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GR 9 CH 1 NUMBER SYSTEMS - Notes

The document provides an overview of various number systems, including natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. It explains the characteristics of each type of number and includes methods for representing irrational numbers on the number line, as well as identities and operations involving irrational numbers. Additionally, it discusses the decimal representation of rational and irrational numbers and provides examples of converting decimals to rational numbers.

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Anwar Sheikh
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113 views4 pages

GR 9 CH 1 NUMBER SYSTEMS - Notes

The document provides an overview of various number systems, including natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. It explains the characteristics of each type of number and includes methods for representing irrational numbers on the number line, as well as identities and operations involving irrational numbers. Additionally, it discusses the decimal representation of rational and irrational numbers and provides examples of converting decimals to rational numbers.

Uploaded by

Anwar Sheikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch 1 NUMBER SYSTEMS

Introduction to Number Systems

Numbers
Number: Arithmetical value representing a particular quantity. The various types of numbers are
Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers, Rational Numbers, Irrational Numbers, Real Numbers
etc.

To know more about Numbers, visit here.

Natural Numbers
Natural numbers(N) are positive numbers i.e. 1, 2, 3 ..and so on.

To know more about Natural Numbers, visit here.

Whole Numbers
Whole numbers (W) are 0, 1, 2,..and so on. Whole numbers are all Natural Numbers including ‘0’.
Whole numbers do not include any fractions, negative numbers or decimals.

To know more about Whole Numbers, visit here.

ntegers
Integers are the numbers that includes whole numbers along with the negative numbers.

To know more about Integers, visit here.

Rational Numbers
A number ‘r’ is called a rational number if it can be written in the form p/q, where p and q are integers
and q ≠ 0.

To know more about Rational Numbers, visit here.

Irrational Numbers
Any number that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q≠0, is an
irrational number. Examples: √2, 1.010024563…, e, π

To know more about Irrational Numbers, visit here.


Real Numbers
Any number which can be represented on the number line is a Real Number(R). It includes both
rational and irrational numbers. Every point on the number line represents a unique real number.

To know more about Real Numbers, visit here.

Irrational Numbers

Representation of Irrational numbers on the Number line


Let √x be an irrational number. To represent it on the number line we will follow the following steps:

●​ Take any point A. Draw a line AB = x units.


●​ Extend AB to point C such that BC = 1 unit.
●​ Find out the mid-point of AC and name it ‘O’. With ‘O’ as the centre draw a semi-circle with
radius OC.
●​ Draw a straight line from B which is perpendicular to AC, such that it intersects the
semi-circle at point D.

Length of BD=√x.

Constructions to Find the root of x.


●​ With BD as the radius and origin as the centre, cut the positive side of the number line to get
√x.

Identities for Irrational Numbers


Arithmetic operations between:

●​ rational and irrational will give an irrational number.


●​ irrational and irrational will give a rational or irrational number.
Example : 2 × √3 = 2√3 i.e. irrational. √3 × √3 = 3 which is rational.

Identities for irrational numbers


If a and b are real numbers then:

●​ √ab = √a√b
●​ √ab = √a√b
●​ (√a+√b) (√a-√b) = a – b
●​ (a+√b)(a−√b) = a²−b
●​ (√a+√b)(√c+√d) = √ac+√ad+√bc+√bd
●​ (√a+√b)(√c−√d) = √ac−√ad+√bc−√bd
●​ (√a+√b)2 = a+2√(ab)+b
​ Rationalisation​
Rationalisation is converting an irrational number into a rational number. Suppose if we have
to rationalise 1/√a.​
1/√a × 1/√a = 1/a​
Rationalisation of 1/√a+b:​
(1/√a+b) × (1/√a−b) = (1/a−b²)​
Laws of Exponents for Real Numbers​
If a, b, m and n are real numbers then:
●​ am × an= am+n
●​ (am) n = amn
●​ am/an = am−n
●​ ambm=(ab)m
​ Here, a and b are the bases and m and n are exponents.​
Exponential representation of irrational numbers​
If a > 0 and n is a positive integer, then: n√a=a1n Let a > 0 be a real number and p and q be
rational numbers, then:
●​ ap × aq = ap + q
●​ (ap)q = apq
●​ ap/ aq= ap−q
●​ apbp = (ab)p
​ Decimal Representation of Rational Numbers​
Decimal expansion of Rational and Irrational Numbers​
The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non- terminating and
recurring.​
Example: 1/2 = 0.5 , 1/3 = 3.33…….​
The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non terminating and non-recurring.​
Examples: √2 = 1.41421356..​
Expressing Decimals as rational numbers​
Case 1 – Terminating Decimals​
Example – 0.625​
Let x=0.625​
If the number of digits after the decimal point is y, then multiply and divide the number by
10y.​
So, x = 0.625 × 1000/1000 = 625/1000 Then, reduce the obtained fraction to its simplest
form.​
Hence, x = 5/8​
Case 2: Recurring Decimals​
If the number is non-terminating and recurring, then we will follow the following steps to
convert it into a rational number:​

Example – ​

Step 1. Let x = (1)​


Step 2. Multiply the first equation with 10y, where y is the number of digits that are recurring.

​ Thus, 100x = (2)Steps 3. Subtract equation 1 from equation 2.On subtracting


equation 1 from 2, we get99x = 103.2x=103.2/99 = 1032/990​
Which is the required rational number.​
Reduce the obtained rational number to its simplest form Thus,​
x=172/165

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