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Lec.3 - Spatial Domain Filtering III

The document is a lecture on spatial domain filtering in image processing, specifically focusing on sharpening spatial filters using second derivatives. It discusses the application of the Laplacian filter for image enhancement, including techniques like unsharp masking and high-boost filtering. Additionally, it covers the importance of combining various enhancement methods and evaluates image quality factors and metrics.

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8 views22 pages

Lec.3 - Spatial Domain Filtering III

The document is a lecture on spatial domain filtering in image processing, specifically focusing on sharpening spatial filters using second derivatives. It discusses the application of the Laplacian filter for image enhancement, including techniques like unsharp masking and high-boost filtering. Additionally, it covers the importance of combining various enhancement methods and evaluates image quality factors and metrics.

Uploaded by

org333222
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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University of Baghdad

Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering


Biomedical Engineering Department

Image processing for BME II


5th Stage

Lecture 3
Spatial Domain Filtering III

By:
Dr. Noor Kamal
PhD in Biomedical Engineering
Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 1
Sharpening Spatial Filters
Use of second Derivatives for enhancement

f(x-1,y-1) f(x,y-1) f(x+1,y-1)

f(x-1,y) f(x,y) f(x+1,y)

f(x-1,y+1) f(x,y+1) f(x+1,y+1)

All coefficients sum to 0!

Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 2


Sharpening Spatial Filters
The Laplacian 3×3 kernel filter is shown in Figure A. However, if we
explore an image applying this operator locally, then we expect the
response to be greatest (as the Laplacian is a second-order derivative
operator) at those points in the image where the local gradient changes
most rapidly. One of the potential shortcomings of applying the mask in the
form given by Figure A is the relative insensitivity to features lying in
approximately diagonal directions with respect to theimage axes. If we
imagine rotating the axes by 450 and superimposing the rotated Laplacian
on the original, then we can construct a filter that is invariant under
multiple rotations of 450 (Figure B).

Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 3


Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 4
Laplacian Enhancement
• Image background is removed by Laplacian filtering.
• Background can be recovered simply by adding original
image to Laplacian output:

Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 5


Use of second Derivatives for enhancement: Example 1

Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 6


Use of second Derivatives for enhancement:
Simplification

• Subtracting the Laplacian filtered image from the original


image can be represented as:

Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 7


Use of second Derivatives for enhancement: Example 2

Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 8


Laplacian: Example 3

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Laplacian: Example 4

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Sharpening Spatial Filters
Use of second Derivatives for enhancement
*Unsharp masking and high-boost filtering

Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 11


High-boost Filtering with Laplacian

Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 12


Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 13
High-boost Filtering

Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 14


Sharpening Spatial Filters
Use of second Derivatives for enhancement
*Unsharp masking and high-boost filtering

Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 15


Sharpening Spatial Filters
First order Derivatives for Edge Detection

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Use of Sobel for enhancement: Example 1

Vertical Edges Horizontal Edges

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Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods

18
Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025
Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods

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Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods

We may have to go for combinations of


various types of operators which gives
us the final enhanced image

Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 20


Image Quality Factors (Subjective Fidelity Criteria)

1. Contrast and Brightness

2. Spatial resolution

(Visual representation and Experience)


Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 21
Image Quality Metrics (Objective Fidelity Criteria)

Image processing for BME 2_Lec 3_ 2025 22

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