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Group 4 (Elastic and Inelastic Response Spectrum

The document discusses response spectra, which are plots representing the maximum responses of single-degree-of-freedom systems during earthquakes, detailing both elastic and inelastic response spectra. It outlines the origin, methods, and steps for constructing response spectra, along with factors influencing them and the significance of ductility in structural design. The content emphasizes the importance of understanding both elastic and inelastic behaviors for effective earthquake engineering.

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Laarni D. Caranias
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20 views23 pages

Group 4 (Elastic and Inelastic Response Spectrum

The document discusses response spectra, which are plots representing the maximum responses of single-degree-of-freedom systems during earthquakes, detailing both elastic and inelastic response spectra. It outlines the origin, methods, and steps for constructing response spectra, along with factors influencing them and the significance of ductility in structural design. The content emphasizes the importance of understanding both elastic and inelastic behaviors for effective earthquake engineering.

Uploaded by

Laarni D. Caranias
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Elastic and Inelastic

Response Spectrum
PRESENTED BY GROUP 4
Table of contents

01
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
origin, methods, steps, and etc.

02 03
ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA INELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA
natural time period, displacements, force-deformation, ductility factor,
and etc. and etc.
01
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
origin, methods, steps, and etc.
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
A response spectrum is a plot of the maxima of the
acceleration, velocity, and displacement response of
single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems with various
natural periods when a subjected earthquake ground
motion. A family of curves is usually calculated for a
given excitation, showing the effect of variation of the
structural damping. For many practical structural
applications, it is sufficient to employ the maximum(or
spectra) values the above response parameters rather
than their values at each instant during the history.
ORIGIN
Origin
- In 1197, with the occurrence of the San Fernando, California earthquake,
the modern era of Response Spectrum Methods was launched.

- This earthquake was recorded by 241 accelerographs and by combining


these data with all previous strong-motion records it became possible the
first comprehensive empirical scaling analyses of response spectral
amplitudes.
RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD IS FAVORED BY THE EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING COMMUNITY BECAUSE IT:

- provides a technique for performing an equivalent static lateral load analysis.

-allows a clear understanding of the contributions of different modes of vibration.

- a simplified methods for finding the design forces for structural members for
earthquake.

-useful for approximate evaluation of seismic reliability of structures.


THE SPECTRUM METHODS OF ANALYSIS DEVELOPED USING THE FF.
STEPS:
1. A modal analysis of the structure is carried out to obtain mode shapes, frequencies and
modal participation factors.

2. Using the acceleration response spectrum, an equivalent static load is derived which
will provide the same maximum response as obtained in each mode of vibrations.

3. Maximum modal responses are combined to find total maximum response of the
structure.

4. Do the dynamic analysis followed by a static analysis.


THE SPECTRUM METHODS OF ANALYSIS DEVELOPED USING THE FF.
STEPS:

5. The first 2 steps do not have the approximations, while the third step has same
approximations. As a result, response spectrum analysis is called an approximate analysis;
but applications show that it provides mostly a good estimate of show that it provides
mostly a good estimate of peak responses.

6. Methods is developed for single point, single component excitation for classically
damped linear systems. However, with additional approximations it has been extended for
multi point-multi component excitations and for nonclassical damped systems.
FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPONSE SPECTRA
The response spectral values depends upon the following parameters:

1. Energy Release Mechanism


2. Epicentral Distance
3. Focal Depth
4. Soil Pollution
5. Richter Magnitude
6. Damping in the System
7. Time Period of the System
CONSTRUCTION OF RESPONSE SPECTRUM
The response spectrum for given ground motion component Ug(t) can be developed by
implementation of the following steps:

1. Numerically define the ground acceleration Ug(t), the ground motion ordinates are
define every 0.02 sec.
2. Select natural vibration period T and damping ratio SDF system.
3. Compute the deformation response U(t) of this SDF systems due to the ground motion
Ug(t) by any of the numerical methods.
4. Determine Uo the peak value of U(t).
5. The spectral ordinates are D= Uo, V=(2π/T)D, and A=(2π/T)^2 D.
6. Repeat steps 2 to 3 for a range of T and e values covering all possible systems of
engineering interest:
7. Present the results of steps 2 to 4 graphically to produce three separate spectra or a
combined spectrum.
02
Elastic Response Spectra
natural time period, displacements, and etc.
ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA
Elastic response are derived analytically by evaluating the Duhannel integral
which provides the total displacement responses of SDOF systems subjected
to earthquake loading. Since superposition applies(for elastic systems) the
convolution integral is valid. The principle of superposition states that the
effect of a number of simultaneously applied actions is equivalent to the
superposition of their individual effects considered one at a time.
Elastic response are derived analytically by evaluating the Duhannel integral which provides
the total displacement responses of SDOF systems subjected to earthquake loading. Since
superposition applies(for elastic systems) the convolution integral is valid. The principle of
superposition states that the effect of a number of simultaneously applied actions is
equivalent to the superposition of their individual effects considered one at a time.

The equation of dynamic equilibrium for linear elastic structural systems with mass m.
stiffness k and damping c is as follows
The Governing equation of motion of an SDF system due to applied force is: FORMULA:
Fi + Fd + Fs= P(t) ma(t) + cv(t) + kd(t)=P(T)

Where: Where:
Fi= Inertial Force m=mass
Fd= Dumping Force k=stiffness
Fs= Elastic Restoring Force c=damping constant
P(t)= Applied Force d=displacement

These ff are called Functions of time


DISPLACEMENT/ DEFORMATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

The family of curves corresponding to Sd


values is called displacement response
spectrum. A "displacement/deformation
response spectrum" is a graphical
representation that plots the maximum
displacement (or deformation) of a single-
degree-of-freedom system across a range of
natural periods, for a given earthquake
ground motion.
VELOCITY RESPONSE SPECTRUM

The velocity response spectrum (SV) is


necessary for calculating the relative peak
velocities at both ends of the damper and
determining the design force (FEMA-450
2003) in the seismic design of structures
equipped with velocity-dependent dampers.
ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

An acceleration response spectrum is a graph


that shows the maximum acceleration of a
system subjected to a specific ground
motion. It's used to assess how a structure
will respond to an earthquake.
03
Inelastic Response Spectra
force-deformation, ductility factor, and etc.
INELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA
Inelastic spectra depends not only the characteristics of the ground motion
but also on the non linear cyclic characteristics of the structural system. This
complicates the problem for structural earthquake engineers. The reduction
of the elastic spectra by the employing R-factors in the simplest and most
popular approach to derive inelastic spectra.
- Under relatively strong earthquakes, structures undergo inelastic deformation
due to current seismic design philosophy

- Therefore structures should have sufficient ductility to deform beyond the yield
limit.

- For understanding ductility demand imposed by the earthquake a study o f SDOF


system in inelastic range is of great help.

- For complete understanding of the inelastic behavior of structures, concepts of


ductility and inelastic response spectrum is required.
FORCE DEFORMATION RELATIONSHIP
During an earthquake, structures undergo
oscillatory motion with reversal of deformation.

The experimental results from cyclic loading


conditions indicates that the cyclic force-
deformation behavior of a structure depends on:

- the structural material (concrete, steel)


- the type of structural members (beam, shear
member, axial member)
- how members are assembled into the structural
system
DUCTILITY FACTOR
The ductility factor Iμ" is defined as the ratio
between the maximum displacement and the yield
displacement (umax/uy ) or maximum drift and the
yield drift (θmax/θy). This means, when μ 1, it will
be an elastic response and when μ ! 1, it will be an
inelastic response. T
he ductility factor in earthquake engineering is a
measure of a structure's ability to deform without
losing strength during an earthquake. It's used to
help ensure that structures are safe and can
withstand the large forces of an earthquake.

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