JSS2 NOTES

SCHEME OF WORK SECOND TERM

WEEK TOPIC

One Plane Shapes

Two Plane Shapes

Three Simple proportion

Four Angles in a polygon

Five Scale Drawing

Six The Pythagoras Theorem

Seven Trigonometry (SOHCAHTOA)

Eight Angles of elevation and Depression

Nine Simultaneous Linear Equations in two Variables

Ten Graph of simultaneous equation

Eleven Revision

Twelve Examination

PLANE SHAPES

Most of the objects that we encounter can be associated with basic shapes. A closed, two-
dimensional or flat figure is called a plane shape. Different plane shapes have different
attributes, such as the numbers of sides or corners. A side is a straight line that makes part of the
shape, and a corner is where two sides meet. In this chapter, children will learn to identify,
describe, sort, and classify plane shapes by these attributes.

Although children are familiar with the most common shapes, up until now they may not have
been able to verbalize what distinguishes a square from a rectangle or a circle from a triangle.
They will learn to describe shapes in terms of their sides and corners.
A triangle is a shape with three sides and three corners. A rectangle is a shape with four sides
and four corners. They may notice that opposite sides are the same length. A square is a
rectangle in which all four sides are of equal length. A circle is a round shape that has no sides or
corners. These attributes, as well as size, can be used to sort and classify shapes.

PROPETIES OF PLANE SHAPES

Square

(1) It has four sides

(2) Each of the sides is of equal length
(3) Opposite sides are parallel
(4) Each of the angles is equal
(5) Each of the angle is a right angle

Rectangle
  a rectangle has two equal sides
 The diagonal are equal, and they bisect each other.
 it has two line of symmetry.
 Each interior angle is a right angle

Triangle

Two side are equal, the base angles are equal (isosceles triangle). All the three sides are equal,
all the angles are equal which is 60, it has three line of symmetry. (equilateral triangles)

Parallelogram
Opposites sides are equal

Opposite sides are parallel

Opposite angles are equal, a=b, x=y

Rhombus

A rhombus have almost the same properties with parallelogram except that, All the four sides are equal.

(1)Opposite sides are parallel

(2)Opposite angles are equal:a=b,x=y

Kite

Adjacent sides are equal

Two diagonals intersect each other at right angle

Trapezium
 One pair of opposite sides is parallel

The interior angles sum up to 3600

AREA OF PLANE SHAPES

Formula for Area of plane shapes are shown in the table below

SHAPE FORMULA

Rectangle A = LB

Square A = L2

Triangle A = 1/2bh

Parallelogram A = bh

Trapezium A = 1/2 ( a + b ) h

Rhombus / Kite A = 1/2 ( d1d2 )

Circle Full circle, A=π r 2 or A=1/4 π d 2

Semi-circle, A=1/2 π r 2

Quadrant, A=1/4 π r 2

EXAMPLES ON AREA OF PLANE SHAPES

Example1: the area of a trapezium is 1200m2, the height is 2400cm and the length of one of the parallel
sides is 3500cm. find the length of the other parallel side.

SOLUTION

A = 1/2 (a + b) h

A = 1200m2, h = 2400cm, a = 3500cm

12,000,000 = 1/2 (3500 + b) 2400

12,000,000 = (3500 + b) 1200

12,000,000 / 1200 = (3500 + b) 1200 / 1200

10,000 = 3500 + b

B = 10,000 – 3500
 B = 6500cm

Square

Perimeter of a square=4L

Example

A rectangle has length x cm and width (x-1)m. If the perimeter is 16cm. Find the value of x

Solution

Perimeter of a rectangle= 2(L+B)

16=2(L+B)

16= 2 [X+(X-1)]

8=X+ X -1

2X=9

X=4.5cm

CIRCLE

Area of circle= πr2

Perimeter of circle=2πr

Example

If the circumference of a circle is 88cm. Find in m2, the area of the circle (π=3.143)

Solution

Area=πr2

Circumference=2πr

88= 2 × 3.142 × r

R=19.999cm
Convert 13.999cm to m=13.999/100

Area= 3.142 × ( 13.999/1000)

=0.00616cm2

Area of a triangle

Area= 1/2base × Height

Trapezium

Area of a trapezium= ½(a+b)h

Example

Calculate the perimeter of a trapezium with parallel sides 6cm and 8cm, with height 3cm.

Area of a trapezium= ½(a+b)h

A=6cm, b=8cm h=3cm

Area =1/2(6+8)3

=1/2(14)3

=21cm2

Exercise

What is the diameter of a circle of area 77cm2. (π=22/7)

polygon = (2n-4)90
 ANGLES AND POLYGON

TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF ANGLES

Straight Angles

straight lines. Angles are represented by the sign ϴ, called theta. That is, for straight angles, ϴ=
Angles which measure exactly 180° (degrees) are straight angles. Therefore, straight angles are

180°.

Right Angles

Angles which measure exactly 90° are right angles, that is, ϴ = 90°.

Obtuse Angles

Obtuse angles are those which are greater than 90° but less than 180°, that is, 90° < ϴ < 180°.
Acute Angles

Acute angles are angles which are greater than 0° but less than 90°, that is, 0° < ϴ < 90°.

Reflex Angles

Reflex angles are angles which are greater than 180° but less than 360°, that is, 180° < ϴ < 360°.

Adjacent Angles

Two angles which share the same vertex (centre, usually represented by 0) and have a common
side (line) are called adjacent angles.
Complementary Angles

Complementary angles are two angles which when summed equals 90°.

Note: <A and <B, are ‘angle A’ and ‘angle B’ respectively.

Supplementary Angles

Supplementary angles are two angles which when summed equals 180°.

Vertically Opposite Angles

Vertically opposite angles are the angles opposite to each other when two straight lines intersect.
Their defining property is that, vertically opposite angles are equal in magnitude.
Corresponding Angles

When two parallel lines are crossed by a line called the transversal, the angles formed which are
in corresponding positions, are called corresponding angles. Corresponding angles are equal in
magnitude.

POLYGON:

A polygon is a figure that is closed by three or more sides.

Polygon No of sides and No of angles No of Triangles

Triangle 3 1

Quadrilateral 4 2

Pentagon 5 3

Hexagon 6 4

Heptagon 7 5

Octagon 8 6
 Nonagon 9 7

A polygon is said to be regular when all the sides and angles are equal. An irregular
polygon has neither of the sides or angles equal.

TYPES OF POLYGON (Regular Polygons)

Regular polygons have all sides, and all angles equal.

Angles in a Quadrilateral

Example1

Find the sum of x and y

Solution

X + y+ z + 85= 360

(Sum of angles in a quadrilateral)

Z=85
(Opposite angles in a parallelogram)

X=y

(Opposite angles in a parallelogram)

X + x + 170=360

2x + 170 =360

2x= 360-170

2x=190

X=95

2x is the same as x +y=190

Example 2

The angles of a quadrilateral are x, 2x, 3x and 4x. Find the value of x.

Solution

X + 2x + 3x + 4x =360

(Sum of angles in a quadrilateral)

10x=360

X=36

Example 3

The angles of a quadrilateral are (x-30),(x+8),3x and (2x-10). Find the value of x

Solution

(x-30) + (x+8) + 3x + (2x-10)=360

(Sum of angles in a quadrilateral)

X + x + 3x + 2x – 30 +8-10=360

7x – 32=360

7x= 392
X=56

EXERCISE

(1)A quadrilateral has angles 128, 91, y and 2y. Find the value of y

(2)Calculate the fourth angle of a quadrilateral whose three angles are 58, 117 and 122.

(3)The angles of a quadrilateral are x, 2x, 3x and 4x. Find the value of x

Sum of interior angles in a polygon

The general formula for number of triangles= n-2

Example

How many triangles are there in a polygon of 20 sides

Solution

Number of triangles in a polygon=n-2=20-2=18 triangles

Sum of interior angles of a polygon

The sum of interior angles of a polygon is given by (2n-4)90 or (n-2)180, n=sides

Example

The sum of the angles of a polygon is 1260. How many sides has the polygon

Solution

Sum of angles of a polygon = (2n-4)90

(2n-4)90=1260

180n – 360=1260

180n = 1260 + 360

180n= 1620

N=9 sides

Example
The angles of a polygon are x, 2x, (x+60), (x+10) and (x-10). Find the value of x, Determine the size of the
angles.

Solution

X + 2x + (x + 60) + (x + 10) + (x – 10) = Sum of angles in a pentagon

Sum of angles in a pentagon= (n-2)180

= (5-2)180

=540

X + 2x + (x + 60) + (x + 10) + (x – 10) = 540

X + 2x + x + x + x + 60 + 10 -10 =540

6x + 60 = 540

6x = 540 – 60

6x=480 x=80

Other angles

2x=2 × 60 = 160

(x + 60) = 80 +60 = 140

(x + 10) = 80 + 10 = 90

(x -10) = 80 – 10 =70

EXERCISE

(1) The sum of 4 of the angles of a pentagon are 70, 90, 100 and 45. What is the size of the fifth
angle?
(2) Four angles of a pentagon are equal and the fifth one is 140. Find the equal angles.
(3) The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is 22 right angles. How many sides has the polygon

Size of Internal Angles

To find the size of the internal angles of a regular polygon with ‘n’ sides, use the formula:
For example, the size of the interior angles of the pentagon (five sides) above is:

SCALE DRAWING

Since it is not always possible to draw on paper the actual size of real-life objects such as the real
size of a car, an airplane, we need scale drawings to represent the size like the one you see below
of a van.

In real-life, the length of this van may measure 240 inches. However, the length of a copy or
print paper that you could use to draw this van is a little bit less than 12 inches

Since 240/12 = 20, you will need about 20 sheets of copy paper to draw the length of the actual
size of the van

In order to use just one sheet, you could then use 1 inch on your drawing to represent 20 inches
on the real-life object

You can write this situation as 1:20 or 1/20 or 1 to 20

Notice that the first number always refers to the length of the drawing on paper and the second
number refers to the length of real-life object

Example #1:

Suppose a problem tells you that the length of a vehicle is drawn to scale. The scale of the
drawing is 1:20

If the length of the drawing of the vehicle on paper is 12 inches, how long is the vehicle in real
life?

Set up a proportion that will look like this:

Do a cross product by multiplying the numerator of one fraction by the denominator of the other
fraction

We get:

Length of drawing × 20 = Real length × 1

Since length of drawing = 12, we get:

12 × 20 = Real length × 1

240 inches = Real length

Example #2:

The scale drawing of this tree is 1:500

If the height of the tree on paper is 20 inches, what is the height of the tree in real life?

Set up a proportion like this:

Do a cross product by multiplying the numerator of one fraction by the denominator of the other
fraction

We get:

Height of drawing × 500 = Real height × 1

Since height of drawing = 20, we get:

20 × 500 = Real length × 1

10000 inches = Real height

ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

What is angle of elevation?

The angle of elevation is the angle between a horizontal line from the observer and the line of
sight to an object that is above the horizontal line.

In the diagram below, AB is the horizontal line. q is the angle of elevation from the observer at A
to the object at C.

A B

What is angle of depression?

The angle of depression is the angle between a horizontal line from the observer and the line of
sight to an object that is below the horizontal line.

In the diagram below, PQ is the horizontal line. q is the angle of depression from the observer at
P to the object at R.
How to solve word problems that involves angle of elevation or depression?
Step 1: Draw a sketch of the situation.
Step 2: Mark in the given angle of elevation or depression.
Step 3: Use trigonometry to find the required missing length

Example:

Two poles on horizontal ground are 60 m apart. The shorter pole is 3 m high. The angle of
depression of the top of the shorter pole from the top of the longer pole is 20˚. Sketch a diagram
to represent the situation.

Solution:

Step 1: Draw two vertical lines to represent the shorter pole and the longer pole.

Step 2: Draw a line from the top of the longer pole to the top of the shorter pole. (This is the line
of sight).
Step 3: Draw a horizontal line to the top of the pole and mark in the angle of depression.

Example:

A man who is 2 m tall stands on horizontal ground 30 m from a tree. The angle of elevation of
the top of the tree from his eyes is 28˚. Estimate the height of the tree.

Solution:

Let the height of the tree be h. Sketch a diagram to represent the situation.

tan 28˚ =

h – 2 = 30 tan 28˚

h = (30 ´ 0.5317) + 2 ← tan 28˚ = 0.5317

 = 17.951

The height of the tree is approximately 17.95 m.

PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

What is Pythagoras theorem?

Pythagoras theorem states that the square of the longest side of a right angled triangle (called
the hypotenuse) is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
Pythagoras theorem is:
a2+b2=c2

Side c is known as the hypotenuse, which is the longest side of a right-angled triangle and is
opposite the right angle.
Side a and side b are known as the adjacent sides because they are adjacent (next to) the
right angle.

If we know any two sides of a right angled triangle, we can use Pythagoras theorem to work
out the length of the third side.
We can only use Pythagoras theorem with right-angled triangles.

Procedures used when using Pythagoras theorem

1. Label the sides of the triangle.

2. Write down the formula and apply the numbers.

3. Work out the answer.

Examples

Pythagorean Triple
Pythagorean Triples are a set of three integers that can be the lengths of the sides of a right angle
triangle is called a Pythagorean triple.

A Pythagorean triple consists of three positive integers a, b, and c, such that a2 + b2 = c2. Such a
triple is commonly written (a, b, c). The simplest Pythagorean triple is the set “3, 4, 5.” These numbers
are the lengths of the sides of a “3-4-5” Pythagorean right triangle.

Some Pythagorean triple include;( 3, 4, 5),( 5, 12, 13),( 6, 8, 10),( 7, 24, 25),( 8, 15, 17),( 9,
12, 15),( 9, 40, 41),e.t.c.

Generating a triple

a2+b2=c2

Example

If (x, 40, 41) is a Pythagorean triple, what is the value of x?

Solution

a2 + b2=c2

a=x, b=40, c=41

x2+402=412

x2=412-402

x2=1681-1600

x2=81

x=√81

x=9

or
a=m2-n2

a=412-402

a=1681-1600

a=81

a=9

If (16, 30, y) is a Pythagorean triple, what is the value of y?

Solution

a2+b2=c2

a=16,b=30, c=y

162+302=y2

256+900=y2

1156=y2

Y=√1156

Y=34

Exercise

If (x, 3x - 1, 3x + 1) is a Pythagorean triple, what is the value of x

If (x, x + 1, 2x - 11) is a Pythagorean triple, what is the value of x?

If (x, 2x - 10, 2x - 1) is a Pythagorean triple, what is the value of x?

Which one of the following is a Pythagorean triple

a. 21,27,35 b. 12,35,37 c. 33,35,48 d. 35,77,84

WEEK 8: TRIGONOMETRY RATIOS

WEEK 9 : SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

Linear Equation is an equation in which the highest power of the unknown is one. Eg, 2x+4=5 e.t.c.

Simultaneous Linear Equations are two or more linear equations that share the same variables and are
solved together. Eg, 2x +4y= 14,4x – 4y= 4 ; 6a+b=18, 4a+b=14, e.t.c

Methods of solving simultaneous equations

The three most common methods includes,

Substitution method

Elimination method

Graphical method

SUBSTITUTION METHOD

Solve x+y=5 and 2x-y=3 simultaneously (BECE 2018)

Solution

Write out equations, one below the other. Label the equation (1) and (2)

X+y=5 eq 1

2x-y=3 eq 2

Rearrange one of the given equations so that x or y stands alone

Using eq 1; lets make x stand alone

X=5-y eq 3

Substitute (5-y) for x in eq 2

2x-y=3

2(5-y)-y=3

10-2y-y=3

10-3y=3

Collect liketerms
10-3=3y

7=3y

Divide both sides by 3

Y=7/3 or 2.333

Substitute 7/3 for y in eq 3

X=5-y

X=5-7/3

X=5-2.333

X=2.67

Elimination method

Solve the equations 3x+2y=12, 5x-3y=1

Solution

First make the coefficient of one of the variable the same. lets make x the same

3x+2y=12 eq 1

5x-3y=1 eq 2

×5: 15x+10y=60 eq 3

×3: 15x-9y= 3 eq 4

Minus; 0 +10y-(-9y)=60-3

10y+9y=57

19y=57

Y=57/19

Y=3

Substitute 3 for y in any of the equation

Using eq 2

5x-3y=1
5x-3(3)=1

5x-9=1

5x=1+9

5x=10

X=10/5

X=2

Exercises

If 2x+y=-7 and 3x=6+4y are simultaneous linear equation,what is the value of x-y?(BECE 2014)

Solve the simultaneous equations; x+2y_1, 2x+5y=4 (BECE 2018)

Solve x+y=5 and 2x-y=3 simultaneously (BECE 2018)

Solve the simultaneous equations; 3x+4y=11, x+6y=13 (BECE 2018)

There are two numbers. The sum of 4 times the first number is 24. The difference between two times
the first number and 3 times the second number is 12. Find the two numbers. (BECE 2018)

Solve 12x-4y=3 and 8x+4y=7 simultaneously (BECE 2017)

The sum of two numbers is 95. Their difference is 19. What are the numbers? (BECE 2017)

If x=3y-1 and 2x=3y+2. Find the value of x (BECE 2016)

WEEK 10

SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

These equations are solved by obtaining the intersection of the two linear graphs on the y and x axes,
the graphs are plotted obtaining two points on each of the linear equations or by plotting with several

EXAMPLE: if 3x + 2y = 8 and x – y = 6 are simultaneous equations, find 2x. (BECE 2021)

A) -2 B) -2 C) 2 D) 4 E) 8

Solution

Equation one: 3x + 2y = 8
When, x = 0, y = 4

When y = 0, 2.7

3x + 2y = 8

x 0 2.7

Y 4 0

Equation two: x – y = 6

When x = 0, y = -6

When y = 0, x = 6

x–Y=6

X 0 6

Y -6 0

When the two graphs are plotted, the intersection of the two line graphs will be traced to the both axes
to obtain the solution for the simultaneous equation. The intersection is (4, -2).

2x = 2(4) = 8.

The answer is E.

HOME WORK

Solve the simultaneous equation: 2x + y = -7, 3x = 6 + 4y using graphical method

(A) X = 2, y = 3
(B) X = 3, y = 2
(C) X = -2, y = -3
(D) X = -3, y = -2
(E) X = -5, y = -1 (BECE 2021)
Area and Perimeters of Plan Shapes