absorbing fluid and protect brain from sudden shock.
4. Give an example for conditioned reflexes.
Playing harmonium by striking a particular key on seeing a music note
5. Which acts as a link between the nervous system and endocrine system?
Hypothalamus acts as a link between the nervous system and endocrine system.
6. Define reflex arc. [PTA – 4]
Reflex arc is the pathway taken by nerve impulse to accomplish reflex action.

Additional Questions
7. Classify neurons based on its function. [PTA – 3]
Sensory / Afferent neurons: They carry impulses from sense organ to central nervous system.
Motor / Efferent neurons: They carry impulses from central nervous system to effector organ.
Association neurons: They conduct impulses between sensory and motor neurons.
8. Write the functions of cerebellum. [PTA – 6]
Cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements and maintains body balance.

VII. Differentiate between

1. Voluntary and involuntary actions. [PTA – 5]
S.No Voluntary action Involuntary action
1. Controlled by brain. Ex : eating Controlled by spinal cord. Ex : sneezing
2. With our conscience. Without our conscience.
3. Under the control of will. Not under the control of will.
4. It results in muscular action. It results in muscular action or secretions.
2. Medullated and non-medullated nerve fibre (or) Myelinated & non-myelinated nerve fibre.
Medullated (Myelinated) Non-medullated (Nonmyelinated) [PTA – 3]
S.No
Nerve Fibres Nerve Fibres
1. It has myelin sheath. It do not have myelin sheath.
2. It is the white matter. It is the grey matter.
3. It has Nodes of Ranvier. It do not have Nodes of Ranvier.
4. It carry impulses faster. It carry impulses slower.
 26

IX. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. ‘A’ is a cylindrical structure that begins from the lower end of medulla and extend
downwards. It is enclosed in bony cage ‘B’ and covered by membranes ‘C’. As many as
‘D’ pairs of nerves arise from the structure ‘A’. (i) What is A?
(ii) Name (a) bony cage ‘B’ and (b) membranes ‘C’ (iii) How much is D?

A → Spinal cord
𝐁 → Vertebrae (or) Vertebral column [PTA – 6]
𝐂 → Meninges
𝐃 → 31 Pairs

2. Our body contains a large number of cells ‘L’, which are the longest cells in the body. L has
long and short branch called as ‘M’ and ‘N’ respectively. There is a gap ‘O’ between two ‘L’
cells, through which nerve impulse transfer by release of chemical substance ‘P’.
(i) Name the cells L. (ii) What are M and N?
(iii) What is the gap O? (iv) Name the chemical substance P.
L → Neuron
𝐌→ Axon
𝐍 → Dendron
𝐎 → Synaptic junction (or) Synapse
𝐏 → Neurotransmitter

16. PLANT AND ANIMAL HORMONES

1. What are synthetic auxins? Give examples. [MAY - 2022, PTA – 4]
These are artificially synthesized auxins that have properties like auxins.
Example: 2,4 D (2,4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid), Indole 3 Butyric Acid (IBA).
2. What is bolting? How can it be induced artificially? [MDL – 19]
 Bolting is the sudden shoot elongation followed by flowering.
 It can be induced artificially by treatment of gibberellin.
3. Bring out any two physiological activities of abscisic acid.
 It promotes abscission process.  It promotes senescence in leaves.
4. What will you do to prevent leaf fall and fruit drop in plants? Support your answer with reason.
 Spraying auxins can prevent leaf fall and fruit drop.
 Because auxin prevents the formation of abscission layer.
5. What are chemical messengers?
 Hormones produced by Endocrine Glands are called Chemical Messengers.
 Ex: Growth hormone.
 Two Marks 27

6. Write the differences between endocrine and exocrine gland.

S.No Endocrine glands Exocrine glands
They do not have ducts. They have ducts to carry secretions.
1.
Secretions diffuse directly into blood.
2. Secrete hormones. Secrete enzymes.
3. Ex : Thyroid gland Ex : Salivary gland
7. What is the role of parathormone?
 Parathormone regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
 They maintain blood calcium levels.
8. What are the hormones secreted by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? Mention the
tissues on which they exert their effect. [PTA – 2]
Hormone Tissues on which they exert their effect
Vasopressin or Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) Kidney tubules
Oxytocin Smooth muscles of uterus and mammary gland.
9. Why are thyroid hormones referred as personality hormones? [AUG – 2022, MDL – 19]
Thyroid hormones are essential for normal physical, mental and personality development.
Hence, it is also known as personality hormone.
10. Which hormone requires iodine for its formation? What will happen if intake of iodine in
our diet is low?
 Thyroid hormone requires iodine for its formation.
 If intake of iodine is low, it causes goiter.
Additional Questions
11. Identify the parts A, B, C, D in the given 12. Identify the parts of A, B, C and D in the
figure. [MAY-2022] given figure. [SEP – 2020]

A- Capsule B- Cortex
C- Medulla D- Blood vessels A – Thyroid Cartilage C – Trachea
B – Thyroid gland D – Nodule
13. Explain the disorder with which the person shown in the figure is suffering. [PTA – 1]
 The person is suffering from goitre.
 It is caused due to inadequate supply of iodine in our diet.
14. How is Corpus luteum formed? Name the hormones secreted by corpus luteum. [PTA –2]
Progesterone from Corpus Luteum is formed in ovary from ruptured follicle during ovulation.
15. What is parthenocarpic fruit? Give an example. [PTA – 6]
These are Seedless fruits developed without fertilization. Induced by external application of auxins.
Ex : Watermelon, Tomato.
[email protected] www.waytosuccess.org
 28

IX. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. What would be expected to happen if,
a) Gibberellin is applied to rice seedlings. Internodal elongation and increase in height.
b) A rotten fruit gets mixed with unripe fruits. Ethylene from ripe fruits will hasten the ripening.
c) When cytokinin is not added to culture medium? Culture tissue will not show any growth.
2. A plant hormone was first discovered in Japan when rice plants were suffering from Bakanae
disease caused by Gibberella fujikoroi. Based on this information answer the following questions:
a) Identify the hormone involved in this process. Gibberellin.
b) Which property of this hormone causes the disease? Internodal elongation.
c) Give two functions of this hormone.
 Gibberellin stimulates extraordinary elongation of internode.
 Bolting is achieved by gibberellin.
3. Senthil has high blood pressure, protruded eyeball and an increased body temperature.
Name the endocrine gland involved and hormone secretion responsible for this condition.
 Thyroid gland and thyroid hormones are responsible for this condition.
4. Sanjay is sitting in the exam hall. Before the start of the exam, he sweats a lot, with
increased rate of heartbeat. Why does this condition occur?
 It is due to the secretion of emergency hormones during stress and emotion.
5. Susan’s father feels very tired and frequently urinates. After clinical diagnosis, he was
advised to take an injection daily to maintain his blood glucose level. What would be the
possible cause for this? Suggest preventive measures.
It is due to deficiency of insulin, which leads to Diabetes mellitus.
Preventive measures:
 Eat healthy foods  Exercise regularly  Avoid smoking

17. REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND

ANIMALS
1. What will happen if you cut planaria into small fragments?
Each fragments of the cut planaria will give rise to new individual.
2. Why is vegetative propagation practiced for growing some type of plants? [PTA – 1]
Vegetative propagation is practiced, because
 Some plants have lost their capacity to produce seeds.
 Some higher plants retain their characters.
3. How does binary fission differ from multiple fission?
S.No. Binary Fission Multiple Fission
1. Two new organisms are formed. Many new organisms are formed.
Occurs during favourable Occurs during unfavourable
2.
environmental conditions. environmental conditions.
3. Ex : Amoeba Ex : Algae
Two Marks 29

4. Define triple fusion. [MAY - 2022, MDL – 19]

 One sperm fuses with egg and forms a diploid Zygote.
 Other sperm fuses with secondary nucleus and forms triploid primary endosperm nucleus.
5. Write the characteristics of insect pollinated flowers. [PTA – 6]
 Insect pollinated flowers are brightly coloured, have smell and nectar.
 Its pollen grains are larger, exine is pitted, spiny, etc., and firmly adhere to stigma.
6. Name the secondary sex organs in male. [MAY - 2022]
Vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland and penis.
7. What is colostrum? How is milk production hormonally regulated? [PTA – 2]
Colostrum is the milk produced during the first 2 to 3 days after child birth.
 Milk production is stimulated by prolactin.
 Ejection of milk is stimulated by oxytocin.
8. How can menstrual hygiene be maintained during menstrual days? [PTA – 4]
 Sanitary pads should be changed regularly.
 Use warm water to clean genitals.
 Wearing loose clothing.
9. How does developing embryo gets its nourishment inside the mother's body? [PTA – 6]
Placenta allows the exchange of food materials, diffusion of oxygen, excretion of
nitrogenous wastes and elimination of carbon dioxide.
10. Identify the parts A, B, C and D. [AUG – 2022, MDL – 19]
Pollen grain
A – Exine
B – Intine
C – Generative cell
D – Vegetative nucleus
11. Write the events involved in the sexual reproduction of a flowering plant.
1) Pollination 2) Fertilization
a) Discuss the first event and write the types. (or) What is pollination? [SEP - 2021]
First event is pollination. It is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.
Types:  Self-pollination  Cross pollination
b) Mention the advantages and the disadvantages of that event.
Self-pollination Cross-pollination
Advantages : Advantages :
 Do not depend on agents  It leads to production of new varieties.
 No wastage of pollen grains.  More viable seeds are produced.
Disadvantages : Disadvantages :
 Seeds are less in numbers.  Pollination may fail due to distance barrier.
 Seeds produce weak plants.  More wastage of pollen grains.
 New varieties cannot be produced  It may introduce some unwanted characters
 Depend on the external agencies.
 30

12. Why are the human testes located outside the abdominal cavity? Name the pouch in
which they are present.
Human testes is outside the abdominal cavity, because sperm formation requires a lower
temperature than our body temperature. Pouch in which they are present is scrotum.
13. Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is also called the secretory phase. Give reason.
Progesterone and estrogen are secreted during luteal phase. It maintains pregnancy and
prevents contraction of uterus. Thus, this phase is called secretory phase.
14. Why are family planning methods not adopted by all the people of our country?
 Poverty  Illiteracy
 Religious Opposition  Lack of Cheap and Effective Methods
Additional Questions
15. State the importance of pollination. [SEP – 2021] 17. Draw and label the parts of a sperm.
 Pollination results in fertilization, which leads to [SEP – 2021]
fruits and seeds.
 New varieties of plants are formed in case of
cross-pollination.
16. Write the importance of fertilization in plants.
[PTA – 2]
 It stimulates ovary to develop into fruit.
 It helps in development of new characters.

VIII. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. In angiosperms the pollen germinates to produce pollen tube that carries two gametes.
What is the purpose of carrying two gametes when single gamete can fertilize the egg?
In angiosperms, double fertilization takes place.
The purpose of two gametes:
i) Endosperm thus formed provides food to developing embryo.
ii) It increases the viability of seeds.
iii) Plant has better chances of survival.
2. Why menstrual cycle does not take place before puberty and during pregnancy?
 Before puberty, progesterone & estrogen secretion is absent. So, there is no menstrual cycle.
 After fertilization, corpus luteum persists. So progesterone continues to secrete to protect
the embedded embryo. So, there is no menstrual cycle during pregnancy.
 Two Marks 31

18. GENETICS
1. Why did Mendel select pea plant for his experiments? [MAY - 2022]
 It is naturally self pollinating and easy to cross-pollinate
 It has short life span. We can follow several generations.
 It has deeply defined contrasting characters.
 Flowers are bisexual.
2. What do you understand by the term phenotype and genotype? [AUG – 2022]
 Phenotype – It is the external expression of a particular trait.
 Genotype – It is the genetic expression of an organisms.
3. What are allosomes? (or) Define Sex-chromosomes. [PTA – 2]
 Chromosomes which are responsible for determining the sex of an individual are called
Allosomes (or) sex chromosomes (or) hetero-chromosomes.
 Human male have XY chromosomes. Human female have XX chromosomes.
4. What are Okazaki fragments? [PTA – 4]
Short segments of DNA which are synthesised by lagging strand are called Okazaki fragments.
5. Why is euploidy considered to be advantageous to both plants and animals? [PTA – 1]
Euploidy is advantageous to plants, as they give increased fruit and flower size.
Euploidy is not advantageous in animals. If it occurs, it creates diseases and abnormalities.
6. A pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with pure dwarf plant (tt), what would be the F 1 and F2
generations? Explain. [PTA – 5]
F1 generation F2 generation
T T T t
t Tt Tt T TT Tt
t Tt Tt t Tt tt
Phenotypes : Phenotypes : 3 tall
All are tall plants and 1 dwarf plant = 3 : 1
Genotypic ratio = All are Tt Genotypic ratio = TT : Tt : tt = 1 : 2 : 1

7. Explain the structure of a chromosome. [SEP–2021, PTA–6]

 Chromosomes are thin, long, thread like structures.
 It consists of two identical strands called sister chromatids.
 They are held together by centromere.
 They are made up of DNA, RNA, chromosomal proteins, etc,.
 Proteins provide structural support to the chromosome.
 A chromosome consists of the following regions.
i) Primary constriction / centromere: Two arms meet at this point.
ii) Secondary constriction: It occur at any point.
iii) Telomere: End of the chromosome. Provides stability.
iv) Satellite: Some have an elongated knob-like appendage.
 32

8. Label the parts of the DNA in the diagram given below. Explain the structure briefly.
The given figure is Nucleotides in DNA
 Each nucleotides consist of
a) A sugar molecule - Deoxyribose sugar
b) A nitrogenous base
 Purines (Adenine and Guanine)
 Pyrimidines (Cytosine and Thymine)
c) A Phosphate group
 Adenine links thymine with two hydrogen bonds (A = T). A = Adenine
T = Thymine
 Cytosine links guanine with three hydrogen bonds (C ≡ G).
C = Cytosine
 Nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester bonds. G = Guanine
 DNA consists of two polynucleotide chains.
Additional Questions
9. If we cross two different parents with the genotype of Tt x tt, what would be the genotype
ratio in its 𝑭𝟏 generation? [PTA – 3]
F1 generation T t
t Tt tt Genotypic ratio = Tt : tt = 2 : 2 = 1: 1
t Tt tt

10. Differentiate phenotype and genotype. [PTA – 4]

Genotype Phenotype
1. Present inside body as genetic material. 1. Expression of genes as external appearance.
2. Determined by scientific methods. 2. Determined by observing the organism.
3. Affected by genes. 3. Affected by genotype & environmental conditions.

VIII. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. Flowers of the garden pea are bisexual and self-pollinated. Therefore, it is difficult to
perform hybridization experiment by crossing a particular pistil with the specific pollen
grains. How Mendel made it possible in his monohybrid and dihybrid crosses?
Mendel made this possible by following techniques
 Emasculation: Anthers are removed
 Bagging : Female flower is covered by polythene bag.
Pollen grains are collected from desired plant and dusted on the stigma in consideration.
 Two Marks 33

2. Pure-bred tall pea plants are first crossed with pure-bred dwarf pea plants. The pea plants
obtained in F1 generation are then selfed to produce F2 generation of pea plants. [MDL – 19]
a) What do the plants of F1 generation look like? All are tall plants.
b) What is the ratio of tall plants to dwarf plants in
3:1
F2 generation?
c) Which type of plants were missing in F1 generation but
Dwarf plants
reappeared in F2 generation?

3. Kavitha gave birth to a female baby. Her family members say that she can give birth to
only female babies because of her family history. Is the statement given by her family
members true. Justify your answer.
 No, Kavitha is not responsible for the gender of her child. Father determines the sex.
 If egg is fused with X - bearing sperm (22+X) it produces a female child (44+XX).
 If egg is fused with Y - bearing sperm (22+Y) it produces a male child (44+XY).
 Thus, sperm of father, determines the sex. So, Kavitha and her family is not responsible.

IX. Value based question

1. Under which conditions does the law of independent assortment hold good and why?
Law of independent assortment holds goods only if different gene pairs lie in different
chromosome pairs, because chromosomes segregates during meiosis and not individual genes.

19. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE

1. The degenerated wing of a kiwi is an acquired character. Why is it an acquired
character? [PTA – 3]
 Kiwi have learnt to walk. According to use and disuse theory, wings of Kiwi degenerate.
 This occurs in response to their change in habitat. Thus, it is an acquired character.
2. Why is Archaeopteryx considered to be a connecting link?
 Archaeopteryx had wings with feathers, like a bird.
 It had a long tail, clawed digits and conical teeth, like a reptile.
3. Define Ethnobotany and write its importance. [AUG – 2022, PTA – 2, SEP – 2020]
Ethnobotany is the study of a region’s plants and uses through traditional knowledge of local people.
Importance of Ethnobotany:
 It provides traditional uses of plants.
 It gives information about known and unknown useful plants.
 It provides information for preparing herbal medicine to treat various diseases.
 34

4. How can you determine the age of the fossils? [MDL – 19, SEP – 2020]
 Age of fossils is determined by radioactive elements like carbon, lead or potassium in it.
 Radioactive carbon (C14) dating method discovered by W.F. Libby (1956) is used often.
 Carbon consumption stops after death. After that C14 starts decaying continuously.
 Time after death can be calculated by measuring the amount of C14 present in their body.

Additional Question
5. What is Evolution? Who proposed the theories of evolution? [MAY-2022, SEP – 2021]
 Evolution is the gradual change occurring in living organisms over a period of time.
 Lamarck and Darwin proposed the theories of evolution.

VIII. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. Arun was playing in the garden. Suddenly he saw a dragon fly sitting on a plant. He
observed the wings of it. He thought it looked similar to a wing of a crow. Is he correct?
Give reason for your answer. [PTA – 2]
i) No, the wings are different. Wings of dragon fly are thin and transparent, whereas wings
of crow are strong, muscular and covered with feathers.
ii) Wings of dragon fly and crow have same function, but their origin and pattern are
different. These are called analogous organs.

2. Imprints of fossils tell us about evolution - How?

 Fossils are the preserved traces of animals, plants, and other organisms.
 Fossils provide solid evidence that organisms from the past are not the same as today
 Fossils show a progression of evolution.
 Fossil record tells the story of past and shows the evolution over millions of years.
3. Octopus, cockroach and frog all have eyes. Can we group these animals together to
establish a common evolutionary origin. Justify your answer. [PTA – 4]
i) No, we cannot group these animals together to establish a common evolutionary origin.
ii) Because, we need more similarities, to group them together.
iii) They have major dissimilarities like octopus is aquatic, frog is amphibian whereas
cockroach is non-aquatic.
 Two Marks 35

20. BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Discuss the method of plant breeding for disease resistance. [PTA – 6]
Developing disease resistant crops, would increase yield and reduce fungicides & bactericides.
Examples of disease resistant crop varieties
Crop Variety Resistance to diseases
Wheat Himgiri Leaf and stipe rust, hill bund
Cauliflower Pusa Shubhra, Pusa snowball K-1 Black rot
Cowpea Pusa Komal Bacterial blight
Selection and Hybridization are few methods of plant breeding to get disease resistant plants.
2. Name three improved characteristics of wheat that helped India to achieve high productivity.
i) Sonalika, Kalyan Sona – High-yielding, semi-dwarf [PTA – 4]
ii) Himgiri – Diseases resistance
iii) Atlas – 66 – Improved nutritional quality
3. Name two maize hybrids rich in amino acid lysine. [MAY - 2022, MDL – 19]
Protina, Shakti, Rathna are maize hybrids rich in amino acid lysine.
4. Distinguish between :
a) Somatic gene therapy and Germ line gene therapy. [SEP – 2021, PTA – 1]
Somatic gene therapy Germ line gene therapy
1. It replaces defective gene in somatic cells. It replaces defective gene in germ cell.
2. It cannot be carried to next generation. It can be carried to next generation.
b) Undifferentiated cells and Differentiated cells.
Undifferentiated cells Differentiated cells
1. Unspecialised cells. 1. Specialised cells.
2. Have variable potency. 2. Perform specific function.
3. Ex : Stem cells. 3. Ex : Nerve cell, etc.
5. State the applications of DNA fingerprinting technique. [SEP – 2020, PTA – 3]
 It is used in forensic.
 It is used for paternity testing.
 It helps in the study of genetic diversity, evolution and speciation.
6. How are stem cells useful in regenerative process?
When tissues and organs are permanently damaged or lost due to genetic condition or disease
or injury, stem cells are used to treat it.
7. Differentiate between outbreeding and inbreeding.
Outbreeding Inbreeding
1. Breeding of unrelated animals. Breeding of closely related animals within same breed.
2. Hybrids are stronger and vigorous. Accumulates superior genes. Eliminates undesired genes.
4. Ex : Mule Ex : Sheep Hissardale
 36

Additional Question
8. Explain about Gene Therapy. [SEP – 2020]
Gene therapy : Replacement of defective gene by direct transfer of functional genes to treat
genetic disease or disorder. Gene is altered using recombinant DNA technology.
Two Types : i) Somatic gene therapy ii) Germ line gene therapy

IX. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

1. A breeder wishes to incorporate desirable characters into the crop plants. Prepare a list
of characters he will incorporate.
 Higher productivity and better quality
 Disease resistance
 Insects/pests resistance
 Shorter duration
 Nutritional Quality
 Semi dwarf varieties

2. Polyploids are characterised by gigantism. Justify your answer.

 In polyploidy, genome becomes larger. So, nucleus and cells are also larger. Hence,
they produce larger leaves, stems, flowers and fruits.
 Thus, polyploids are characterised by gigantism.

21. HEALTH AND DISEASES

1. What are the various routes by which transmission of human immuno deficiency virus
takes place? [PTA – 1]
 Sexual contact with infected person.
 Use of contaminated needles (or) syringes.
 By transfusion of infected blood or blood products.
 From infected mother to child through placenta.
2. How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell? [SEP – 2021, PTA – 4]
Cancer cell Normal cell
1) Abnormal cell division & growth 1) Cell division & growth are normal & controlled.
2) Undergo metathesis. 2) Do not undergo metathesis.
3) They invade & destroy surrounding tissues. 3) They do not invade & destroy surrounding tissues.
 Two Marks 37

3. Differentiate between Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes mellitus. [PTA – 4]

Type -1 Type-2
Factors
Diabetes Mellitus(IDDM) Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
Prevalence 10-20% 80 - 90%
Age of onset Juvenile onset (< 20 years) Maturity onset (>30 years)
Body weight Normal (or) Underweight Obese
Defect Insulin deficiency Target cells do not respond to insulin
Treatment Insulin administration Diet, exercise and medicine
4. Why is a dietary restriction recommended for an obese individual?
 Obesity is a risk factor for hypertension, diabetes, gall bladder disease, heart disease, etc,.
 Hence, dietary restrictions would be effective for an obese individual.
5. What precautions can be taken for preventing heart diseases? [SEP – 2020, MDL – 19]
i) Diet Management :
 Reduce the intake of calories, fat and cholesterol rich food, low carbohydrates and salt.
 Increase the intake of fibre diet, fruits, vegetables, proteins, minerals and vitamins.
ii) Physical activity : Regular exercise, walking and yoga.
iii) Avoid Addictive substance : Alcohol and smoking should be avoided.
Additional Question
6. Write the measures adopted for protection of an abused child. [SEP – 2020]
 Child helpline  Counselling  Legal counsel
 Family support  Rehabilitation  Medical care

X. Higher order thinking skills (HOTS)

1. What is the role of fat in the cause of atherosclerosis? [PTA – 3]
 In Atherosclerosis, arteries become narrowed and hardened due to plaque around its wall.
 Plaque is the deposition of fat cholesterols. Thus, fat plays a major role in atherosclerosis.
2. Eating junk food and consuming soft drinks results in health problems like obesity, still
children prefer. What are the suggestions you would give to avoid children eating junk
food/ consumption of soft drinks?
 Instead of soft drinks, drink fresh fruit juices, energy drinks.
 Replacing Junk foods by sprouts, pulses, cereals.
 Media awareness is very essential.
3. Regular physical exercise is advisable for normal functioning of human body. What are
the advantages of practicing exercise in daily life? [PTA – 6]
 It makes us feel happier, energetic and active.
 It helps us in weight loss and prevent us from Obesity.
 It can reduce the risk of many diseases.
 Increases muscle strength and endurance.
 38

4. A leading weekly magazine has recently published a survey analysis, which says that
number of AIDS patient in the country is increasing day by day. The report says that the
awareness among the people about AIDS is still very poor. You are discussing the
magazine report in your class and a team of your class decides to help people to fight
against the dreadful disease.
a) What problem you face when trying to educate the people in your village near by your school?
 We hesitate to talk and people embarrassed to listen about AIDS.
 It creates a negative impact of isolating the AIDS patients.
b) How do you overcome the problem?
 We shall go with teachers, NGOs and activists.
 We can show them slideshows.

XI. Value based questions

1. Once a person starts taking drugs or alcohol it is difficult to get rid of the habit. Why?
 Because drug addicts often feel a strong urge to take alcohol.
 They have a strong belief that drug alone can help them in stress.
 On regular usage, they become fully dependent and cannot live without drugs.

2. Men addicted to tobacco lead to oxygen deficiency in their body. What could be the
possible reason?
Carbon monoxide of tobacco smoke binds to haemoglobin of RBC and decrease its oxygen
carrying capacity. This leads to oxygen deficiency in their body.

3. Name any three foods that are to be avoided and included in the diet of a diabetic patient.
Why should it be followed?
Foods to be included : Flax seeds, guavas, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables and spinach.
Foods to be avoided : Sweets, refined sugar, high fat content food, fruits juices
Reason : Because, the above diet helps to reduce and control blood sugar levels.

4. How can informational efforts change people’s HIV knowledge and behaviour?[PTA –5]
Informational efforts could change people’s knowledge and behaviour in the following ways,
 Campaigns can provide clear knowledge on causes and consequences of AIDS.
 People’s attitude towards the infected people would change.
 People Insist disposable needles syringes and screening of blood before transfusion.
 People encourages measures for safe sex.
 Two Marks 39

22. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

1. What is the importance of rain water harvesting? [MAY - 2022,PTA – 4]
 It overcomes the rapid depletion of groundwater levels.
 It satisfies the increased demand of water.
 It reduces flood and soil erosion.
 Ground water is not contaminated. So, it can be used for drinking.
2. What are the advantages of using biogas? [PTA – 1]
 It causes less pollution.
 Excellent way to get rid of organic wastes.
 Left over slurry is a good manure.
 It is safe and convenient to use.
 It reduces the amount of greenhouse gases emitted.
3. What are the environmental effects caused by sewage?
 Sewage is the major water pollutant in India.
 It causes agricultural contamination and environmental degradation.
 Contaminated water can cause diseases.
4. What are the consequences of deforestation?
Deforestation gives rise to ecological problems like flood, drought, soil erosion, loss of
wildlife, extinction, imbalances, changes in climatic conditions, desertification, etc,.
Additional Question
5. What is 3R approach? [PTA - 1]
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle methods used for waste management is called 3R approach.
IX. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
1. Although coal and petroleum are produced by degradation of biomass, yet we need to
conserve them. Why? [PTA – 2]
 Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels.
 Formation of fossil fuel is a very slow process. It takes a very time for renewal.
 Degradation of biomass takes millions of years to get converted into coal and petroleum.
 They get exhausted if we continue using them at rapid rate. So, we need to conserve them.
2. What are the objectives for replacing non-conventional energy resources from
conventional energy resources?
 They are available easily in unlimited quantity.
 They can be renewed quickly.
 They produce less pollution.
 They can be used continuously.
3. Why is the Government imposing ban on the use of polythene bags and plastics? Suggest
alternatives. How is this ban likely to improve the environment?
Reasons for banning polythene bags and plastics:
 Plastics can not degrade naturally causing pollutions in land, soil and water.
 Burning of plastics leads to air pollution.
 Plastics prevent absorption of water into Earth, which reduces groundwater level.
 Polythene bags are accidentally eaten by animals. It harms them and may lead to death.
Alternatives : Use containers, cloth bags, paper wraps, compostable bags, jute bags.
Improvement : Reduces various pollutions and improves health of individuals.
 40

X. Value based questions

1. Why is it not possible to use solar cells to meet our energy needs? State three reason to
support to your answer.
Reasons:
 High installation cost.
 Limited availability of silicon to make solar cells.
 Efficiency of energy conversion and storage is low.
 Solar energy can be obtained only during day time.
2. How would you dispose the following wastes?
a) Domestic wastes like vegetable peels b) Industrial wastes like metallic cans
Can the disposal protect the environment? How?
a) Domestic wastes have to be disposed in compost pits. Yes, this protects the
environment because it is used as manure and improves soil fertility.
b) Industrial wastes like metallic cans can be recycled. Yes, this disposal protects the
environment because it causes no pollution and there is no left over.
3. List any three activities based on 4R approach to conserve natural resources.
1. Use of public transport instead of personal transport - Reduces fuel consumption.
2. Materials like paper can be reused & recycled.
3. Use of plastics should be reduced, reused and recycled.
4. Recovery – Conversion of waste materials into resources like electricity, fuel etc.,

23. VISUAL COMMUNICATION

1. What is Scratch?
 Scratch is used to create animations, cartoons and games easily.
 It is a visual programming language.
 Developed in MIT Media Lab to make programming easier and more fun to learn.
2. Write a short note on script editor and its main parts.
Script / costume editor: It is the place where we edit our programs.
i) Script area : We build scripts here.
ii) Block menu : We choose the category of blocks here.
iii) Block palette: We choose the blocks here.
3. What is Stage? [SEP – 2020]
 Stage is the background that appears when we open scratch.
 Background will mostly be white. We can change it.
4. What is Sprite?
 Characters on the background of a Scratch are known as sprite.
 Software has facilities to make alternations in sprite.