Address Types:

MAC Address, IPv4, IPv6, Subnet Mask,

CIDR, VLSM
BY: Rogelio L. Guisdan
Introduction
▪ Address types are identifiers used in computer networks to
identify devices and facilitate communication.
▪ Network addresses are unique identifiers for devices and
systems.
▪ The main types are MAC Address, IPv4, and IPv6.
MAC Address
▪ Media Access Control (MAC) Address is a unique identifier
assigned to a network interface card (NIC).
▪ It is a hardware address used for communication within a
local network (LAN).
▪ Each device has a unique MAC address.
Characteristics of MAC Address
▪ Also called hardware address or physical address.
▪ 48-bit address, usually represented as 12 hexadecimal digits.
▪ Format: MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS.
▪ Assigned by the manufacturer.
▪ Used in Ethernet and Wi-Fi networks.
MAC Address Structure
▪ First 24 bits: Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI).
▪ Last 24 bits: Network Interface Controller (NIC) specific.
▪ Example: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E.
▪ First half identifies manufacturer.
▪ Second half is unique to device.
▪ Globally unique.
IPv4
▪ Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is an addressing system
used to identify devices on a network.
▪ IPv4 is the most widely used protocol, featuring a 32-bit
address space.
▪ Supports approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.
▪ Written in dotted decimal notation.
IPv4 Structure
▪ 32-bit address divided into 4 octets
▪ Format: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
▪ Each octet ranges from 0-255
▪ Example: 192.168.1.1
▪ Two parts:
▪ Network portion
▪ Host portion
IPv4 Address Types
▪ Unicast: One-to-one communication
▪ Broadcast: One-to-all communication
▪ Multicast: One-to-many communication
▪ Special addresses:
▪ Loopback: 127.0.0.1
▪ Private addresses
▪ Public addresses
IPv4 Classes
▪ Class A: 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
▪ Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
▪ Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
▪ Class D: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 (Multicast)
▪ Class E: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 (Reserved)
IPv6 Classes
▪ Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of the
IP addressing system.
▪ Designed to overcome IPv4 limitations by providing a larger
address space.
▪ 128-bit address space.
▪ Approximately 340 undecillion addresses.
▪ Written in hexadecimal notation.
▪ Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
Understanding Subnet Mask
▪ The subnet mask is used by the TCP/IP protocol to
determine whether a host is on the local subnet or on a
remote network.
▪ A subnet mask is a 32-bit number used in IP addressing to
separate the network portion of an IP address from the host
portion.
▪ Default Subnet Mask
▪ 255.0.0.0
▪ 255.255.0.0
▪ 255.255.255.0
CIDR(Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
▪ Modern approach to IP addressing
▪ Replaces traditional classful addressing
▪ Notation: IP address/prefix length
▪ Example: 192.168.1.0/24
▪ More flexible than classical addressing
▪ Enables more efficient use of address space
CIDR(Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
▪ Instead of using a long subnet mask (e.g., 255.255.255.0),
CIDR uses a simple format like /24. The number after the
slash (/n) represents the number of bits used for the
network portion of the IP address.
VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking)
▪ Allows different subnet sizes in same network
▪ More efficient use of IP addresses
▪ Based on actual network needs
▪ Requires careful planning
▪ Enables hierarchical network design
Subnet Mask Table
CIDR Decimal # addresses # hosts
/0 0.0.0.0 4294967296 4294967294
/1 128.0.0.0 2147483648 2147483646
/2 192.0.0.0 1073741824 1073741822
/3 224.0.0.0 536870912 536870910
/4 240.0.0.0 268435456 268435454
/5 248.0.0.0 134217728 134217726
/6 252.0.0.0 67108864 67108862
/7 254.0.0.0 33554432 33554430
Subnet Mask Table
CIDR Decimal # addresses # hosts
/8 255.0.0.0 16777216 16777214
/9 255.128.0.0 8388608 8388606
/10 255.192.0.0 4194304 4194302
/11 255.224.0.0 2097152 2097150
/12 255.240.0.0 1048576 1048574
/13 255.248.0.0 524288 524286
/14 255.252.0.0 262144 262142
/15 255.254.0.0 131072 131070
Subnet Mask Table
CIDR Decimal # addresses # hosts
/16 255.255.0.0 65536 65534
/17 255.255.128.0 32768 32766
/18 255.255.192.0 16384 16382
/19 255.255.224.0 8192 8190
/20 255.255.240.0 4096 4094
/21 255.255.248.0 2048 2046
/22 255.255.252.0 1024 1022
/23 255.255.254.0 512 510
Subnet Mask Table
CIDR Decimal # addresses # hosts
/24 255.255.255.0 256 254
/25 255.255.255.128 128 126
/26 255.255.255.192 64 62
/27 255.255.255.224 32 30
/28 255.255.255.240 16 14
/29 255.255.255.248 8 6
/30 255.255.255.252 4 2
/31 255.255.255.254 2 0
/32 255.255.255.255 1 -