OUTLINES

GLOBAL INEQUALITY AND COSMOPOLITANISM

i. INTRODUCTION

 Definition of global inequality

 Overview of cosmopolitanism as a philosophical concept

 The intersection of global inequality and cosmopolitanism

ii. Understanding Global Inequality

 Measurement and indicators of global inequality

 Historical trends and patterns of global inequality

 Factors contributing to global inequality (e.g) economic,

political, social)

 Cosmopolitanism: Theoretical and perspectives

 Origins and evolution of cosmopolitan thought

 Key principles of cosmopolitanism (e.g) moral universalism,

global citizenship

 Different trends of cosmopolitanism (e.g moral, political,

cultural)

iv.Cosmopolitanism and Global Justice

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  Cosmopolitan arguments for addressing global inequality

 Debates on the feasibility and implications of

cosmopolitan justice

 Case studies or examples of cosmopolitan initiatives

v. Critiques and challenges

 Critiques of cosmopolitanism from various perspectives (e.g

communitarians, nationalism)

 Challenges in implementing cosmopolitan ideals in a world

of divers values and interests

 The role of power dynamics and geopolitical realities.

vii. Conclusion

 Summary of key points and arguments

 Reflection on the complex relationship between global

inequality and cosmopolitanism.

INTRODUCTION

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Global Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources,

opportunities, and wealth among individuals, groups, and nations

worldwide. It encompasses various dimensions, including: Economic

Inequality, Social Inequality etc.

Global Inequality can be discussed in relation to differences in social

and economic measurements of development. Examples of global

Inequality would be the differences in these measures between

‘developed,’ ‘developing,’ and ‘underdeveloped’ countries.

An industrialized or developed nation has a more developed economy

and technological infrastructure than other countries.

A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial

base.

A country that is ‘Undeveloped’ would be one that economically has

low levels of economic output, consumption and wealth.

Inequalities are not only driven and measured by income, but are

determined by other factors- gender, age, origin, ethnicity, disability,

sexual orientation, class, and religion. These factors determine

inequalities of opportunity which continue to persist, within and

between countries.

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Measurement of global inequality

The measurement of global inequality involves various indicators that

assess disparities in wealth, income, access to resources, and overall

well-being across different countries and populations. There are same

of the key methods and indices used to measure global inequality.

(1) Income Inequality

(a) Gini-coefficient (or index) : This is the most widely used measure of

income inequality. It ranges from (perfect equality) to perfect

inequality . A higher gini-coefficient indicates a higher level of

inequality.

b) Income Quintiles

This divides the population into five equal parts based on income,

measuring the share of income received by the richest 20% versus the

poorest 20%.

c) The Index:

A statistic that looks at both between group and within-group

inequality. It is useful for understanding inequality at different levels

(such as between countries and within countries).

2) Wealth inequality

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a) Wealth Distribution:

Measures how wealth is distributed among the population, often

showing a disparity between the richest and the poorest individuals or

households.

b) THE MET WEALTH INDEX:

This index looks at household assets mines liabilities (debts), giving a

more complete picture of wealth compared to income measures.

3. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)

a) HDI combines indicators of life expectancy, education (mean years

of schooling and expected years of schooling), and income (GNI per

capital) to provide a broader measure of development and inequality.

It can reveal disparities in health and education along with economic

measures

b) Inequality-adjusted HDI (HDI): Adjusts the HDI for inequality in each

of three dimensions (health, education and income).

4. POVERTY INDICATORS

a) Global poverty rate: The percentage of the population living below

the international poverty line (typically set at $1.% per day as defined

by the world bank).

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b) Multidimensional poverty index (MPI): Measures poverty using

factors begond income, such as education, living standards, and

health. It provides a deeper understanding of poverty in terms of well-

being and access to services.

5. THEIL INDEX

Teil Index is a measure of economic inequality that decomposes

inequality into within-group and between-group inequality within

countries and between regions or nations.

6. PALMA RATIO

Palma Ratio focuses on the ratio of the top 10% of the population to

the bottom 40%. This measure highlights the extremes of income

inequality.

7. International comparisons (example GOF capita)

a) Gross Domestic product (GDP) per capita measures the economic

output per person in a country. While useful for comparing economic

well-being between nations, it does not reflect income inequality within

countries.

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b) Purchasing power parity (PPP) adjust GDP to account for differences

in cost of living and inflation rates between countries, offering a more

accurate comparison of living standards.

8) Employment and education disparities

a) Unemployment Rate: Differences in unemployment rates across

countries can indicate levels of inequality in economic opportunities

b) Educational Attainment: Disparities in education, such as

differences in school enrollment or literacy rates contribute

significantly to global inequality.

Gender inequity: index measures inequality across dimensions Like

reproduce health, empowerment, and labour force participation

highlighting disparities between men and women.

10. Global Distribution of wealthy:

Wealth distribution examines how wealth is spread across the global

population studies often show that wealth is highly concentrated in a

small number of individual or natives.

CONCLUSION:

These indicators collectively help to understand the extent and nature

global inequality whether it is based on income, wealth, opportunities

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or human development. Various organizations such as the world Bank,

UNOP and OECD, compile and analyze these data to shape policies at

reducing inequality.

b. Historical trends and patterns of global inequality: Global

inequality has evolved over time, influenced by economic political

and social factors. While inequality between countries has fluctuated

the gap between rich and poor has changed significantly throughout

history. There is an overview of the key historical trends and patterns

of global inequality.

1. Pre-Industrial revolution (before 1750)

a. Small global Gap: Prior to the industrial revolution, global

inequality was relatively small because most societies had similar

levels of economic development. The majority of people lived in

agrarian economics with limited technological advancements

b. Local Inequality: Inequality was more pronounced within societies

wit elites or aristocracies centrality wealth and land, but the overall

difference between countries were minimal.

2. The industrial revolution (1750-1900)

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 a) The Rise of Industrial Nations: The Industrial Revolution,

beginning Britain and spreading to Western Europe and North

American, marked the first significant rise in global inequality. As

industrialist countries rapidly advanced, they created substantial

wealth which led to a widening gap between them and less-developed

nations, particularly in Africa, Asia and latin America.

B) Colonialism and Exploitation:

During this period, European colonial powers expanded their empires

across much of Africa, Asia and the Americas. Colonies were exploited

for resources, leading to uneven development between the colonizes

and the colonized. This further exacerbated global inequality.

a)First major Divergence: The economic and technological

advancements of industrial nations began to significantly out

space these of other regions, creating the first major divergence

in global wealth and standards of living.

3. The 20th Century: The rise of global inequality

a) World Wars and the great Depression: The early 20thcentury was

marked by significantly upheaval including two world wars and the

Great Depression. While these event caused widespread economic

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hardship , the post war period also market the beginning of significant

structural changes in the global economy.

b) Post War Economic Boom: After World War 11, many Western

Countries especially the united states and Western Europe experienced

an economic boom, characterized by rapid industrialization, the

expansion of trade, and technological growth and economic

development.

c) De- Colonization and New Nation States: Following the second

World War, many countries in African and Asia gained independence

from colonial power. However, many of these newly independent

nations faced significant challenges bulling their economics, leading to

persistent inequality between the global North (industrialized nations)

and the global south (Developing nations).

d) The Cold War and ideological Divides: The ideological battle

between capitalist and socialist systems during the cold war led to

varying economic policies across the world. Western capitalist

countries saw economic growth, while socialist economies like the

soviet Union and China followed different paths with varying degrees of

success and challenges.

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4. Late 20th century to early 21st century: Globalization and Rising

inequality.

a) Globalization (1980s-2000s)

The latter part of the 20 th century witnessed a significant increase in

globalization. Trade, investment and technology linked economies in

new ways, leading to rapid economic growth, in some parts of the

world, notably.

5. 21st century (2000s-Present)

a) Technological revolution and the knowledge Economy: The

rise of digital technologies, information- based economies, and

automation has created new opportunities and challenges.

b) Increase inequality within countries: Despite global economic

growth, income inequality has risen sharply in many developed

countries, particularly the US and parts of Europe.

c) Global Inequality Dynamics: Inequality between nations has

narrowed somewhat, with some emerging economic experiencing

growth.

d) Climate Change and Resource Inequality: The urging global

challenges of climate change, resource scarcity and environmental

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degradation disproportionately affect the poorest

countries and communities reinforcing patterns of global inequality

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO GLOBAL INEQUALITY

Global inequality is driven by a variety of factors each influencing

different aspects of life across countries. These factors often

interconnected create and reinforce global inequality making it

challenging for marginalized countries to break the cycle of poverty

and underdevelopment some of the key contributors include:

a) Economic Factors

i) Unequal Distribution of Resources

ii) Global trade system

iii) Debt

b) Political factors

i) Colonialism

ii) Corruptions

iii) Political stability

C) Social Factors

i) Education and Healthcare Access

ii) Social Scarification

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 iv) Technology and Innovation

d) Environmental factors

I) Climate Change

ii) Resources Depletion

UNDERSTANDING THE COSMOPOLITANISM DEFINITION

Cosmopolitanism is a word derived from the greek root of

‘cosmo‘ and ‘polit‘, meaning ‘universe‘ and ‘citizen‘ respectively .

Thus, a literal translation would be “a philosophy of the citizen of

the universe”. As applied in philosophy, cosmopolitanism is

defined as all people of the world being seen and treated as

equals in one global community.

WHAT IS COSMOPOLITANISM ?

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 Cosmopolitanism is the belief that people of the world belong

to a collective community of humanity, regardless of country,

language, race, politics, finances or any other attributes.

Therefore, a cosmopolitan is a person who believes all humans

are equal and should be treated as such, solely based on the fact

that they are human. The meaning of cosmopolitanism in

philosophy was established by the stoics philosophers as a moral

and anti-political belief that all humans are equals in the world,

regardless of their origin. As such every human should treated as

a member of a global community according to this belief.

Cosmopolitanism as apolitical theory all people and the focuses

on equal respect for all people and the idea that as a global

community, we are custodians of the environment.

Here‘s an overview of cosmopolitanism as a philosophical

concept:

DEFINITION

Cosmopolitanism is a philosophical and political ideology that

emphasizes the shared humanity and global citizens of all

individuals. It advocates for a world where people from diverse

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backgrounds and cultures can coexist, interact and cooperate

peacefully.

CORE PRINCIPLES

1. Universalism: Recognize the inherent value and dignity of all

human beings, regardless of nationality, culture or background.

2. Global Citizenship: Encourages individuals to identify as global

citizens, with responsibilities and obligations to the global

community.

3. Cultural Diversity: Celebrates and respects the diversity of

cultures, traditions, and values.

4. Global Justice: Advocates for fairness, equality and human

rights worldwide.

COSOMOPOLITANISM AND GLOBAL JUSTICE

Cosmopolitanism and Global Justice are interconnected as both

advocate for a fair and equitable world where all individuals,

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regardless of nationality, ethnicity or background are treated as

members of a single global community.

Global Justice connotes economic equality, human rights

protection, political representation, climate and environmental

justice, climate and environmental justice.

There are cosmopolitan arguments for addressing global

inequality which include:

1. The morality argument: Philosopher Peter Singer, for Instance,

argues that if people in wealthy countries can help the global

poor without sacrificing much, there are morally obligated to do

so.

It also believes that individuals and nations have a moral duty to

alleviate suffering wherever it occurs.

2. The Global Economic Interdependence Argument: The

economy globally is interconnects, and this means that inequality

and poverty in one region can affect others through conflict,

migration and market instability.

3. The historical Injustice Argument: cosmopolitans argue that

wealthier nations should take responsibility for historical

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 injustices by offering reparations, debt relief, and fair trade

polices.

4. The Institutional reform arguments: cosmopolitan Justice calls for

reforming international economic polices that favour wealthy

nations while keeping poorer countries dependent.

5. Debates on the feasibility and implications of cosmopolitan

Justice

6. The debates on feasibility challenges include:

7. Economic and political resistance: wealthier nations benefit

from existing global inequality and many resist changes that may

resources them to redistribute resources.

8. Cultural and Ethnic Differences: This pose as an feasibility

challenges because it is difficult for societies with distant values

and traditions Agree to single global agree to a single global

standard of Justice.

C. National Sovereignty VS. Global Sovereignty: Many

Governments are unwilling to sacrifice national interest for global

fairness.

The implications of cosmopolitan Justice include:

Positive implication: The promotes international cooperation,

human rights and reduces global suffering.

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Negative Implication: This could create tensions between

national and global privities. Also, the risk of imposing western

Ideas on diverse cultures.

Case studies or Examples of cosmopolitan initiatives:

Several initiatives reflect cosmopolitan idea is a action

demonstrating efforts to address global inequality and promote

Justice.

a. The united Nations (UN) and sustainable development Goals

(SDGS): The UN’s 17 SDGs focus on reducing poverty,

promoting education ensuring gender equality, and combating

climate change.

b. Fair trade movements: organizations such fair trade

international ensure that producers in developing countries

receive fair wages and work in safe renditions.

c. Global climate agreements (E.g paris agreement):The

paris agreement is a global effort to address climate change

by reducing carbon emissions.

d. Global health initiatives (e.g Covax program): This

reflects the cosmopolitan commitment to shared responsibility

for global health

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 e. In all, cosmopolitan initiative continue to shape global policies

and promote a vision of a more just and interconnected world.

 Cosmopolitanism: Theories and perspectives cosmopolitanism

can be defined as a philosophical and political ideology that

emphasizes the shared humanity and global citizenship of all

individuals, regardless of their nationality, culture ot

geographic location.

 Theories of cosmopolitanism

1. Moral cosmopolitanism: Moral cosmopolitans argue that our

moral obligations extend beyong national borders. According to

Immanuel Rant, All human beings belong to a single moral

community with equal rights.

2. Political rights: Decision-making power is held by global authority

instead of individual nation states. It has been argued by

cosmopolitans that it will promote global cooperation’s, peace and

human rights.

3. Cultural cosmopolitanism: This particular theory celebrates the

diversity of cultures and promotes cross-culture understanding 2 nd

exchange.

Perspectives on cosmopolitanism

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 1. Liberal cosmopolitanism: This perspective emphasizes on

individual rights, protection of human dignity and freedom.

Liberal cosmopolitans argue that global institutions should

priotize human rights and the rule of law.

2. Critical cosmopolitanism:

The perspective critiques the dominant western centric view of

cosmopolitanism, highlighting the need to in-corporate non-

western perspectives and challenge power incorporate

3. Post colonial cosmopolitanism:

4. This emphasizes on the need to acknowledge and address the

historical injustices and power imbalances created by colonialism.

ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF COSMOPOLITAN THOUGHT

 Ancient Greece and Rome (5th century BCE-5th century)

cosmopolitan thought original with the Ancient Greeks,

Particularly Socrates and the stoics, who emphasized the

shared humanity and moral obligations of all individuals.

 Enlightment Europe (17th -18th centuries) Immanuel Kent’s

Perpetual Peace (1795) and Jean-Jacqua Rousseau’s Social

contract’ (1762) shaped modern cosmopolitanism though,

emphasizing reason, democracy and human rights.

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 Modernity and Globalization (19th-20th centuries) cosmopolitan

though evolved in response to globalization, imperialism and

world wars. Thinkers like John Dewey, Hannah Arendt and

Martin Heidegger contributed to the development of

cosmopolitan ideas.

 Contemporary Erd (19the -20th century on words)

 The rise of globalization, multiculturalism and post colonialism

led to new cosmopolitan perspectives which are:

 2) Critical cosmopolitanism: Challenge dominant western-

centric views and emphasizing diversity and inclusivity

 Post colonial cosmopolitanism: Decolonizing knowledge and

power structures to promotes global justice and equality.

KEY PRINCIPLES OF COSMOPOLITANISM:

 Moral universalism: All human beings share a common moral

framework, regardless of cultural or national differences

 Human Rights: Universal human rights are undeniable and apply

to all individuals, regardless of nationality or residence.

 Global Justice: The promotion of justice, and fairness at the global

level, addressing issue like poverty inequality and climate

change.

POLITICAL AND SOCIAL PRINCIPLES

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 1) Global Citizenship: Individuals have responsibilities and rights

as global citizens, beyond their national citizenship.

ii) Cosmopolitan Democracy: Global governance structures

should Be democratic, inclusive and accountable to all

people

PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLES

1. Critical thinking and reflection: Encouragement critical

thinking self reflection, and intellectual humility in addressing

global challenge.

2. Open mindedness and tolerance: Embedding diversity,

complexity and ambiguity and being open to different

perspectives and outures.

3. Global Solidarity: A sense of sahred humanity and global

community, recognizing our inter connectedness and

interdependence.

STRANDS OF COSMOPOLITANISM

MORAL COSMOPOLITANISM

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Emphasis universal moral principles and human rights, advocating for

the well-being and dignity of all individuals regardless of noationality or

culture.

POLITICAL COSMOPOLITANISM

Focus on global governance, democracy and citizenship, promotion

and moral equitable and just world order through international

cooperation and institutions.

CULTURAL COSMOPOLITANISM

Celebrates diversity and promotes cross-cultural understanding,

exchange and cooperation, recognizing the value of other strands

includes;

 Economics cosmopolitanism

 Critical cosmopolitanism

 Post-colonial cosmopolitanism

 Ecological cosmopolitanism

CRITIQUE ON COSMOPOLITANISM FROM VARIOUS

PRESPECTIVE

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There are various critiques of cosmopolitanism from various

perspective

COMMUNTARIAN CRITIQUES

According to the communitarian : they ;

1. Over emphasis on individual: argued that cosmopolitanism

priorities individual right and freedom over community and

collective well-being.

2. Neglect of community and tradition: communitarian believe

that cosmopolitanism disregards the importance of

community, tradition and cultural heritage as it help in

shaping individual identity and moral values.

3. Lack of rootedness: they as well argued that cosmopolitanism

promotes a rootless and detached existence, where

individual are disconnected from their local communities and

traditions.

NATIONALIST CRITIQUES:

1. The nationalist argues that cosmopolitanism is a threat to

national sovereignty and it undermines the ability of nations

of self-govern.

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 2. The nationalist argue that cosmopolitanism leads to loss

of national identity and pride, as individual pride as

individual prioritize global citizenship over national

allegiance.

3. The nationalist believes that cosmopolitanism promotes

cultural differences and erases national identity.

A. Marxist critiques:

1. The Marxist argue that cosmopolitanism ignores class

inequality and the exploitation of the working class by

global capital.

2. They argued that cosmopolitanism neglect the need for

economic democracy and the redistribution of wealth and

power.

These critiques highlighted above are the challenges and

limitation of cosmopolitanism, emphasizing the need for a

more nuanced and inclusive approach to global

governance and social justice.

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CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING COSMOPOLITANISM IDEALS

There are some challenges in implementing cosmopolitanism in a

world of diverse values and interest. They include:

1.There are differences in cultural values and some societies have

different moral framework, which makes it difficult to establish a

universal moral code.

2. The concentration of power in some nations can hinder the

implementation of cosmopolitanism ideals.

3. Cosmopolitanism requires balancing individual rights with a

collective interest, which can be difficult to practice.

4. There has been an outgoing debates about the meaning and

scope of cosmopolitanism, which hinders the implementation.

5. There are economic differences between nations and individual

which limits access to resources, opportunities and social

services.

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ROLES OF POWER DYNAMICS AND GEOPOLITICAL

REALITIES

Roles of power dynamics:

1. The international institution and global governance structure

can reinforce the existing power dynamics with some nations

holding more influence than others.

2. Cosmopolitanism can involve resistance to dominant power

structures and its challenges the existing inequalities.

3. Power dynamics can affect who has access to these right and

responsibilities of global citizenship.

4. Cosmopolitanism must consider intersectional power

dynamics, including the intersection of race, class, sexuality,

gender etc.

5. Cosmopolitanism can promote global citizenship but it

requires the complexities of power dynamics.

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ROLES OF GEOPOLITICAL REALITIES:

1. The international law provides a framework for

cosmopolitanism, but its enforcement is often inconsistent.

2. Nations prioritize their sovereignty and interest which can

limit the scope of cosmopolitanism.

3. The rise of new global powers like china, India, is

reconfiguring Global geopolities.

4.National security concerns can override cosmopolitanism ideals

of free trade and economic interdependence.

5. Global security threats like terrorism, cooperation but also

creates tension and conflicts.

SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS AND ARGUMENTS

Cosmopolitanism which essentially means citizens of the world, is

a philosophical perspective that emphasizes the equal moral

worth of all individual regardless of their nationality or geographic

location, while global inequality refers to the vast disparities in

wealth, income, and across to basic needs across different

28
regions and countries; they key point of tension between these

concepts lies in how a cosmopolitan world view might address

and seek to alleviate global inequality by advocating for global

justice, international cooperation and shared responsibility for

well-being of all people, potentially challenging the power

dynamics that perpetuate such inequalities between nations.

KEY POINTS ABOUT COSMOPOLITANISM AND GLOBAL

INEQUALITY:

1. Critiques of national boundaries: cosmopolitanism argue that

national borders are artificial barriers that can hinder the action

to address them.

2. Focus on human rights: A cosmopolitan approach

emphasizes on the universal application of human right, holding

states accountable for upholding these rights for all citizens

regardless of their socio economic status.

3. Challenges to cosmopolitanism: Critics argue that

cosmopolitanism can be unrealistic potentially undermining

national sovereignty and neglecting the importance of local

identities and cultural diversity.

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4. Core tenet of cosmopolitanism: Individual should be seen as

part of a global community with shared moral obligation, not just

citizens of their nation states.

POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS FOR GLOBAL INEQUQLITY FROM A

COSMOPOLITAN PERSECTIVE:

1. International institutions and cooperation: strengthening global

governance mechanisms to address issues like poverty climate

change and unequal distribution of resources..

2. Global tax regime: implementing fair taxation systems to

redistribute wealth from richer to poorer nations.

3. Aid and development programs: providing targeted assistance

to developing countries to improve standards.

4. Promoting global awareness and empathy: fostering

intercultural understanding and dialogue to challenge prejudice

and promote solidarity.

ARGUMENT ON COSMOPOLITANISM

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Cosmopolitanism is a moral perspective that argues for a

universal community of all humans, regardless national identity or

political affiliation.

1. Cosmopolitans argue that empathy does not diminish with

distance.

2. It as well argues that people that all people have equal moral

worth and should be treated as such.

3. It argue for global justice and institutions that reflect

cosmopolitans values.

4. Cosmopolitans argue that colonialism is unjust and leads to

economics and political inequality.

5. Cosmopolitans argue that people have a duty to help others in

need, regardless of location.

RELECTION ON THE COMPELX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

GLOBAL INEQUALITY AND COSMOPOLITANISM

Global inequality and cosmopolitanism have a complex and often

contradictory relationship:

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1. Cosmopolitanism as a critiques of inequality: A central tenet of

cosmopolitanism the idea that all humans are equally deserving

of dignity and respect, regardless of their nationality or socio

economics status ,making it inherently critical of global inequality

and advocating for policies that aim to reduce it .

2. Focus on global justice: Many cosmopolitan thinkers argue that

global justice is a key component of addressing inequality,

advocating for international cooperation and mechanisms to

redistribute wealth and opportunities more fairly across the globe.

3. Potential for hypocrisy: Critics argue that cosmopolitanism can

sometimes be hypocritical, as individuals may espouse

cosmopolitan values while not actively working to dismantle the

systems that perpetuate global inequality.

4. Challenges of implementation: While cosmopolitanism provides

a moral framework addressing global inequality, translating those

ideal into concrete political action can be difficult due to complex

power dynamics between nations and the challenges international

consensus on issues like resource distribution.

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THE CONCEPT OF GLOBAL INEQUALITY

AND COSMOPOLITANISM

33
 GROUP F MEMBERS

S/N
NAMES REG.NO

1 NWURUKU BLESSING

2 ODO MIRACLE

3 NWALI ADANNA

4 EGWU FAVOUR

5 IKEMEH GIFT

6 ANIEDO CYNTHIA

34
7 OBIJIOFOR GOODNESS

8 OKEKE EMMANUELLA

9 ELUM FAVOUR

10 NWIGWE MMESOMMA

11 OKORO CHIOMA

12 ONYEKWE CHIOMA

13 SAMUNEL CHIDIOMIMI

14 NYABA CHIDIEBERE

15 OKORO COLLINS

16 AGBO CHINAZA

17 CHIMA EMMANUEL

18 OMENYI CYNTHIA

19 OTI PERCIOUS

20 ALIEZE MARYJANE

21 NWIRE FAVOUR

22 UNYA VICTORIA

23 OKEREKE ELLEN

24 OKOH BLESSING

25 CLETUS NANCY

26 ONWE ESTHER

27 NGWUTA CYNTHIA

28 OKENMIRI CHIDINMA

29 OKOH BLESSING

30 OKORONKWO GEORGE

31 NWEKOYO PRECIOUS

35
32 WILLIAMS SHEKINAH

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37