SECTION 1

Given Data

Hot Fluid Temperature = Tfluid = 115 oC

Outer Radius of Tube Ro = 18 mm = 0.018 m

Inner Radius of Tube = Ri = 12 mm = 0.012 m

Tube Length = L = 270 mm = 0.27 m

Number of fins = 14

Fin Height = 20 mm = 0.020 m

Fin Thickness = 2 mm = 0.002m

Temperature of Air = TAir = 20 oC

Uniform Heat transfer coefficient = ho = 30 W/m2 K

Heat transfer coefficient of hot liquid = hi = 50 W/m2 K

Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum k = 200 W/mK

a) Assumptions
 Steady State
 Negligible Heat transfer due to radiation
 Heat loss from tip to in is neglected
 Fins are attached properly to surface
 Uniform Material Throughout

Sketch showing geometry, boundary conditions and equivalent thermal circuit

 Geometry and boundary conditions

The below figure shows equivalent thermal circuit which has the resistance of fins, resistance
of tube and inside resistance.
 b) Total Thermal Resistance (Rth)
i) Tube Resistance (Rt)

Total Number of tubes = 14

The conduction resistance o hollow cylinder is given below:

Rt =
ln
( )
R0
Ri
2 πkL

Here,

R0 = Outer radius of tube in m

Ri = Inner Radius of Tube in m

K = Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum

L = Tube length in meters

¿
ln ( 0.0
0.0 12 )
18

2 π ( 200 ) ( 0.27 )

−3 K
Rt =1.195∗10 =0.001195
W

ii) Fin Resistance (Rfin)

Resistance due to fins is shown below:

1
R fin=
√ hPkA tanh ⁡(m L c )

Here,

P=Perimeter=2t=2 ( 2 )=4 mm

2 2 2
A=Area=t =2 =4 m m

t 2
Lc =Corrected fin length=L+ =0.27+ =1.27 mm
2 2

m=Fin parameter=
√ √
hP
kA
=
30 ( 4 )
200 ( 4 )
=0.3872
So,

1
R fin=
√30∗4∗4∗200∗tanh ( 0.3872∗1.27 )
−3 K
R fin=7.08∗10 =0.00708
W

iii) Inside Thermal Resistance (Ri)

The convection resistance inside the tube is given as:

1 1
Ri= =
hi Ai hi∗(2 π∗hi∗L)

Here, Ai = inner surface area

1
¿
50∗( 2 π∗0.012∗0.2 7 )

K
Ri=0.9824
W

Total Thermal Resistance

Total Thermal Resistance=Rth =Rfin + R t + Ri

¿ 0.00708+ 0.001195+0.9824

K
Rth =0.990675
W

c) Heat Transfer Rate (Q)

Hear Transfer rate is calculated as:

∆ T T fluid−T air
Q= =
Rth R th

115−20
¿
0.990675

Q=95.894 W
 SECTION 2

2a

Given Data

Molar Mass (M) = 40 kg/kmol

Specific heat ratio =1.67

Inlet Velocity (V1) = 135 m/s

Inlet Pressure (P1) = 120 kPa

Inlet Temperature (T1) = 20C = 20 + 273 = 293 K

Throat Temperature (Tt) = -20C = -20+273 = 253 K

i) Mach Number at inlet

Mach Number is given as:

V
M=
a

Here, a = speed of sound

a=√ γRT

Here,

Ru J
R= , where R u=8314
M kmol∗K̇

8314 J
R= =207.85
40 kg K̇

Speed of Sound at T1

a 1=√ γR T 1=√ 1.67∗207.85∗293

m
a 1=319
s

V 1 135
M 1= =
a1 319
 M 1=0.423

ii) Mach Number, Pressure and Velocity at Throat

Mach Number

By using stagnation temperature equation is

T0 γ −1 2
=1+ M1
T1 2

T0 1.67−1 2
=1+ ∗0.423
293 2

T 0=310.56 K

Now, using it to find T2

T0 γ −1 2
=1+ M2
T2 2

310.56 1.67−1 2
=1+ M2
253 2

M 2=0.824

Velocity

Mach number is given as:

V2
M 2=
√ γR T 2
V 2=M 2∗√ γR T 2

V 2=0.824∗√ 1.67∗207.85∗253

m
V 2=244.186
s

Pressure

Using stagnation pressure equation

( )
P0 γ −1 2
γ
= 1+ M1 γ −1
P1 2
 ( )
P0 1.67−1 2
1.67
= 1+ ( 0.423 ) 1.67−1
120 2

P0=138.73 kPa

Again using stagnation pressure equation to find P2

( )
P0 γ −1 2
γ
= 1+ M2 γ −1
P2 2

( )
1.67
138.73 1.67−1 ( 2
= 1+ 0.824 ) 1.67−1
P2 2

P2=83.23 kPa
 2b

Given Data

Chamber Pressure = P0 = 750 kN/m2

Chamber Temperature T0 = 35C = 35 + 273 = 308K

Mach number at the exit plane = Me = 2.9

Throat Area of Nozzle = At = 0.07 m2

γ =1.4

i) Exit Area of Nozzle Ae

Using area ratio between throat and exit plane of converging-diverging nozzle with isentropic
flow:

[ ( )( )]
( γ+ 1)
Ae 1 2 γ −1 2 2 ( γ−1 )
= 1+ Me
At M e γ +1 2

[( )( )]
( 1.4 +1)
Ae 1 2 1.4−1
= 1+ ( 2.9 )2 2 ( 1.4 −1)
0.07 2.9 1.4+1 2

Ae =3.849∗0.07

2
Ae =0.26943 m

ii) Mass Flow Rate through the nozzle when operating under design conditions

The mass flow rate is given as:

√
P0∗A t
( )
γ +1
γ 2
ṁ= ∗ ∗ 2 (γ−1)
√T 0 R γ +1

Substituting values:

750∗103∗0.07
√ ( )
1.4+1
1.4 2
ṁ= ∗ ∗ 2(1.4−1)
√308.15 287 1.4+1

ṁ=2990.73∗0.0404

kg
ṁ=120.82
s
 iii) The design back pressure to operate with Mach Number M e = 2.9 at exit
plane

It is given as:

( )
Pe γ −1 2
γ
= 1+ Me γ −1
P0 2

Substituting values:

( )
Pe 1.4−1 2
1.4

3
= 1+ ( 2.9 ) 1.4 −1
750∗10 2

3
Pe =750∗10 ∗31.594

Pe =23.69 MPa

iv) The back pressure below which there ae no shock waves in the nozzle

For no shock waves, the nozzle must operate under supersonic conditions. This occurs when
the back pressure Pb is less than the pressure at throat:

Pb < Pt

( )
Pt 2
γ
= γ −1
P 0 γ +1

( )
1.4
23 1.4 −1
Pt =750∗10
1.4 +1

Pt =396211 Pa=396.211kPa=3.96 MPa