ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 1

CHAPTER 5:
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

5.1 MAGNETIC FLUX

is defined as the scalar product between the magnetic flux density, B with the vector of the
area, A.

𝝓 = ⃗𝑩
⃗ ⋅𝑨
⃗⃗ = 𝑩𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
Where,

ϕ: magnetic flux
⃗ and 𝐴
𝜃: angle between the direction of 𝐵
𝐵: magnitude of the magnetic flux density

𝐴: area of the coil

It is a scalar quantity and its unit is weber (Wb) OR tesla meter squared ( T m 2).

Consider a uniform magnetic field B passing through surface area A of a single turn coil as
shown in figure below.
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⃗ passing perpendicular through the surface.

Figure above shows a uniform magnetic field. 𝐵
The angle  between 𝐵⃗ and 𝐴 is 0 .

𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 0°
𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 maximum

From the figure above, the angle  is 90 thus the magnetic flux is given by
𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 90°
𝜙=0

𝝓=𝑩 ⃗⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗𝑨 gives the magnetic flux passing through one loop of a coil. If a coil has 𝑁 loops
(turn), the total magnetic flux passing through the coil, or magnetic flux linkage, Φ is given
by

⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝑨
𝚽 = 𝑵𝝓 = 𝑵𝑩 ⃗⃗ = 𝑵𝑩𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 3

EXAMPLE

A single turn of rectangular coil of sides 10 cm  5.0 cm is placed between north and south poles of a
permanent magnet. Initially, the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field as shown in figure
below.

If the coil is turned by 90 about its rotation axis and the magnitude of magnetic flux density is 1.5 T,
Calculate the change in the magnetic flux through the coil.

Solution:

Initially,

From the figure,  =90 thus the initial magnetic flux

through the coil is

𝜙𝑖 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝜙𝑖 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 90°
𝜙𝑖 = 0

Finally,

From the figure,  =0 thus the final magnetic flux

through the coil is

𝜙𝑓 = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝜙𝑓 = (1.5)(5.0 × 10−3 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0∘

𝜙𝑓 = 7.5 × 10−3 Wb

Therefore the change in magnetic flux through the coil is

∆𝜙 = 𝜙𝑓 − 𝜙𝑖

∆𝜙 = 7.5 × 10−3 − 0

∆𝜙 = 7.5 × 10−3 Wb
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 4

EXAMPLE

A single turn of circular coil with a diameter of 3.0 cm is placed in the uniform magnetic field. The
plane of the coil makes an angle 30 to the direction of the magnetic field. If the magnetic flux
through the area of the coil is 1.20 mWb, calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field.

Solution:

The area of the coil is

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

𝐴 = 𝜋(1.5 × 10−2 )2 = 7.07 × 10−4 𝑚2

The angle between the direction of magnetic field, B and vector of area, A is given by

𝜃 = 90∘ − 30∘ = 60∘

Therefore the magnitude of the magnetic field is

Φ = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

1.20 × 10−3 = 𝐵(7.07 × 10−4 ) cos 60°

𝐵 = 3.40 T
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 5

EXAMPLE

A magnetic field with a magnetic flux density of 3.2 𝑚𝑇 is perpendicular to a solenoid with a circular
cross-sectional radius of 0.3 𝑚 and 250 turns. Determine the magnetic flux linkage.

Solution:

𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃

𝜙 = (3.2 × 10−3 )(𝜋(0.3)2 ) cos 0°

𝜙 = 9.05 × 10−4 𝑊𝑏

Φ = 𝑁𝜙

Φ = 250(9.05 × 10−4 )

Φ = 0.23 𝑊𝑏

EXERCISE

1. A square coil with a single turn has a surface of 6 × 10−4 𝑚2 . It is placed in the uniform
magnetic field. If the magnetic flux passing through the coil is 1.5 𝑚𝑊𝑏 and makes angle of
40° to the plane of the coil, calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field.
[ans: 𝐵 = 3.90 𝑇]

2. The sides of a rectangular coil of wire are 300 𝑚𝑚 and 400 𝑚𝑚 long. A magnetic field of
1.10 𝑇 is applied to the coil. The surface area of the coil is perpendicular to the direction of
magnetic field. The coil has a total flux linkage of 2.0 𝑊𝑏. Find the number of turns of the
coil.
[ans: 15 turns]

3. Find the magnetic flux linkage through a 180-turn coil of radius 20 𝑐𝑚 that carries a current
of 5 𝐴.
[ans: 3.55 × 10−4 𝑊𝑏
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 6

5.2 INDUCED E.M.F

A galvanometer can detect current flow in a coil when there is relative motion between the
coil and a bar magnet.
This current is referred to as induced current because of an induced electromotive force
(e.m.f) across the coil.
When the magnetic flux around the wire coil changes, an e.m.f is induced.
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is proportional to the speed of relative motion between
magnetic field and coil.
As speed increases, so does the magnitude of induced e.m.f.

Faraday’s Experiment.
a) Bar magnet and loop is stationary.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 7

b) Bar magnets move towards loop.

 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 8

c) Bar magnets move away from the loop.

 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 9

Faraday’s Law
States that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f is proportional to the rate of change of the
magnetic flux.

𝒅𝝓
𝜺∝ 𝒅𝒕

𝑑𝜙 = change of the magnetic flux

𝑑𝑡 = change of time

𝜀 = induced e.m.f

Lenz’s Law
State that the direction of induced e.m.f or induced current is always opposing the change in
the magnetic flux that producing it.

𝒅𝝓 𝒅𝝓
𝜺 ∝ − 𝒅𝒕 or 𝜺 = − 𝒅𝒕

The negative sign indicates that the direction of induced emf (Lenz’s Law).
For a coil of 𝑁 turns, can be written as

𝒅𝝓
𝜺 = −𝑵
𝒅𝒕
The direction of induced current can be determined by using Right Hand Grip Rules.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 10

EXAMPLE

How to determine the direction of induced current in a coil/solenoid? (Use : Right Hand Grip Rule)

1.

Solution:

2.
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Solution:
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3.

Solution:
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4.

Solution:
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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 15
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Induced E.M.F

Coil (Non-Rotating Coil)

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 17
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 18

EXAMPLE

A coil having an area of 8.0 𝑐𝑚2 and 50 turns lies perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.20 T. If the
magnetic flux density is steadily reduced to zero, taking 0.50 s, determine:

a) the initial magnetic flux linkage.

b) the induced emf.

Solution:

a) the initial magnetic flux linkage.

Φ = 𝑁𝜙𝑖

Φ = 𝑁𝐵𝑖 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

Φ = (50)(0.20)(8.0 × 10−4 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0∘

Φ = 8.0 × 10−3 Wb

b) the induced emf.

𝑑𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝑡 and 𝑑𝐵 = 𝐵𝑓 − 𝐵𝑖

𝐵𝑓 − 𝐵𝑖
𝜀 = −𝑁𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ( )
𝑑𝑡
0 − 0.20
𝜀 = −(50)(8.0 × 10−4 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 0∘ ) ( )
0.50
𝜀 = 1.6 × 10−2 V
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 19

EXAMPLE

A narrow coil of 10 turns and diameter of 4.0 cm is placed perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field
of 1.20 T. After 0.25 s, the diameter of the coil is increased to 5.3 cm.

a) Calculate the change in the area of the coil.

b) If the coil has a resistance of 2.4 , determine the induced current in the coil.

Solution:

a) Calculate the change in the area of the coil.

𝑑𝐴 = 𝐴𝑓 − 𝐴𝑖

𝜋𝑑𝑓 2 𝜋𝑑𝑖 2
𝑑𝐴 = ( )−( )
4 4
𝜋
𝑑𝐴 = (𝑑 2 − 𝑑𝑖 2 )
4 𝑓
𝜋
𝑑𝐴 = ((5.3 × 10−2 )2 − (4.0 × 10−2 )2 )
4
𝑑𝐴 = 9.5 × 10−4 m2

b) If the coil has a resistance of 2.4 , determine the induced current in the coil.
𝑑𝐴
𝜀 = 𝑁𝐵(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) ( )
𝑑𝑡
9.5 × 10−4
𝜀 = (10)(1.2)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 0∘ ) ( )
0.25

𝜀 = 4.56 × 10−2 V
Therefore the induced current in the coil is given by

𝜀 = 𝐼𝑅

4.56 × 10−2 = 𝐼(2.4)

𝐼 = 1.9 × 10−2 A
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 20

EXERCISE

1. A coil with 50 turns and area of 1.0 × 10−2 𝑚2 has a magnetic field of strength 30 𝑇. If the
coil s removed from the magnetic field in 3 𝑚𝑠, what is the induced e.m.f set up in the coil?
[ans: 𝜀 = 5000 𝑉

2. A coil with a surface area of 30 𝑐𝑚2 and 15 turns is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field
that changes at a rate of 1.0 × 104 𝑇𝑠 −1 . The resistance of the coil is 25 Ω. Calculate the
current induced in the coil.
[ans: 𝐼 = 18 𝐴]

Coil (Rotating Coil)

 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 21

EXAMPLE

A rectangular coil of 100 turns has a dimension of 10 cm  15 cm. It rotates at a constant angular
velocity of 200 rpm in a uniform magnetic field of flux density 5.0 T. Calculate

a) the maximum emf produced by the coil,

b) the induced emf at the instant when the plane of the coil makes an angle of 38 to the
magnetic field.

Solution:

✓ The area of the coil is

𝐴 = (10 × 10−2 )(15 × 10−2 ) = 1.5 × 10−2 m2

✓ the constant angular velocity in rad s−1 is

200 𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜔=( )( )( )
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60 𝑠
𝜔 = 20.9 rad s−1

a) the maximum emf produced by the coil,

𝜀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔

𝜀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (100)(5.0)(1.5 × 10−2 )(20.9) = 157 𝑉

a) the induced emf at the instant when the plane of the coil makes an angle of 38 to the
magnetic field.

From the figure, the angle  is 𝜃 = 90∘ − 38∘ = 52∘

Therefore the induced emf is given by

𝜀 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 sin 𝜃

𝜀 = (100)(5.0)(1.5 × 10−2 )(20.9) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 2∘

𝜀 = 124 V
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 22

EXERCISE

1. A circular coil with a radius of 5 𝑐𝑚 and 30 turns is placed in a uniform horizontal magnetic
field of magnitude 3.2 × 10−2 𝑇. It is made to rotate around its diameter at a rate of
40 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1 .
a) Determine the maximum induced e.m.f in the coil.
[ans: 𝜀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.302 𝑉

b) If the resistance of the circular coil is 15 Ω, calculate the maximum current in the coil.
[ans: 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02 𝐴]

2. A coil of area 0.100 m2 is rotating at 60.0 rev s-1 with the axis of rotation perpendicular to a
0.2 T magnetic field. If the coil has 1000 turns, determine the maximum emf generated in it.
[ans:7539.822 𝑉]

3. A circular coil has 50 turns and diameter 1.0 cm. It rotates at a constant angular velocity of
25 rev s−1 in a uniform magnetic field of flux density 50 T. Determine the induced emf when
the plane of the coil makes an angle 55 to the magnetic field.
[ans: 1.77 × 10−5 𝑉]
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 23

Straight Conductor

How To Determine the Direction of Induced Current?

The direction of induced e.m.f. can be

determined by using right hand rule.

• Thumb – induced e.m.f./ induced current

• Other fingers – direction of motion

• Palm – magnetic flux

 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 24

EXAMPLE

A 20 cm long metal rod CD is moved at speed of 25 m s−1 across a uniform magnetic field of flux
density 250 mT. The motion of the rod is perpendicular to the magnetic field as shown in figure
below.

a) Calculate the motional induced emf in the rod.

b) If the rod is connected in series to the resistor of resistance 15 , determine
i. the induced current and its direction.
ii. the total charge passing through the resistor in two minutes.

Solution:

a) Calculate the motional induced emf in the rod.

𝜀 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 sin 𝜃 and 𝜃 = 90°

𝜀 = (250 × 10−3 )(20 × 10−2 )(25) sin 90°

𝜀 = 1.25 𝑉

b) If the rod is connected in series to the resistor of resistance 15 , determine

i. the induced current and its direction.

𝜀 = 𝐼𝑅
1.25 = 𝐼(15)

𝐼 = 8.33 × 10−2 A
Direction: the direction of the induced current is from D to C.

ii. the total charge passing through the resistor in two minutes.

Given 𝑡 = 2(60) = 120 s

𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡

𝑄 = (8.33 × 10−2 )(120) = 10𝐶

 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 25

EXERCISE

1. A 20 𝑚 long straight wire moves at a speed of 2.5 𝑚𝑠 −1 through a magnetic field of 1.2 𝑇.
Find the induced e.m.f in the wire if it moves:
a) Perpendicular
[ans: 60 𝑉]

b) At an angle of 30°
[ans: 30 𝑉]

To the magnetic field.

2. Consider the arrangement shown in figure,

Assume that R = 6 Ω, L = 1.2m & a uniform 2.50 T magnetic field is directed into the page.
a) At what speed should the bar be moved to produce a current of 0.5A in the resistor.
[ans: 𝑣 = 1 𝑚𝑠 −1 ]
b) what is the direction of the induced current?
[ans: b → a → d → c → b ( anticlockwise )]
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 26

5.3 SELF-INDUCTANCE
Self-inductance is the process of generating a self-induced e.m.f in a coil when there is a
change in the current flowing through the coil.

The magnetic flux linkage, Φ in the coil depends linearly on the current in the coil.

𝚽 = 𝑳𝑰

Self-induced emf is always proportional to the time rate of change of the source current.
𝑑𝐼
𝜀∝−
𝑑𝑡

𝒅𝑰 𝜀 = induced e.m.f
𝜺 = −𝑳
𝒅𝒕 𝑑𝐼
= rate of change of source current
𝑑𝑡

*Negative sign: back emf opposes the increase in current

 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 27

Self-Inductance, 𝐿

Is the ratio of the self-induced emf to the rate of change of current in the conductor.

𝜺
𝑳=−
𝒅𝑰
𝒅𝒕

It is a scalar quantity
SI unit : Henry ( H ) or 𝑇𝑚2 𝐴−1 or Wb A-1
The value of the self-inductance depends on:
✓ the size and shape of the coil,
✓ the number of turn (N),
✓ the permeability of the medium in the coil ().
A circuit element which possesses mainly self-inductance is known as an inductor. It is used
to store energy in the form of magnetic field.
The symbol of inductor in the electrical circuit is shown below:
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 28
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 29

EXAMPLE

Induced emf of 5.0 V is developed across a coil when the current flowing through it changes at
25 𝐴 𝑠 −1 . Determine the self-inductance of the coil.

Solution:

𝑑𝐼
𝜀 = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡
5 = −𝐿(25)
𝐿 = 0.2 𝐻

EXAMPLE

Calculate the magnetic flux through the area enclosed by a 300 turn, 7.20 𝑚𝐻 coil when the current
in the coil is 10 mA.

𝑁𝜙
𝐿=
𝐼
(300)𝜙
7.2 × 10−3 =
10 × 10−3
𝜙 = 2.4 × 10−7 𝑊𝑏
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 30

EXAMPLE

500 turns of solenoid are 8.0 cm long. When the current in the solenoid is increased from 0 to 2.5 A
in 0.35 s, the magnitude of the induced emf is 0.012 V. Calculate

a) the inductance of the solenoid,

b) the cross-sectional area of the solenoid,
c) the final magnetic flux linkage through the solenoid.

(Given 0 = 4  10−7 H m−1)

Solution:

a) the inductance of the solenoid,

The change in the current is

𝑑𝐼 = 𝐼𝑓 − 𝐼𝑖

𝑑𝐼 = 2.5 − 0

𝑑𝐼 = 2.5 A

Therefore the inductance of the solenoid is given by

𝑑𝐼
𝜀=𝐿
𝑑𝑡
2.5
0.012 = 𝐿 ( )
0.35
𝐿 = 1.68 × 10−3 H

b) the cross-sectional area of the solenoid,

𝜇0 𝑁 2 𝐴
𝐿=
𝑙
(4𝜋 × 10−7 )(500)2 𝐴
1.68 × 10−3 =
8.0 × 10−2
𝐴 = 4.28 × 10−4 m2

c) the final magnetic flux linkage through the solenoid.

(Φ𝐿 )𝑓 = 𝐿𝐼𝑓

(Φ𝐿 )𝑓 = (1.68 × 10−3 )(2.5)

(Φ𝐿 )𝑓 = 4.2 × 10−3 Wb

 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 31

EXERCISE

1. The current in a circuit change from 2𝐴 to 4𝐴 in one millisecond and induced e.m.f of 4 𝑉 is
generated. What is the self-inductance of the circuit?
[ans: 2 𝑚𝐻]

2. A coil with 500 turns has a self-inductance of 15 𝑚𝐻. Determine the magnetic flux linkage
associated with the coil when a current of 3.6 𝑚𝐴 passes through the coil.
[ans: 5.4 × 10−5 𝑊𝑏]

3. A long solenoid has 400 turns. When a current of 2.4 𝐴 flows through the solenoid, the
magnetic flux associated with each turn of the solenoid is 2.5 × 10−3 𝑊𝑏. Determine the
self-inductance of the solenoid.
[ans: 𝐿 = 0.42 𝐻]

4. A solenoid with 350 turns is 350 𝑚𝑚 long. The solenoid has a cross-sectional area of
2.5 𝑐𝑚2 . What is the self-inductance of the solenoid?
[ans: 1.10 × 10−4 𝐻]
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 32

5.4 ENERGY STORED IN INDUCTOR.

Inductor.
An inductor is an electrical component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field.
It typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil.
Symbol for an inductor:

The size, shape, number of turns, 𝑁 and permeability, 𝜇 of the medium within the coil can
affect the value of inductance.

Energy
The energy, 𝑈 stored in a inductor of inductance, 𝐿 and carrying a current, 𝐼 is given by

For a long air-core solenoid, the self-inductance is

𝜇0 𝑁 2 𝐴
𝐿=
𝑙

Therefore the energy stored in the solenoid is given by

1
𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼 2
2
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 33

EXAMPLE

A solenoid of length 25 cm with an air-core consists of 100 turns and diameter of 2.7 cm. Calculate:

a) the self-inductance of the solenoid, and

b) the energy stored in the solenoid if the current flows in it is 1.6 A.

(Given 0 = 4  10−7 H m−1)

Solution:

a) the self-inductance of the solenoid, and

𝜋𝑑 2 𝜋(2.7 × 10−2 )2
𝐴= = = 5.73 × 10−4 m2
4 4
𝜇0 𝑁 2 𝐴
𝐿=
𝑙
(4𝜋 × 10−7 )(100)2 (5.73 × 10−4 )
𝐿=
25 × 10−2
𝐿 = 2.88 × 10−5 H

b) the energy stored in the solenoid if the current flows in it is 1.6 A.

1
𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼 2
2
1
𝑈 = (2.88 × 10−5 )(1.6)2
2
𝑈 = 3.69 × 10−5 J
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 34

EXERCISE

1. Calculate the amount of energy in a 70 𝑚𝐻 inductor when a current of 2.5 𝐴 flows through
it.
[ans: 0.22 𝐽]

2. The self-inductance of a large inductor is 45 𝐻.

a) Determine the induced e.m.f needed to prevent the inductor from being turned off
when 120 𝐴 of current is cut off within 90 𝑚𝑠.
[ans: 6 × 104 𝑉]

b) At the maximum current of 120 𝐴, how much energy is stored in the inductor?
[ans: 3.24 × 105 𝐽]

3. The length and radius of a 220-turn solenoid are 26 𝑐𝑚 and 1.8 𝑐𝑚 respectively. Determine
the energy stored in the solenoid when the current flowing through it is 0.15 𝐴.
[ans: 2.68 × 10−6 𝐽]
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 35

5.5 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE,𝑀

Mutual inductance is defined as the ratio of induced emf in a coil to the rate of change of
current in another coil.
It is a scalar quantity, and its unit is henry (H)
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 36

If the current I1 in coil 1 changes, the magnetic flux through coil 2 will change with time and
an induced emf will occur in coil 2, 2 where

If vice versa, the induced emf in coil 1, 1 is given by

Where 𝑴𝟏𝟐 = 𝑴𝟐𝟏 = 𝑴: Mutual inductance

 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 37

Mutual inductance for two coaxial solenoids

Consider a long solenoid with length l and cross-sectional area A is closely wound with N1 turns of
wire. A solenoid with N2 turns surrounds it at its centre as shown in fgure below.

When a current I1 flows in the primary solenoid (N1), it produces a magnetic field B1,
𝜇0 𝑁1 𝐼1
𝐵1 =
𝑙

and then the magnetic flux 𝜙1

𝜇0 𝑁1 𝐼1 𝐴
𝜙1 =
𝑙

If no magnetic flux leakage, thus

𝛷1 = 𝛷2

If the current I1 changes, an emf is induced in the secondary solenoid, therefore the mutual
inductance occurs and is given by
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 38

EXAMPLE

Primary coil of a cylindrical former with the length of 50 cm and diameter 3 cm has 1000 turns. If the
secondary coil has 50 turns, calculate :
a) its mutual inductance
b) the induced emf in the secondary coil if the current flowing in the primary coil is changing at
the rate of 4.8 𝐴 𝑠 −1

Solution:

a) its mutual inductance

𝜇𝑜 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
𝑀=
𝑙

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

𝐴 = 𝜋(1.5 × 10−2 )2 = 7.069 × 10−4 𝑚2

(4𝜋 × 10−7 )(1000)(50)(7.069 × 10−4 )

𝑀=
50 × 10−2

𝑀 = 8.88 × 10−5 𝐻

b) the induced emf in the secondary coil if the current flowing in the primary coil is changing at
the rate of 4.8 𝐴 𝑠 −1

𝑑𝐼1
𝜀2 = 𝑀
𝑑𝑡
𝜀2 = (8.88 × 10−5 )(4.8) = 4.25 × 10−4 𝑉
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 39

EXERCISE

1. A long solenoid with a cross-sectional area of 3.14 × 10−4 𝑚2 is wrapped by a coil with 45
turns. The solenoid is 0.60 𝑚 long and has 510 turns. Find the mutual inductance of this
system.
[ans: 1.51 × 10−5 𝐻]

2. A circular coil with a diameter of 2 𝑐𝑚 and 100 turns is placed in the centre of a long
solenoid with a diameter of 8 𝑐𝑚 and 10 turns per cm. calculate the mutual inductance of
the two coils.
[ans: 6.32 × 10−4 𝐻]

3. Two closely spaced coils have a mutual inductance of 2 𝐻. Find the change in current in
current in the primary coil that will induce an e.m.f of 20 𝑚𝑉 in the secondary coil.
𝑑𝐼
[ans: = 0.01 𝐴𝑠 −1 ]
𝑑𝑡