R-Program Manual UCS,Tumakuru

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE TUMKURU-2024-25

R-PROGRAMMING LAB
MANUAL
COURSE: VI SEM BSc
SCHEME: NEP-2024-25

SUBMITTED BY FACULTY
SPOORTHI H A
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

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R-Program Manual UCS,Tumakuru

STATISTICAL & R-PROGRAMING

CourseTitle:R-PROGRAMMING LAB CourseCode:DSc9

TotalContactHours:52 Hours/Week:04
Formative Assessmentmarks:25 Course credits:02
Exam Marks:25 Duration of Exam:02Hours
By:SPOORTHI H A

LIST OF PROGRAMS
1. Write a R program for different types of data structures in R.
B)Write a R program to compute Mean,Median,Variance,Standard
Deviation,Min,Max, Skewness, Kurtosis and Quantiles(Q1, Q2, Q3)

2.Write a R program that include variables, constants, data types

3.Write a R program that include different operators, control structures, default

values for arguments, returning complex objects.

4. Write a R program for quick sort implementation, binary search tree.

5. Write a R program for calculating cumulative sums, and products minima maxima
and calculus.
6. Write a R program for finding stationary distribution of markanov chains.
7. Write a R program that include linear algebra operations on vectors and matrices.
8. Write a R program for any visual representation of an object with creating graphs
using graphic functions: Plot(),Hist(),Linechart(),Pie(),Boxplot(),Scatterplots().
9. Write a R program for with any dataset containing data frame objects, indexing and
sub setting data frames, and employ manipulating and analyzing data.
10. Write a program to create an any application of Linear Regression in multivariate
context for predictive purpose

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R-Program Manual UCS,Tumakuru
1.A)Write a R program for different types of data structures in R.

#Vector
numeric_vector<-c(1,2,3,4, 5)
character_vector<-
c("apple","banana","cherry")
print(numeric_vector)
print(character_vector)

#Matrix
matrix_data<-matrix(1:9,nrow=3,ncol=3)
print(matrix_data)

#DataFrame
dataframe_data <-
data.frame(
Name=c("Amiya","Raj","A
sish"),
Language=c(“R”,“Python”,“
Java”), Age = c(22, 25, 45)
)
print(dataframe_data)

#List
my_list <- list(
numbers=c(1,2,3
),
names=c("John","Mary"),
matrix=matrix(1:6,nrow=2,ncol=3)
)
print(my_list)

#Factor
data<-
c("East","West","East","North","North","East","West","West","West",

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R-Program Manual UCS,Tumakuru
"East", "North”)
factor_data<-factor(data)
print(factor_data)

OUTPUT
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
[1] "apple""banana""cherry"
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1, 1 4 7
]
[2, 2 5 8
]
[3, 3 6 9
]
NameLangu
ageAge 1
Amiya R22
2RajPython25
3 Asish Java45
$numbers
[1] 1 2 3
$names
[1] "John""Mary"
$matri
x
[,1][,2]
[,3]
[1,]135
[2,]246
[1]EastWestEastNorthNorthEastWestWe
stWestEastNorth Levels:
East North West

B)Write a R program to compute Mean,Median,Variance,Standard

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R-Program Manual UCS,Tumakuru
Deviation,Min,Max, Skewness, Kurtosis and Quantiles(Q1, Q2, Q3)

#Sampledata
xdata<-c(2,4.4,3,3,2,2.2,2,4)

#Compute Mean
mvalue<-
mean(xdata)
cat(“Mean:”,mvalue,“\n”)

#Compute Median
mevalue<-
median(xdata)
cat(“Median:”,mevalue,“\n”)

#ComputeMinimumandMaxi
mum minvalue<- min(xdata)
maxvalue<- max(xdata)
cat(“Minimum:”,minvalue,“\
n”)
cat(“Maximum:”,maxvalue,“\n”)

#ComputeVarianceandStandardDeviati
on varvalue<- var(xdata)
sdvalue<- sd(xdata)
cat(“Variance:”,varvalue,“\
n”)
cat(“StandardDeviation:”,sdvalue,“\n”)

#ComputeSkewnessandKurt
osis
#install.packages(“moments”
) #library(“moments”)
skvalue<-skewness(xdata)

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R-Program Manual UCS,Tumakuru
kurtvalue<- kurtosis(xdata)
cat(“Skewness:”,skvalue,“\n
”)
cat(“Kurtosis:”,kurtvalue,“\n
”)

#ComputeQuantiles(Q1,Q
2,Q3) q1 <- quantile(xdata,
0.25)
q2<-
quantile(xdata,0.50)#Sameasmedian
q3 <- quantile(xdata, 0.75)
cat(“Q1:”,q1,“\n”)
cat(“Q2 (Median):”, q2,“\n”)
cat(“Q3:”,q3,“\n”)
OUTPU
T Mean:
2.825
Median: 2.6
Minimum: 2
Maximum:4.4
Variance:0.9078571
StandardDeviation:0.9528154
Skewness:0.637572
Kurtosis:1.902409
Q1: 2
Q2 (Median): 2.6
Q3: 3.25

2.Write a R program that include variables, constants, data types

#Variables
x <- 10 # Creating a numeric
variable name<-"Alice"#Creating a
character variable
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is_student<-
TRUE#Creatingalogical(boolean)variable
print(x)
print(name)
print(is_student)

#Constants
PI<-3.14159265359#Definingaconstantfor PI
SPEED_OF_LIGHT<-
299792458#Definingaconstantforthespeedoflightinm/s Print(PI)
Print(SPEED_OF_LIGHT)

#DataTypes
#Numericdatatype
radius<-5.0#Numericvariable
area<-
PI*radius^2#Calculatingtheareaofacircle
print(area)

# Character data type

greeting<-
"Hello,World!"print(
greeting)

#Logical/Booleandatat
ype is_valid <- TRUE
print(is_valid)

#Listdatatype
person <- list(
name =
"Bob", age =
30,
is_student=TRUE
)

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R-Program Manual UCS,Tumakuru
print(person)

#Complexdatat
ype a <- 9i + 3
print(a)
OUTPUT
[1] 10
[1] "Alice"
[1] TRUE
[1] 3.141593
[1] 299792458
[1] 78.53982
[1] "Hello,World!"
[1] TRUE
$name
[1] "Bob"
$age
[1] 30
$is_student
[1] TRUE
[1] 3+9i

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3.Write a R program that include different operators, control

structures, default values for arguments, returning complex objects.

#Operators
#ArithmeticOperators
a<-10
b<-3
addition <- a + b
subtraction <- a -
b
multiplication<-
a*b division <- a
/ b modulus <- a
%% b
exponential <- a
^b
print(addition)
print(subtraction)
print(multiplicati
on)
print(division)
print(modulus)
print(exponential)

#ComparisonOper
ators greater_than
<- a > b less_than
<- a < b equal_to
<- a == b
not_equal_to <- a
!= b
print(greater_than)
print(less_than)
print(equal_to)
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print(not_equal_to)

# Logical Operators
logical_and<-
TRUE&&FALSE
logical_or <- TRUE ||
FALSE logical_not <-
!TRUE
print(logical_and)
print(logical_or)
print(logical_not)

#ControlStruct
ures if (a > b) {
result<-"aisgreaterthan b"
}else{
result<-"aisnotgreaterthanb"
}
print(result)
#Function with Default Argument Values
calculate_area<-
function(radius=1,pi=3.14159265359){ area <-
pi * radius^2
return(area)
}

area_default<-calculate_area()
area_custom<-
calculate_area(radius=5,pi=3.14)
print(area_default)
print(area_custom)

# Function Returning Complex Objects

create_person<-
function(name,age,is_student){ person <-

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R-Program Manual UCS,Tumakuru
list(
Name=nam
e, Age =
age,
IsStudent=is_student
)
return(person)
}

person1<-
create_person("Alice",25,TRUE)
person2<-
create_person("Bob",30,FALSE)
print(person1)
print(person2)

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OUTPUT
[1] 13
[1] 7
[1] 30
[1] 3.333333
[1] 1
[1] 1000
[1] TRUE
[1] FALSE
[1] FALSE
[1] TRUE
[1] FALSE
[1] TRUE
[1] FALSE
[2] "aisgreaterthanb"
[1] 3.141593
[1] 78.5
$Name
[1] "Alice"
$Age
[1] 25
$IsStudent
[1] TRUE
$Name
[1] "Bob"
$Age
[1] 30
$IsStudent
[1] FALSE

4.Write a R program for quick sort implementation, binary search tree.

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#QuickSort

quickSort<-function(arr){
random_index<-
sample(seq_along(arr),1); pivot <-
arr[random_index]
arr<-arr[-
random_index] left
<- c()
right<-c()
left<-
arr[which(arr<=pivot)]
right<-
arr[which(arr>pivot)]
if(length(left) > 1){
left<-quickSort(left)
}
if(length(right) >
1){ right<-
quickSort(right)
}
return(c(left,pivot,right))
}
arr<-
sample(1:100,10)
result <-
quickSort(arr)
print(result)

#BinarySearchTree

binarySearch=function(arr,
item){ low <- 1; high <-
length(arr)

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while(low<=high){
mid<-
as.integer(round((low+high)/2))
if (abs(arr[mid] - item) ==0) {
return(mid)

}elseif(arr[mid]<ite
m){ low <- mid + 1
}else{
high<-mid-1
}
}
return(0)
}
arr<-c(4,0,3,1,5,6,2)
sorted_arr<-
sort(arr) item <-
4
cat("Array",arr,"\nSortedarray",sorted_arr,"\nitem=",item,
"\n") index <- binarySearch(sorted_arr, item)
if (index!=0){
cat("Element is present at index",index,"\n")
}else{
cat("element not found")
}
OUTPU
T
[1]1 14 41 42 53 55 75 89 92 93
Array4031562
Sortedarray0123456
item=4
Elementispresentatindex5

5.Write a R program for calculating cumulativesums, and products

minima maxima and calculus.

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#Sampledata
data<-c(3,5,7,2,8)

# Cumulative Sum
cumulative_sum<-
cumsum(data)
cat("CumulativeSum:",cumulative_sum,"\n")

# Cumulative Product
cumulative_product <-
cumprod(data)
cat("CumulativeProduct:",cumulative_product,"\n")

# Minimum and
Maximum
minimum_value <-
min(data)
maximum_value<-
max(data)
cat("MinimumValue:",minimum_value,"\n")

cat("MaximumValue:",maximum_value,"\n")

#CalculusOperations
#Calculatethederivativeofafunction:f(x
)=x^2 f <- function(x) {
return(x^2)
}

#Derivati
ve x <- 2
h<-0.0001
derivative<-(f(x+h)-f(x))/h
cat("Derivativeatx=",x,"is",derivative,"\n")
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#IntegrationusingRiemann
sums # Integrate f(x) from
1 to 4
integrate_function<-
function(f,a,b,n=1000){ dx <- (b - a) /
n
x <- seq(a, b, by =
dx) integral<-
sum(f(x)*dx)
return(integral)
}

a<-1
b<-4
integral_value <-integrate_function(f,a,b)
cat("Integraloff(x)from",a,"to",b,"is",integral_value,"\n")

OUTPU
T
CumulativeSum:3 81517 25
CumulativeProduct:3151052101680
Minimumvalue:2
Maximumvalue:8
Derivativeatx=2is4.0001
Integraloff(x)from1to4is21.0255

6.Write a R program for finding stationary distribution of mark anov

chains.

library(Matrix)

#TransitionprobabilitymatrixoftheMarkovchain
P<-matrix(c(0.4,0.6,0.2,0.8),nrow=2,byrow=TRUE)

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#CheckifthematrixPisstochastic(i.e.,rowssu
mto1) if (all(rowSums(P) == 1)) {
eigen_result<-
eigen(t(P))#TransposePandfindeigenvalues/vectors
eigenvalues <- eigen_result$values
eigenvectors<-eigen_result$vectors

#Findtheindexoftheeigenvaluethatisclosestto1(withinatoler
ance) tol <- 1e-6
stationary_index<-which(abs(eigenvalues-1)<tol)

if(length(stationary_index)==0) {
cat("Nouniquestationarydistributionfound.\n")
}else{
stationary_distribution<-
eigenvectors[,stationary_index]/sum(eigenvectors[,
stationary_index])
cat("StationaryDistribution:",stationary_distribution,"\n")
}
}else{
cat("Thetransitionmatrixisnotstochastic(rowsshouldsumto1).\n")
}
OUTPU
T
StationaryDistribution:0.250.75

7. Write a R program that include linear algebra operations on vectors and

matrices.

#Definevectorsandmatri
ces v1 <- c(1, 2, 3)
v2<-c(4,5,6)
m1<-matrix(c(7,2,3,4),nrow=2,ncol=2)
m2<-matrix(c(9,8,7,6),nrow=2,ncol=2)

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#Displayvectorsandmatrices
cat("Vector 1:", v1, "\n")
cat("Vector2:",v2,"\n
\n") cat("Matrix
1:\n") print(m1)
cat("\nMatrix2:\n
") print(m2)

# Linear algebra operations

cat("\nLinear Algebra
Operations:\n")

#VectorAddition
cat("VectorAddition:",v1+v2,"\n")

#VectorDotProduct
cat("VectorDotProduct:",sum(v1*v2),"\n")

# Matrix Addition
cat("\nMatrix
Addition:\n") print(m1
+ m2)

# Matrix Multiplication
cat("\nMatrix
Multiplication:\n")
print(m1 %*% m2)

# Transpose of a Matrix
cat("\nTransposeofMatrix
1:\n") print(t(m1))

#DeterminantofaMatrix
cat("\nDeterminantofMatrix1:",det(m1),"\n")

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#InverseofaMatrix
cat("\nInverseofMatrix1:\n") inv_mat <-solve(m1) print(inv_mat)

OUTPUT
Vector1:123
Vector2:456
Matrix1:
[,1] [,2]
[1,]73
[2,]24
Matrix2:
[,1] [,2]
[1,]97
[2,]86
LinearAlgebraOperations: Vector Addition: 5 7 9 Vector Dot Product:
32 Matrix Addition
[,1] [,2]
[1,]1610
[2,]1010
MatrixMulti
plicatio
n: [,1]
[,2]
[1,]8767
[2,]5038
TransposeofMatrix 1:
[,1] [,2]
[1,]72
[2,]34
DeterminantofMatri
x1:22 Inverse of
Matrix 1:
[,1] [,2]
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[1,]0.18181818 -0.1363636
[2,] -0.090909090.3181818

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8.WriteaRprogramforanyvisualrepresentationofanobjectwithcreatinggrap
hsusinggraphic functions:
Plot(),Hist(),Linechart(),Pie(),Boxplot(),Scatterplots().

#Sampledata
data<-c(4,6,8,7,5,10,9,7,6,8)
categories<-
c("CategoryA","CategoryB","CategoryC","CategoryD","CategoryE")

#Histogram
hist(data,main="Histogram",xlab="Values",ylab="Frequency",col="lightblu
e")

#LineCha
rt x <-
1:5
y<-c(3,6,2,8,4)
plot(x,y,type="o",col="blue",main="LineChart",xlab="X-axis",ylab="Y-
axis")

#Pie Chart
slices<-c(10,20,15,30,25)
lbls<-categories
pie(slices,labels=lbls,main="PieChart")

#Box Plot
boxplot(data,horizontal=TRUE,main="BoxPlot",xlab="Values")

#ScatterPlot
x<-c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
y<-c(3,6,5,7,8,11,14,13,18,19)
plot(x,y,main="ScatterPlot",xlab="X-axis",ylab="Y-
axis",pch=16,col="red")

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OUTPUT

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9.WriteaRprogramforwithanydatasetcontainingdataframeobjects,indexing
andsubsetting data frames, and employ manipulating and analyzing data.

#CreateasampleDataFra
me data <- data.frame(
empname=c("Alice","Bob","Charlie","David"
,"Eve"), age = c(25, 30, 40, 28, 35),
n_projects=c(2,4,7,2,3),
designation=c("support","engineering","engineering","sales","sales")
)

#DisplaytheentireDataFrame
print(data)

#Indexing
name_column<-
data$empname
print("Name Column:")
print(name_column)

#Subsetting
young_employee<-
data[data$age<30,] print("Young
Employees:")
print(young_employee)

#Slicing
middle_employee<-
data[2:4,] print("Middle
Employees:")
print(middle_employee)

#Dicing

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experienced_emp<-
data[data$n_projects>3&data$designation=="engineering",]
print(experienced_emp)

#Aggregation
average_age<-
mean(data$age)
print(average_age)
average_projects <- mean(data$n_projects)
print(average_projects)

#DataAnalysis

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# Find the employees with the highest number of

projects max_projects_employee<-
data[which.max(data$n_projects),]
print("Employee with the Highest Number of
Projects:") print(max_projects_employee)
OUTPU
T
empnameagen_projectsdesignations
1 Alice25 2 support
2 Bob30 4engineering
3 Charlie40 7engineering
4 David28 2 sales
5 Eve35 3 sales
[1] "Name Column:"
[3] "Alice""Bob" "Charlie""David""Eve"
[1] "Young

Employees:"
empnameagen_projects
designations
1Alice25 2 support
4David28 2 sales
[1] "Middle
Employees:"
empnameagen_projects
designations
2 Bob30 4engineering
3 Charlie40 7engineering
4David28 2 sales
empnameagen_projects
designations
2 Bob30 4engineering
3 Charlie40 7engineering
[1] 31.6
[1] 3.6
[1]"Employeewiththehighestnumberof
projects:" empname age

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R-Program Manual UCS,Tumakuru
n_projects designations
3 Charlie40 7engineering

10.Write a program to create an any application of Linear Regression in

multi variate context for predictive purpose

Imarks=c(10,15,17,10,18,20,5,13,15,12)
Emarks=c(70,80,90,50,85,90,30,60,70,70)
LReg=lm(Emarks~I
marks) LReg
PredicatedResult =
predict(LReg)
PredicatedResult
Error=residuals(L
Reg) Error
Result=data.frame(Imarks,Emarks,PredicatedRe
sult,Error) Result

plot(Imarks,Emarks,col="red",main="InternalandExternalmarksRegression",
abline(lm(Emarks~Imarks)))
a<-
data.frame(Imarks=10)
result <- predict(LReg,
a) result

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OUTPU
T
Call:
lm(formula=Emar
ks~Imarks)
Coefficients:
(Intercept)
Ima
rks16.748
3.90
8
>PredicatedResult
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
55.82353 75.36134 83.17647 55.82353 87.08403 94.89916 36.28571
67.54622 75.36134 63.63866
>Error
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
14.1764714.6386556.823529 -5.823529 -2.084034 -4.899160 -6.285714
-7.546218 -5.361345
10
6.36134
5
>Result
ImarksEmarks PredicatedResult Error
1 10 70 55.82353 14.176471
2 15 80 75.361344.638655
3 17 90 83.176476.823529
4 10 50 55.82353 -5.823529
5 18 85 87.08403 -2.084034
6 20 90 94.89916 -4.899160
7 5 30 36.28571 -6.285714
8 13 60 67.54622 -7.546218
9 15 70 75.36134 -5.361345
10 12 70 63.638666.361345
>result
1
55.82353

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