CHAIN RULE/RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

1. y = (3x+4)²
y = u² u = (3x+4)
= ( )( )
dy dy du

=2u(3)
dx du dx

=6u
=6(3x+4)
dy
dx

2. x =
1
( 1−5 t )6
3
x= u u = 1- 5t
1 6
3

= ( )( )
dx dx du
dt du dt

= (6)¿ ¿) (-5)
1

= -10u5
3

= -10( 1−5 t )5

3. y = a 4 ( a−x )−3
y = a 4 ( u )−3 u= a-x

= ( )( )
dy dy du

=a (−3) ( u ) (-1)
dx du dx
4 −4

= 3a 4 u−4
= 3 a 4 ( a−x )−4

4. y = 6 √ 4 + x
y = 6u u = (4 + x )2
1

= ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du

= 6 ( )(4 +x )
−1
1 2
2

=
3
√ 4+ x
5. x=
4

x = 4u−2 u = 1+3y
(1+3 y )²

= ( )( )
dx dx du
dy du dy
= (-8¿ ( u−3 ) (3)

=
−24
( 1+ 3 y )3

6. y = ( 8−t 6 ) 2
−3

y = ( u) 2 u = (8-t 6)
−3

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dt du dt

= −3 u ( ) (−6 t )
−5
2 5
2
=9 u ( ) (t )
−5
2 5

= ( 9 ) ( 8−t 6 )( )
−5
2
(t 5)

7. y = ( z 3 +4 z 2−3 z−3 )
−6

y = u−6 u = z 3 +4 z 2−3 z−3

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dz du dz
= -6 u−7 ( 3 z 2 +8 z−3 )
= -6 ( z 3 +4 z 2−3 z−3 ) ( 3 z 2+ 8 z−3 )
−7

8. y = √ t 2 −5t +7
y = u2 u = t 2−5 t+7
1

= ( )( dudt )
dy dy
dt du

= 1 u 2 (2t-5)
( )
−1

=
(2 t−5)
1
( 2
2 t −5 t +7 ) 2

9. y =
1
√2−z 4
 y = ( 2−z 4 )
−1
2

y = ( u) 2 u = 2−z 4
−1

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dz du dz

= - ( u ) 2 (−4 z 3)
−3
1
2

=
2 z3
3
( 2−z )4 2

10. z = x+( )
3
1 7
x
z = u7 u = x+
3 1
x

=( )( dudx )
dz dz
dx du

= u 7 ( 1−x −2)
−4
3
7

= ( )
−4
3 1 7
x+ ( 1−x −2)
7 x

11. y = √ 4 √ x +1
y = √ u+1 u = 4√ x
= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx

= ( )
−1
1 −1 1 2
2 x ( 4)
2 ( u+1 ) 2
= ( u+1 ) (x )
−1 −1
2 2

= ( 4 √ x+1 ) ( x )
−1 −1
2 2

12. y = ( 4 √ x ) −1
√ 2

y = √ u2−1 u = 4 √ x

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx

= ( u2 −1 ) 2 (2u) 2 x 2
1
( )
−1 −1

2
= u ( u2 −1 ) 2 2 x ( )
−1 −1
2
 =
( √ (4 √ x ) −1 ) ( 2 x )
4 √x
2
−1
2

=
8 √x
1

( x ) ( 2 x−1 )
1
2
2

13. y = 4 ( x 2 +5 x )
3

y = 4u3 u= x 2+ 5 x

= ( )( )
dy dy du

= 12u2 (2x+5)
dx du dx

= 12 (2x+5) ( x 2 +5 x )
2

14. x= ( )
4
2 y+ 1
3 y+ 1
y = u4 u=
2 y +1
3 y+1

=( )( dudy )
dx dx
dy du

= 4u3 ( )
2 ( 3 y +1 ) −3(2 y +1)
( 3 y+ 1 )2

= 4u3 ( )
6 y +2−6 y−3
( 3 y +1 )2

= 4u3 (( )
−1
3 y +1 )2

= -4 ( ) ( ( 3 y +1) )
2 y+ 1
3
1
2
3 y+ 1

15. y = ( 2 x+1 ) +(2 x +1)

y = u +u
2
u = 2x+1

= ( )( )
dy dy du

= (2u+1) (2)
dx du dx

= (2( 2 x+1 )+1) (2)

16. y = ( 2 ( 4 x 3+ 1 )−2 ) 3
2
 y = ( 2 u−2 ) 3 u = 4 x3 +1
2

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx

= (2)(12 x 2)
−1
2 3
( 2 u−2 )
3

=
2
48 x
1
3 (2 u−2 ) 3

=
2
16 x
1

(2 ( 4 x 3
+1 ) −2 ) 3

=
2
16 x
1
(8 x )
3 3

=
2
16 x

= 8x
2x

17. y = √ ( 4 x −2 )+ 2
y= √ u+2 u= 4x-2
= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx

= ( u+2 )( 2 ) (4)
1 −1

=
2
1
( u+2 ) 2

=
2
1
( 4 x−2+ 2 ) 2
=
1
√x

18. y= √ x 4−1
3

y = √3 u u= x 4 −1

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx

= ( ) ( u) ( 4 x )
1 ( ) −2
3 3
3

=
4 x3
( 2)
3 (u ) 3
 =
3
4x
( 23 )
3 ( x 4−1 )

19. y= ( x 3 +4 )
4

y= ( u ) u= x 3 +4
4

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx
= 4u3 ( 3 x 2)
= 12( x 2 ) ( x 3+ 4 )
3

20. y= ( )
3
x−1
x+ 3
y= ( u )3 u=
x−1
x+3

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx

= 3( u ) ( )
2 ( x +3 )−( x−1 )
( x +3 )2

=3 ( ) ( ( x+(3x)−+3( x−1 )
2
x−1 )
2
x+ 3 )

= 12 ( )
2
(x−1)
(x +3)4

21. y= √ x 3+ 2 x +1
y= √ u u= x 3 +2 x +1

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx

= 1 u ( )(3 x + 2)
−1
2 2

= 1 ( x 3 +2 x+1 ) 2 (3 x 2+ 2)
( )
−1

=
2
(3 x + 2)
2 √ x 3 +2 x +1

22. y= ( x 2 +5 ) 2
3

y=( u ) 2 u= x 2+ 5
3
 = ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du

= u 2 (2x)
1
3
2

= (2 x )(x¿ ¿ 2+ 5) 2 ¿
1
3
2

23. y= ( )
1
x+ 6 4
x +5
y = ( u) 4 u=
1 x+6
x+ 5

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx

= u ( )( ( x +5 )− ( x +6 ) )
−3
1 4
4 ( x+5 )2

= 4 ( )( )
−3
−1 1 x +6 4
( x +5 )2 x +5

= 4 (( ) )( )
3
−1 1 x +5 4
x +5
2
x +6

24. y= 2 ( )
3 3
2 ax 4
√x+a
y= 2 2 (u ) 4 u=
3 3 ax
√ x +a
= ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du

( ( )( )
)
−1

=2 ( u ) (a) 2
1 −1 2
x − √ x +a
()
3
2 3 x
4
4 2
(√ x + a)

=
3a ( √2x + a)
√2 ( √ x+ a )
24

√ ax
√ x+ a

25. y= 25 ( x+1 )5
y=25 ( u )5 u= x +1

= ( )( )
dy dy du

= 2 (5) (u )
dx du dx
5 4
 = 2 (5) ( x +1 )
5 4

= 160( x +1 )4

26.
1
√ 4 x +3
y=( u ) 2 u= 4 x+3
−1

= ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du

= - u 2 (4 )
−3
1
2

=
−2
3
( 4 x +3 ) 2

27. y= t − ( )
2
2 2
3
t

y= u2 u= t −
2 2
3
t
= ( )( dudt )
dy dy
dt du
= 2u( 2 t+ 6 t −4 )

= 2 t − 3 ( 2 t+ 6 t )
( )
2 2 −4

28. y=
√ 87 x + wx
yx + x 2
y= √ u u=
87 x+ wx
2
yx + x
= ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du

= ( u)
(
( yx + x 2 ) ( 87+w )−( 87 x +wx ) ( y+ 2 x )
)
−1
1 2
2
2 ( yx + x 2)

=
87 yx +wyx +87 x 2+ w x 2−( 87 yx +174 x 2−wyx−2 w x 2)
2
2 √ u ( yx + x 2 )
 2 2

=
2 wxy−87 x +3 w x

2
√
87 x+ wx
yx + x 2
( yx + x 2)
2

29. y= √ √ x
y= √ u u= √ x
= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx

= u ( )
−1 −1
1 2 1 2
x
2 2

=
1
( 2 √u ) ( 2 √ x )
=
1
(2 √ √ x ) (2 √ x )
=
1
4 ( √ √ x ) (√ x )

=
1
1

4 (x ) ( x )
1 1
2 2
2

=
1
3
4
4x

30. y=( 4 x +8 x+ 1 ) + 6 ( 4 x +8 x +1 )-2

y= u2 +6 u−2 u= 4 x 2+8 x +1

= ( )( )
dy dy du

= ( 2 u+6 ) ( 8 x +8 )
dx du dx

= ( 2 ( 4 x 2+ 8 x +1 ) + 6 ) ( 8 x+ 8 )
= ( 8 ( x +1 ) ) ( 8 ( x +1 ) )
2

= 64 ( x +1 )3

31. y= ( z 3 +4 z 2 +3 z−3 )
−6

y=( u )−6 u= z 3 +4 z 2 +3 z−3

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dz du dz
= -6u−7 ( 3 z 2 +8 z−3 )
= -6( z 3 +4 z 2 +3 z−3 ) ( 3 z 2 +8 z−3 )
−7
32. y= 1+ 1
1

1+ x ( )
y= u=
1 1
( 1+ u ) 1+ x

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx
= −( 1−u ) ( −( 1+ x ) )
−2 −2

=
1
( 1−u ) ( 1+ x )2
2

=
1

( )
2
1 2
1− ( 1+ x )
1+ x

33. y= √ ( 3 x+1 ) 4
3

y= u 3 u= 3x+1
4

= ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du

= u3 ( 3)
1
4
3
= 4 u3
1

= 4( 3 x+ 1 ) 3
1

= 4√3 3 x+1

34. y=
3
√16+ t 4
y= 3u 2 u= 16+t 4
−1

= ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du

= 3(
−3

2 )
−1
( u) (4 t ) 2 3

=
−3
−3
( 16+ t 4 ) 2 ( 4 t 3 )
2

=
−6 t 3
3
( 16+t ) 4 2
35. y= t−

y= √ u
√ 1

u= ( t−t −1 )
t

= ( )( dudt )
dy dy
dt du

=
−1
1 2
u ( 1−t −2 )
2
1
1+ 2
=
t

√
2 t−
1
t

36. y=√ 1+ x−2 x2 +3 x 3−4 x 4

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx

= u 2 ( 1−4 x+ 9 x −16 x )
−1
1 2 3
2

=
( 1−4 x+ 9 x 2−16 x 3 )
2 √ 1+ x−2 x +3 x −4 x
2 3 4

37. y= 1+ √ 2+ √ 3+ x 2
√
y= √ u u= 1+√ v v= 2+√ z z=3+ x 2

= ( )( )( )( )
dy dy du dv dz
dx du dv dz dx

= ( )( )( ) (
−1 −1 −1
1 2 −1 1
u v 2
z 2
2 x)
2 2 2

=
−2 x
8 √u √ v √ z

=
−x
4 ( 1+ √ 2+ √ 3+ x
√ ) ( 2+ √3+ x2 ) ( 3+ x 2 )
2

38. y= √ x+ √1+ x
y= u u= x + √ 1+ x
1
2

= ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du
 =
( )( )
−1
1 1
1+ ( x ) 2
2 √u 2

= ( )( )
1 1
1+
2 √ x + √ 1+ x 2 √ 1+ x

39. y= √ 3+ √ 1−2 z 2
3

y= √3 u u= 3+√ v v= 1−2 z 2

= ( )( )( )
dy dy du dv
dz du dv dz

= u ( )(
−2 −1
1 1
3
v 2
−4 z )
3 2

=
−4 z
( 6 ) ( √ u2 ) ( √ v )
3

=-
2z
3 ( √ 3+ √ 1−2 z ) ( √1−2 z 2 )
3 2

40. y=
1 3 −2
( x −6 x +2 )
3
y= u= x 3−6 x +2
1 −2
( u)
3

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dx du dx

= (−2 ) ( u ) ( 3 x−6 )
1 −3
3
=
−2 −3
( u ) ( 3 )( x−2 )
= -2u−3 ( x−2 )
3

= -2( x 3−6 x +2 ) ( x−2 )

41. y=
1−√ 1+ z
1+ √ 1+ z
y= u= 1+ z
1−√ u
1+ √ u

= ( )( )
dy dy du
dz du dz

= ( )( )
−1
( 1+u ) (−1 )−( 1 ) ( 1−u ) 1
2
( 1+ z ) 2

( 1+u ) 2

=
−2
( 1+ u ) ( 2 √ 1+ z )
2
 =-
2
2
( 1+ √ 1+ z ) ( 2 √ 1+ z )

42. y= a 3 −x 3
3

( )
2 2
2

y= u 2 u= a 3 −x 3
3 2 2

= ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du

= u2 ( )
1 −1
3 −2 3
x
2 3

= − a −x
1

( )
2 2
2
3 3

3
√x

43. y= √ y 3 +3 y
3

y= u 3 u= y 3 +3 y
1

= ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du

=
−2
1 3
u ( 3 y 2 +3 )
3

=
3 ( y 2+1 )
2
3
3 (u)

=
2
y +1
2
( y 3 +3 y ) 3

44. y=
2
√ x 2−1
3

y= 2u 3 u= x 2−1
−1

= ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du

= 2(
−4

3 )
−1 3
( u) ( 2 x )

=
−4 x
4
3 ( x2 −1 ) 3
45. y= ( x 4 + √ x + √3 x−1 )
√2

y= ( u )√ 2 u= x 4 + √ v v= x + √3 z z= x−1

= ( )( )( )( )
dy dy du dv dz
dx du dv dz dx

=
( )( )
1 1
√ 2u √ 2−1 4 x 3 + 1 1+ 2
2 v2 3 z3

= √ )(
( )
√ 2−1 1 1
( 2 ) ( x 4 + √ x + √ x −1 )
3 3
4x + 1+
2 √ x + √ x−1
3 2
3 ( x−1 ) 3

46. y=( √ x + √3 x ) −( √ x + √3 x )
2

y= u-u2 u= √ x+ √3 x

= ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du

= ( 1−2 u ) ( )
−1 −2
1 2 1 3
x + x
2 3

= ( 1−2 ( √ x+ √ x ) ) ( )
3 1 1
+ 3 2
2 √ x 3 √x

47. y= √ (2+√ 3−5 x )

y= u 5 u= 2+√ v v= 3-5 x 5
2

= ( )( dudv )( dvdx )
dy dy
dx du

= u ( )(
−3 −1
2 1
5
v 2
−25 x 4 )
5 2

= -5
4
5x
√u 3 ( √ v )
= -5
4
5x
√( 2+√3−5 x ) ( √3−5 x ) 5 3 5

48. y=
√ x−1
√ x +1
y= u= √ x
u−1
u+1
 = ( )( dudx )
dy dy
dx du

= ( )( )
( u+1 )− (u−1 ) 1 −12
x
( u+1 )2 2

=
2
2 ( u+1 ) ( √ x )
2

=
1
2
( √ x +1 ) ( √ x )

49. y=
1
√1+ √2+√ 4 +6 x
3

y=u u= 1+√ v v= 2+√ z z= 4+6x

= ( )( dudv )( dvdz )( dzdx )

= ( )( )( )
−4 −1 −1
−1 1 1 2
u 3
v 2
z ( 6)
3 2 2

=-
1

( )( v )( z )
4 1 1
3 2 2
2u

=-
1
4 1 1
2 ( 1+ √2+ √ 4+6 x ) ( 2+ √ 4 +6 x ) 2 ( 4+6 x ) 2
3

50. y= √ 1+ √ 1−4 z
y= √ u u= 1+√ x v= 1-4z
= ( )( )( )
dy dy du dv
dz du dv dz

= ( )( ) v (-4)
−1 −1
1 2 1 2
u
2 2

=
−4
4 √u √ v

=
1
( √ 1+ √1−4 z ) ( √ 1−4 z )