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Short Answer Questions

The document contains a series of short answer questions and answers related to wave interference, diffraction, polarization of light, crystal structures, and electric displacement. Key concepts include the principle of superposition, conditions for diffraction, Bragg's law, and definitions of electric dipoles and dielectrics. It also includes calculations for effective number of atoms in various crystal structures and examples of dielectric materials.

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4 views5 pages

Short Answer Questions

The document contains a series of short answer questions and answers related to wave interference, diffraction, polarization of light, crystal structures, and electric displacement. Key concepts include the principle of superposition, conditions for diffraction, Bragg's law, and definitions of electric dipoles and dielectrics. It also includes calculations for effective number of atoms in various crystal structures and examples of dielectric materials.

Uploaded by

mounikasreedulla
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. If two waves having different amplitudes and interfering constructively then what is
resultant intensity?
The Resultant Intensity is I max = (a1 + a2)2

2. What is principle of superposition?


It states that the resultant displacement at any point is the
vector sum of the displacements of the individual waves.

y  y1  y2  ....... yn

3. Why central fringe in Newton’s rings experiment is always dark?


It is dark due to destructive interference at the point of contact between the lens and the glass
surface.
𝜆
At point of contact, E.P.D = 2

4. Newton rings are observed in the reflected light of wavelength 5900 A o. The diameter of
10th dark ring is 0.5 cm. Find the radius of curvature of lens used.

5. Write any two basic differences between interference and diffraction.

Interference Diffraction

1. Superposition by wave fronts 1. Superposition by wavelets

2. Fringes are of equal width 2. Width decreases by order

3. All bright fringes are of same intensity 3. Varying intensity

4. Minimum intensity is perfectly dark 4. Not perfectly dark.


6. What is meant by diffraction of light?
DIFFRACTION: Diffraction is the bending of light
around the edges of an obstacle or aperture, and the
spreading of light waves into the region of the
geometrical shadow of that obstacle.

Condition for diffraction: Significant diffraction occurs


when the size of the obstacle or aperture ‘a’ is
comparable to the wavelength of light ‘λ’

a ≈ λ (where ‘a’ is dimension of obstacle/aperture and ‘λ’ is wavelength of light)

7. Explain the term Polarization of light.


If the vibrations of light (or) electric field confined to a single plane then light is said to be
polarized.

8. Derive grating equation for monochromatic light.


Grating equation (or) condition for maximas is

(e+d) sinθ = nλ

Here (e+d) is the grating element.

9. Calculate maximum number of orders for the grating having 5000 lines/cm for the light of
wavelength 5890 Ǻ.

1
Maximum number of orders for the grating is 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜆𝑁

Substituting and simplifying, we get 𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 3.39 = 3


10. Distinguish between polarized and unpolarized light.
POLARIZED LIGHT: If the vibrations of light (or) electric field confined to a single plane
then light is said to be polarized.

UNPOLARIZED LIGHT: If the vibration of light (or) electric field takes place in all
directions (or) all the planes, then light is unpolarized.

11. Define crystal structure.


It is the orderly arrangement of atoms in a three-dimensional lattice.

Space lattice + Basis= Crystal structure

12. Define space lattice.


The imaginary points in space which maintains periodicity in all
directions such that environment at each point is same is space lattice
(or) 3D lattice.

⃗ = 𝑛1 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑏⃗ +
The translational vector in space lattice is given by 𝑇
𝑛3 𝑐

13. Calculate effective number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic structure.
Effective number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic structure = 1 atom/unit cell

14. Calculate effective number of atoms per unit cell in a body centred cubic structure.
Effective number of atoms per unit cell in a body centered cubic structure = 2 atom/unit cell

15. Define Basis.


Basis is the arrangement of atoms (or) ions (or) molecules in imaginary points of space
lattice.

The basis is identical in arrangement, composition and orientation.

Space lattice + Basis= Crystal structure


16. Draw the plane for miller indices (1 1 1).

17. Estimate the inter-planar separation (d) for miller indices (1 1 0) in a cubic crystal.

18. Write Bragg’s equation in X-ray diffraction.


STATEMENT: Diffracted X-rays from a crystal give a constructive interference pattern on the
screen if the path difference of X-rays is an integer multiple of the wavelength.

2dsinθ = nλ
n = Order of diffraction
λ = Wavelength of the incident X-rays
d = Distance between the atomic planes in the crystal (inter planar spacing)
θ = Glancing angle (also known as the Bragg angle)

19. Write the limiting condition for Bragg’s law.


Limiting condition of Bragg’s Law: nλ ≤ 2𝑑 (𝑜𝑟)

  2d

20. Calculate effective number of atoms per unit cell in a face centred cubic structure.
Effective number of atoms per unit cell in a body centered cubic structure = 4 atoms/unit cell
21. Define Electric displacement vector.
Electric displacement vector (or) Electric flux density is the number of lines of force passing
normally a surface of unit cross sectional area.

D α E (or) D = εΕ

Also, the electric displacement vector is related to the electric field E and the Polarization P as

D = εoΕ + P

22. Determine the dielectric susceptibility for a gas whose relative permittivity is 1.000057.

23. Define a) Electric dipole b) Electric dipole moment.


Electric dipole: Two equal and opposite charges separated by some distance constitute a dipole.

Electric dipole moment (µ): The product of the magnitude of charge and distance between them
is called the dipole moment. Dipole moment represents the strength of the dipole.

µ = |𝑄 | 𝑋 𝑑

24. What are Dielectrics?


 Materials that do not conduct electricity but can be polarized.
 The dielectrics are the insulators used in between the plates of the capacitor to increase its
capacity. Eg. Plastic, polyester, air, paper.

25. Give two examples of dielectric materials.


Mica, glass.

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