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Computing

A network is a collection of interconnected computers and devices that enables communication and resource sharing, with both advantages and disadvantages. Key components include network switches, routers, and servers, while protocols like TCP/IP and HTTP/HTTPS facilitate data transmission. Security measures such as firewalls, user access controls, and encryption are essential to protect data within the network.

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1 views

Computing

A network is a collection of interconnected computers and devices that enables communication and resource sharing, with both advantages and disadvantages. Key components include network switches, routers, and servers, while protocols like TCP/IP and HTTP/HTTPS facilitate data transmission. Security measures such as firewalls, user access controls, and encryption are essential to protect data within the network.

Uploaded by

tapasya.veerapaneni2010
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computing

9.2: Network

What is a network?
A set of computers and devices that are connected to communicate and share
resources.
The network can be local or spread across countries

Advantages Disadvantages

Sharing devices such as Purchasing the network cabling and file servers can
printers saves money. be expensive.

Site (software) licenses are Managing a large network is complicated, and


likely cheaper than buying requires training, and a network manager usually
several standalone licenses. needs to be employed.

Files can easily be shared If the file server breaks down, the files on the file server
between users. become inaccessible. Email might still work if it is on a
separate server. The computers can still be used but
are isolated.

Network users can Viruses can spread to other computers throughout a


communicate by email and computer network.
instant messenger.

Security is good - users cannot There is a danger of hacking, particularly with wide
see other users' files unlike on area networks. Security procedures are needed to
stand-alone machines. prevent, e.g., a firewall.

Data is easy to back up as all


the data is stored on the file
server.
Components of a Computer Network

Network Switch - connects devices on a network to form a wired network

Router - a hardware device that connects networks together

Network Interface Card (NIC) - every device that connects to a network has a
NIC, which has a pre-programmed MAC Address so it can be identified on a
network

MAC Address - number programmed into a network interface card that


identifies each device on a network

Wireless Acess Point (WAP) - a network device that allows wireless capable
devices to connect to the Wi-Fi

Ethernet Cable - Designed to work with ethernet ports on a NIC to connect


devices to the network

Servers -
● File Server-place to store and access files
● Print server-They help users connect to shared printers and they process
files from a client to the printer.
● Mail server-A mail server (sometimes called an email server) is a software
program that sends and receives email
● Web server-used for accessing the world wide web. The main job of a
web server is to display website content through storing, processing and
delivering webpages to users

Firewall - restricts the network traffic entering and exiting a network, to ensure
that it is safe
Network Protocols

TCP/IP:
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
IP - Internet Protocol

Function - used to break data into data packets for transportation

Data Packet:

Sender IP Address 172.16.254.1

Receiver IP Address 192.168.0.1

Packet Number 2/4

Data 01010010 01101111 01110010 01111001 00100000 01000111


01101001 01101100 01101101 01101111 01110010 01100101

Packet Switching:
A method of data transmission in which a message is broken up into a number
of packets.
They can be transported individually and at the destination, the packets need
to reorder into the correct sequence.
HTTP/HTTPS:

HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol


HTTPS - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
URL - Uniform Resource Location

Function - set of rules for communicating with web servers

Domain Name - website name


DomainHost - www
Domain Type - part of a URL that specifies the location on the Internet
Eg. com., co., org.

Checking For Errors

Reasons for Transmission Errors


- electrical spikes or power surges (may flip bits)
- security breaches (hacking & malware)
- more electrical devices in a small area can cause electrical/radio waves
to disrupt
- hardware failure

Parity Checking - method of error detection in data transmission from one


device to another

Even Parity:

Parity Bit Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
The number of 1s should be even if not they should add 1 so it is even

Parity Bit Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
The number of 1s should be even, if they are, add a 0
Odd Parity:

Parity Bit Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7

1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
The number of 1s should be odd if not they should add 1 so it is odd

Parity Bit Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
The number of 1s should be odd, if they are, add a 0

Scalability:
Scalability means how a network can cope when there is a sudden increase in
movement of data between more devices

Security-Cyber attacks need more fire-walls as the network becomes unstable

Storage solutions-Expand file server or another file server

Accessibility of data-increase bandwidth


Need more switches or WAP

Ways to keep datasets safe on networks:

● Firewalls: Blocks access to datasets from outside the network


● User access controls: Restricted access to users(Ex:
administrator, staff, students etc.,)
● Password policies: strong password, change password regularly
● Takes a longer time for hackers to use a brute-force attack
● Biometric security- biological password(fingerprint, facial recognition)
or iris scan)
● Two-factor authentication-user hs to confirm identification using a
second device(Ex: OTP)
● Encryption-Network managers make sure data is encrypted using
secure protocols(Ex: HTTPS)
9.6: Array of Skills

String-Handling:
text=input("enter")
print(text.capitalize())
print(text.upper())
print(text.lower())
print(len(text))
print(text[0:2])#slicing

Sub Programs:

Syntax:

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