Statistics and

Probability
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Formulating Hypothesis
and Identifying Test
Statistic
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Formulating Hypothesis and Identifying Test Statistic
First Edition, 2021

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Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Formulating Hypothesis
and Identifying Test
Statistic
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their learning at home. Furthermore, you
are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks
included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your learning.
Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities in the
module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be
reminded of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the
other activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will
experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the
relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the concepts of Formulating Hypothesis and Identifying
Test Statistic. It also includes the discussion on determining an
appropriate test statistic. The scope of this module permits you to
navigate in many different learning situations. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.

This module is all about Formulating Hypothesis and Identifying Test

Statistic.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. formulate the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a
population mean (M11/12SP-IVb-1);
2. identify the appropriate form of the test-statistic when: (a) the
population variance is assumed to be known; (b) the population
variance is assumed to be unknown; and (c) the Central Limit Theorem
is to be used (M11/12SP-IVb-2).

Let Us Try
Read and analyze the following items. Choose the letter of the best
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

For items 1 & 2, Refer to the problem below.

It is known that the average daily income of ABC Store is ₱5,500.00. A

the mean daily income is ₱6,000.00 with a standard deviation of ₱300.00.

monitoring using a sample of 30 days is conducted and it turns out that

is ₱5,500.00.
1. Which of the following is the null hypothesis?
a. The sample comes from a population whose mean

₱5,500.00.
b. The sample does not come from a population whose mean is

c. The sample comes from a population whose mean is ₱6,000.00.

₱6,000.00.
d. The sample does not come from a population whose mean is

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 is ₱5,500.00.
2. Which of the following is the alternative hypothesis?
a. The sample comes from a population whose mean

₱5,500.00.
b. The sample does not come from a population whose mean is

c. The sample comes from a population whose mean is ₱6,000.00.

₱6,000.00.
d. The sample does not come from a population whose mean is

3. Which of the following sets of hypothesis is an example of a two-

tailed test?
a. H0:  = b. H0:  = 80 c. H0:  = 80 d. H0:  = 80
80
H1:  > 80 H1:  < 80 H1:   80 H1:  ≠ 80

4. When the population standard deviation  is known and the number

of sample size is greater than 30, the test statistic to be used is
a. z-test b. F-test c. t-test d. Pearson r

5. When the number of sample size is less than 30, the test statistic to
be used is
a. z-test b. F-test c. t-test d. Pearson r

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 Let Us Study

Lesson
Formulating Hypothesis
and 1 Identifying Test
Statistic
We have learned in the previous module that the two types of
hypothesis namely, the null hypothesis (𝐻0) and alternative hypotheses
(𝐻1). This time, we will be formulating the hypothesis from a given
situation.

Two-Tailed Test
It is a non-directional test which means that there is
no specified direction as to whether the parameter is
greater than or less than. It is commonly denoted by the
symbol ≠.
One-Tailed Test
f
o It is a test which has a specific direction for the
parameter. It can be either greater than (>) or less than

Example 1. In a farm, the average harvest of Mr. Tolentino is 75 mangoes

per tree with a standard deviation of 8. He decided to try an
inorganic fertilizer to produce a greater harvest of his
mangoes. A sample of 50 trees has been applied with the
fertilizer and yielded 90 mangoes per tree with a standard
deviation of 6.
a. State the null and alternative hypotheses in words.
b. State whether the test is two-tailed or one-tailed
c. Transform the null and alternative hypotheses in symbols.
Solution 1.
The parameter of interest is the population mean  = 75
a. The null and alternative hypotheses are the following:
𝐻0: The sample comes from a population whose mean is  is 75.
𝐻1: The sample does not come from a population whose mean is  is 75.

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 b.The expression ‘greater harvest’ is a clue that this situation involves
a directional test. Therefore, this is a one-tailed test.
c. In symbols we can write the null and alternative hypotheses as follows:
𝐻0:  = 75
𝐻1:  > 75
Example 2. The mean grade of the learners in XYZ High School on
Statistics subject is 83. A sample of 45 learners was included
in an experimental study to determine if peer mentoring can
affect their performance. The result reveals a mean grade of
86 with a standard deviation of 9.
a. State the null and alternative hypotheses in words.
b. State whether the test is two-tailed or one-tailed
c. Transform the null and alternative hypotheses in symbols.
Solution 2.
The parameter of interest is the population mean  = 83
a. The null and alternative hypotheses are the following:
𝐻0: The sample comes from a population whose mean is  is 83.
𝐻1: The sample does not come from a population whose mean is
 is 83.
b.The expression ‘can affect their performance’ is an indication that
the learner’s performance either increases or decreases. This
means that the test is non-directional. Therefore, this is a two-
tailed test.
c. In symbols we can write the null and alternative hypotheses as
follows:
𝐻0:  = 83
𝐻1:  ≠ 83
It is also significant in hypotheses testing that we can determine the
test statistic to be used in a given situation. A test statistic is a value that
plays a vital role in the decision making whether to reject or not to reject
the null hypotheses. Let us consider the following cases:

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Case 1: The sample is large and the population standard deviation is known.

When the sample is large such that 𝑛 ≥ 30 and the population

standard deviation 𝜎 is known, Central Limit Theorem is applicable. This
means that the population is normally distributed. Therefore, we can use
the z-test.
𝑿̅–𝝁
Test statistic: 𝒛 = 𝝈
√𝒏

The first example in the previous page can be applied with Case 1.
Recall that the population mean is 75, the sample mean is 90, population
standard deviation is 8 and a sample size of 50 which is greater than 30.
Case 2: The sample is large, but the population standard deviation is
unknown.
When the sample is large such that 𝑛 ≥ 30 but the population
standard deviation 𝜎 is unknown, we can still apply the Central Limit
Theorem. In this case, we will use the sample standard deviation 𝒔 as an
estimate for the population standard deviation 𝝈. Therefore, the test
statistic will then be,
𝑿̅–𝝁
Test statistic: 𝒛 = 𝒔
√𝒏

The second example in the previous page can be applied with Case
2. Recall that the population mean is 83, the sample mean is 86, sample
standard deviation is 8 and a sample size of 45 which is greater than 30.

Case 3: The sample is small such that 𝑛 < 30 and the population
standard deviation is unknown.
When the sample size is small, we cannot apply the Central Limit

approximately normal. Then, the sample standard deviation 𝒔 will be the

Theorem. In this case, we need to assume that the population is

estimator of the population standard deviation 𝜎. Finally, we will apply

the t-test

𝒕 𝑿̅–𝝁
=
Test statistic:
𝒔
√𝒏

Example 3. The mean weight of the learners in ABC High School is 50

kgs. A sample of 25 learners was weighed in to determine if
the “No Junkfood Policy in the school canteen significantly
addresses the learner’s obesity. The result shows that their
mean weight is 47 kgs with a standard deviation of 7 kgs.
a. State the null and alternative hypotheses in words.
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b. State whether the test is two-tailed or one-tailed

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 c. Transform the null and alternative hypotheses in symbols.
d. Identify the test statistic to be used in testing the hypothesis.
Solution 3.
The parameter of interest is the population mean  = 50
a. The null and alternative hypotheses are the following:
𝐻0: The sample comes from a population whose mean is  is 50.
𝐻1: The sample does not come from a population whose mean is
 is 50.
b.The expression ‘significantly addresses’ signifies that learner’s
weight either increases or decreases due to the implementation of
the program. This means that the test is non-directional.
Therefore, this is a two-tailed test.
c. In symbols we can write the null and alternative hypotheses as
follows:
𝐻0:  = 50
𝐻1:  ≠ 50
d. The sample size of 25 learners is small which less than 30 and the
population standard deviation was not indicated. So, we cannot

that the population is normal. We also need to estimate 𝜎 using

apply the Central Limit Theorem and we need to approximate

the sample standard deviation 𝒔. Therefore, we will apply the t-

test to test the hypothesis.

Let Us Practice

State whether the following pairs of hypotheses are one-tailed test

or two-tailed test. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.

𝐻0:  = 105
𝐻1:  ≠ 105
1.

𝐻0:  = 94
𝐻1:  > 105
2.

𝐻0:  = 62.5
𝐻1:  < 62.5
3.

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 Using the given data below, identify the test statistic to be used to
test the hypothesis.

4.  = 100, 𝜎 = 9, 𝑛 = 60, 𝑋2 = 95, 𝑠 = 9

5.  = 85, 𝑛 = 27, 𝑋2 = 92, 𝑠 = 7

Let Us Practice More

Transform the following pairs of hypotheses in symbols. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. 𝐻0: The sample comes from a population whose mean is 85.

𝐻1: The sample does not come from a population whose mean is 85.

2. 𝐻0: The mean grade of grade 12 learners is 86.

𝐻1: The mean grade of grade 12 learners is less than 86.

3. 𝐻0: The average score of a professional basketball player in a game is 25.

𝐻1: The average score of a professional basketball player in a game is

more than 25.

4. 𝐻0: The sample comes from a population whose mean is 124.

𝐻1: The sample does not come from a population whose mean is 124.

5. 𝐻0: The mean price of a chicken meat per kilo is P190.00.

𝐻1: The mean price of a chicken meat per kilo is not P190.00.

Let Us Remember
Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. When the given problem leads to the idea where the given parameter
either increases or decreases, this type of test is a .

2. When the given problem leads to the idea where the given
parameter increases, this type of test is a .

3. When the given problem leads to the idea where the given
parameter decreases, this type of test is a .

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4. If the Central Limit Theorem is applicable in testing the hypotheses
where n  30, the test statistic to be used is the .

5. If The given problem has a small sample such that n < 30, and the
population standard deviation is unknown, the test statistic to be used
is
.

Let Us Assess

Using the given problem below, answer the following exercises.

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A company produces insecticides where its period of effectiveness is

normally distributed with a mean of 250 hours and a standard
deviation of 26 hours. 40 samples of this insecticide were tested and
found to have an average period of effectivity which is 260 hours with a
standard deviation of 24 hours.
a. State the null and alternative hypotheses in words.
b. State whether the test is two-tailed or one tailed.
c. Transform the null and alternative hypotheses in symbols.
d. Identify the test statistic to be used in testing the hypothesis.
2. The average time it takes to make a sofa bed is 450 hours. A sample of
25 skilled workers was surveyed on their working time in making a sofa
bed will be reduced if their salary will be raised. It reveals that the
average time for them to make a sofa bed is 400 hours with a standard
deviation of 15 hours.
a. State the null and alternative hypotheses in words.
b. State whether the test is two-tailed or one tailed
c. Transform the null and alternative hypotheses in symbols.
d. Identify the test statistic to be used in testing the hypothesis.

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 Let Us Enhance

Formulate a situational problem involving hypothesis testing. Then

identify its null and alternative hypotheses respectively. Determine
whether the situation can be applied by a one-tailed test or two-tailed
test. Identify the test statistic to be used to test the hypotheses. Make
sure that you have provided enough given quantities to have a
meaningful construction of situation involving hypothesis testing.

Let Us Reflect

To determine the type of test to be employed in a given situation

involving hypotheses, we need to find some clues such as a phrase that
will guide us whether it is a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test. When the
situation doesn’t provide a clue that is associated with the terms, greater
than or less than, then it is a two-tailed test. Otherwise, it is a one-tailed
test.
When the given situation contains a large sample that is greater
than or equal to 30, we can apply the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) to

is 𝑧-test. On the other hand, if the sample is small such that 𝑛 < 30, then
assure the normality of the population. Then, the test statistic to be used

we need to approximate that the population is normally distributed and

use the sample standard deviation to estimate the population standard
deviation. Therefore, this situation needs the t-test as its test statistic.

1
0
 1
0

Let Us Assess

a. 𝐻0: The sample comes from a population whose mean is  is 250.

1.

𝐻1: The sample does not come from a population whose mean is  is 250.

c. 𝐻0:  = 250
b. This is a two-tailed test.

𝐻1:  ≠ 250
d. z-test

a. 𝐻0: The sample comes from a population whose mean is  is 450.

2.

𝐻1: The sample does not come from a population whose mean is  is 450.

c. 𝐻0:  = 450
b. This is a one-tailed test.

𝐻1:  < 450

d. t-test

Let Us Remember

1. Two-tailed test

2. One-tailed test

3. One-tailed test

4. z-test

5. t-test

Let Us Practice More Let Us P Let us Try

1. 𝐻0:  = 85 𝐻1:  ≠ 85
ractice
1. A

2. 𝐻0:  = 86 𝐻1:  < 86

1. Two-tailed test
2. B

3. 𝐻0:  = 25 𝐻1:  > 25

2. One-tailed test
3. D

4. 𝐻0:  = 𝐻1:  ≠
3. One-tailed test
4. A
124 124 4. z-test

5. 𝐻0:  = 𝐻1:  ≠
5. C
5. t-test
5. D

Answer
Key
 References

Belecina, R., Baccay, E., & Mateo, E. (2016). Statistics and Probability.
Philippines: Rex Printing Company, Inc.
Chua, S., et.al. (2016). Soaring 21st Century Mathematics, Statistics and Probability.
Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Davao City Division

E. Quirino Avenue, Davao City

Telephone: (082) 227 4762

Email Address: [email protected]