Mark schemes

(a) (i) T = 40(ms) (1)

1.
Hz (1)

(allow C.E. for value of T)

(ii) peak voltage (= 3 × 15) = 45 (V) (1)

rms voltage =32 V (1)

(31.8 V)
4

(b) (i) Irms = = 59mA (1)

(58.9mA)
(use of 32 V gives 59(.2) mA)
(allow C.E. for value of Vrms from (a))

(ii) Vrms = 59 × 10–3 × 90 = 5.3(1) V (1)

(allow C.E. for value of Irms from (i)) [or V2 =V1 ]

(c) Vpeak = 5.31× =7.5(1) (V) (1)

best choice: 5 V per division (1)
(allow C.E. for incorrect Vrms and for suitable reason)

reason: others would give too large or too small a trace (1)
3
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(a) attempts two calculations that would lead to a conclusion 1✔

2.
for 1✔ the result of at least one calculation of M × y must be correct
(see table) otherwise withhold both marks;
allow use of y in m but reject POT error
allow use of correct read-offs from valid BFL;
condone use of two rows of data to show that when M doubles, y
does not halve;
award of 2✔ is contingent on valid 1✔
1

Runnymede College Page 10 of 15

a reasoned judgement explaining why y not inversely proportional to M 2✔

M / kg y / mm acceptable M × y min sf
0.5 89(.0) 44.5 / 45
2
1.0 82(.0) 82(.0)
1.5 76(.0) 114(.0)
2.0 71(.0) 142(.0)
3
2.5 66.5 166(.3)
3.0 62.5 187.5 / 188
for 2✔ two correct calculations of M × y
see table for min sf in result for M × y
OR
one correct calculation of M × y and an appropriate reverse-
working calculation;
statement rejecting inverse-proportion supported by suitable
quantitative reasoning, eg calculation of the percentage difference
between the results of their calculations;
condone ‘large’ / ‘significant differences’ (between calculation
results) / use of >> etc;
reject ‘values are different’ / ‘not same’ / ‘not constant’ / ‘not close
enough’ use of > etc;
reasoning must be based on the data points, eg reject ‘best-fit line
crosses y-axis’
1

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(b) (as P moves down) trapped air expands so)
pressure (of trapped air) is reduced 1✔
must address situation in Figure 3
for 1✔ allow ‘pressure reaches lower value’ reject ‘pressure is low’

pressure less than atmospheric pressure 2✔

for 2✔ allow ‘there is a pressure difference across P ‘ / ‘external
pressure > pressure of trapped air’
award 1✔2✔ for pressure of air reduced below atmospheric

this leads to an upwards force balancing the weight of P

OR

pressure difference across P × area of piston = weight of piston 3✔

for 3✔ allow any correct idea about how two opposing forces act to
produce equilibrium;
‘no resultant force’ is not enough
reject ‘weight = gravity’ / ideas about ‘suction’ / equating pressure
with force

why P falls when the valve is opened 4✔

for 4✔ idea of external and internal pressures equalising;
reject ‘pressure released / returns to normal’
Max 3

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(c) smooth curve of decreasing negative gradient through all 6 points 1✔
for 1✔ must be a single continuous line for M > 0.5 that overlaps
with all 6 +;
1

line with negative gradient extrapolated (backwards) to M ≤ −0.35 2✔

condone poorly-marked line (note that poor line quality may only be
penalised in (d))

records y corresponding to M = −0.7 3✔

y in range 108 mm to 116 mm 4✔

for 2✔ condone linear extension of curve with negative gradient for
M < +0.5
1

OR

for incorrect M (3 MAX)

smooth curve etc 1✔

for 3✔ curve must extend to where read off is being made
1

line with negative gradient extrapolated (backwards) to M ≤ −0.35 2✔

records y corresponding to M = −0.35;

y in range 101 mm to 107 mm 34✔

OR

for linear graph (2 MAX)

ruled line with negative gradient extrapolated (backwards) to M ≤ −0.35 12✔

records y corresponding to M = −0.7;

y in range 101 mm to 107 mm 34✔

award of 4✔ is contingent on valid 3✔
for 4✔ answers that round to nearest mm are acceptable
1

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(d) correctly identifies error 1✔
for 1✔ reading has been taken at / from the top of the meniscus /
top of coloured oil / top of liquid
OR
should have taken / did not take reading from the bottom / lowest
point of the meniscus / lowest point on surface of coloured oil
OR
‘(student thinks) sub-divisions are 0.1 cm3 and not (as question
states) 0.2 cm3’
reject ‘should have read from bottom of coloured oil’ / ‘failed to read
meniscus properly’ / ‘read at the top of the air’ / ‘has read divisions
incorrectly’ or wtte
1

correct reading is 35.8 2✔

for 2✔ CAO
1

(e) gradient from Δ log(V / cm3) divided by Δ log(p / MPa); evaluated to ≥ 3 sf result between
−1.05 and −1.01 1✔
don’t insist on large steps / read off accuracy
accept result that rounds to 3sf between −1.05 and −1.01; sign
essential
1

relevant algebra enabling comparison with y = mx + c 2✔

for 2✔ (eg Boyle’s Law written as)
log V = − log p + constant
condone variation based on Ideal Gas Law in which case must
establish that (nR)T / (Nk)T is constant (which then implies Boyle’s
Law) (recognisable data book symbols only)
OR
(Figure 5 shows)
log V = gradient × log p + constant;
accept (log) k, (log) c etc as recognisable symbols for the constant;
condone (any) numerical value given for the constant eg 101.685;
accept m as recognisable symbol for the gradient
1

why gradient ≈ −1 confirms Boyle’s Law 3✔

for 3✔ allow gradient is / equals / should be −1
if 2✔ not given accept ‘gradient ≈ −1 demonstrates inverse
proportion or wtte
1

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(f) reads off and attempts to make use of log p1 AND log V1 for any point on the line 1✔
for 1✔ check log V1 is within half a grid square of correct position for
their log p1 or vice-versa;
‘make use of’ excludes use in a gradient calculation
V2 in range 10.5 to 11.5 (cm3) earns 1✔2✔3✔
1

applies a workable method 2✔

for 2✔ creditworthy examples are
a calculation of the intercept in Figure 5
eg log V + log p = 0.585
OR

use of gradient = (eg similar triangles idea)

OR
a calculation of p × V (by any means)
OR
use of log V = −1 × log 0.34 + their intercept
no credit for claiming 1.685 (or 1.170) are intercepts; this cannot
earn 2✔
1

further manipulation to determine unknown V2 3✔

for 3✔ accept result that rounds to 10.5 or 11.5;
accept 2sf 11 (cm3)
1

(g) temperature (of air) 1✔

for 1✔ accept ‘mean ke of air molecules’ (or wtte) / vapour pressure
of air’
‘keep mass of air constant’ is neutral (this information is given
below Figure 5)
1

change the pressure of the gas slowly or wtte

OR

wait (after a change) between taking readings / until the oil level stabilises 2✔
award of 2✔ is contingent on valid 1✔
for 2✔ condone ‘keep lab temperature constant’;
‘use a water bath’ is neutral
reject ‘do the experiment slowly’ / ‘do not heat the apparatus’ / ‘keep
windows closed’ etc
1
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