Sph3u

Grade 12, University Preparation

Physics Grade 11
Unit 01
Kinematics
chapter 01
Motion in a Staright line

Life is like riding a bicycle.

To keep your balance, you must keep moving.

~Albert Einstein
 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Unit 01
kinematics

Overall Expectation:

After completing this course, students will:

➢ analyze technologies that apply concepts related to kinematics, and assess the
technologies’ social and environmental impact.

➢ investigate, in qualitative and quantitative terms, linear motion with uniform and
non-uniform velocity, and solve related problems.

➢ demonstrate an understanding of linear motion with uniform and non-uniform

velocity.

Big Ideas:

➢ Motion involves a change in the position of an object over time.

➢ Motion can be described using mathematical relationships.

➢ Many technologies that apply concepts related to kinematics have societal and
environmental implications.

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

REVIEW OF PRE-REQUISITE SKILLS

(Unit 1: Kinematics)

✓ Plotting a line graph in a Cartesian coordinate system

✓ Analyzing graphs
✓ Using and converting SI units
✓ Solving algebraic equation for an unknown variable
✓ Using trigonometry to solve right triangle
✓ Effectively using a calculator and a spreadsheet
✓ Researching and collecting information
✓ Planning and conducting investigations
✓ Communicating scientific information clearly and
accurately

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

EXERCISES

1. Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the length of the unknown side in each right triangle
shown. Solve for the unknown angle.

2. Answer the following questions.

a. A robin flies a distance of 45 963 cm. How far has it flown in kilometres?

b. What is the speed in metres per second of a car that is travelling at 82 km/h?

c. What is the speed in kilometres per hour of a 27.78 m/s baseball pitch?

d. How many seconds are there in a calendar year, given that a calendar year has 365.24 days
in it?

3. Determine the unknown length of the triangle.

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

TRY THIS ON YOUR OWN

1. Use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the length of the unknown side in each right triangle
shown. Solve for the unknown angle.

2. Answer the following questions.

a. A robin flies a distance of 45 963 cm. How far has it flown in kilometres?
b. What is the speed in metres per second of a car that is travelling at 82 km/h?
c. What is the speed in kilometres per hour of a 27.78 m/s baseball pitch?
d. How many seconds are there in a calendar year, given that a calendar year has 365.24 days
in it?

3. Determine the unknown length of the triangle.

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Chapter 01
Motion in a straight line

After completing this chapter, you will be able to

➢ explain how distance, position, and displacement are different.

➢ explain how speed, velocity, and acceleration are different.

➢ explain how vectors and scalars are different.

➢ add and subtract vectors using scale diagrams and algebraic methods.

➢ obtain motion information from position–time, velocity–time, and acceleration–time

graphs.

➢ solve uniform velocity and uniform acceleration problems using algebraic methods.

➢ describe how the acceleration due to gravity affects the motion of objects close to the
surface of Earth.

➢ assess the impact on society and the environment of a technology that applies concepts
related to kinematics.

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Lesson 1.1
Distance, Position, and Displacement

Kinematics the term used to describe the study of how objects move.
Motion change of objects location as measured by an observer.
Distance total length of the path travelled by an object in motion.
Direction the line an object moves along from a particular starting point
Scalar a quantity that has only magnitude (size).
Vector a quantity that has magnitude (size) and direction.

Position and Displacement

When you walk from one place to another, your position changes. This change in your position is
displacement. The displacement can be calculated using your position at the beginning and the end of your
journey with the equation ∆𝑑⃗ = 𝑑⃗𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑑⃗𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 . Remember that position is a vector quantity, so you have
to take direction into account.

Calculating Displacement from a Zero Starting Point by Vector Subtraction.

| Imagine that you walk from home to school in a straight-line route. What is your
displacement?

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Calculating Displacement by Vector Subtraction.

| What is your displacement if you walk from your school to the library? Note that
all positions are measured relative to your home.

Calculating Total Displacement by Vector Addition.

| One night after working at the library, you decide to go to the mall. What is your
total displacement when walking from the library to the mall?

Calculating Total Displacement by Adding Displacements in Opposite Directions.

| A dog is practicing for her agility competition. She leaves her trainer and runs 80
m due west to pick up a ball. She then carries the ball 27 m due east and drops it
into a bucket. What is the dog’s total displacement?

Vector Scale Diagram a vector diagram drawn using a specific scale.

Directed Line Segment a straight line between two points with a specific direction.

Using a Vector Scale Diagram to Determine the Total Displacement for Two Motions in Opposite Directions.
| Imagine that you are going to visit your friend. Before you get there, you decide
to stop at the variety store. If you walk 200 m [N] from your home to the store,
and then travel 600 m [S] to your friend’s house, what is your total displacement?

Homework | Page 13 #1, 3, 4, 5

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Lesson 1.2
Speed and Velocity
𝑑
Average Speed total distance travelled divided by the total time elapsed, 𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑡 .

Determining Average Speed.

| Your dog runs in a straight line for a distance of 43 m in 28 s. What is your dog’s
average speed?

Determining the Distance Travelled by a Ball Moving at Constant Speed.

| A baseball rolls along a flat parking lot in a straight line at a constant speed of 3.8
m/s. How far will the baseball roll in 15 s?

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

| A paper airplane flies 3.7 m in 1.8 s. What is the airplane’s average speed?

| A cheetah can run at a maximum speed of 30.0 km/h, or 8.33 m/s. How far can a
cheetah run in 3.27 s?

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

| How long does it take a rock to fall through 2.8 m of water if it falls at a constant
speed of 1.2 m/s?

Average Velocity total displacement, or change in position, divided by the total time for that
displacement.
Position-time graph a graph describing the motion of an object, with position on the vertical axis
and time on the horizontal axis.
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
measures the steepness of a line, 𝑚 = .
𝑟𝑢𝑛

Rise vertical change between two points.

Run horizontal change between two points.

Calculating the Average Velocity of an Object.

| On a windy day, the position of a balloon changes as it is blown 82 m [N] away from
a child in 15 s. What is the average velocity of the balloon?

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Calculating the Time for a Displacement to Occur.

| A subway train travels at an average velocity of 22.3 km/h [W]. How long will it
take for the subway train to undergo a displacement of 241 m [W]?

Homework | Page 20 #4, 5, 6, 7

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Lesson 1.3
Acceleration
Acceleration (𝑎 𝑎𝑣𝑒 – how quickly an object’s velocity changes over time (rate of change of
ሬሬሬሬሬሬሬሬ⃗)
velocity)
Velocity-time graph – a graph describing the motion of an object, with velocity on the vertical axis and
time on the horizontal axis.

Calculating Acceleration.
| What is the acceleration of the skateboard in the figure? Consider the motion
between 0 s and 10 s.

Calculating Acceleration.
| A bullet is found lodged deeply in a brick wall. As part of the investigation, a forensic
scientist is experimenting with a rifle that was found nearby. She needs to determine the
acceleration that a bullet from the rifle can achieve as a first step in linking the rifle to the
bullet. During a test firing, she finds that the rifle bullet accelerates from rest to 120 m/s
[E] in 1.3 x 10-2 s as it travels down the rifle’s barrel. What is the bullet’s average
acceleration?

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Calculating Acceleration.
| When a hockey player hits a hockey puck with his stick, the velocity of the puck changes
from 8.0 m/s [N] to 10.0 m/s [S] over a time interval of 0.050 s. What is the acceleration
of the puck?

Solving the Acceleration Equation for Final Velocity.

| A racehorse takes 2.70 s to accelerate from a trot to a gallop. If the horse’s initial
velocity is 3.61 m/s [W] and it experiences an acceleration of 2.77 m/s2 [W], what
is the racehorse’s velocity when it gallops?

Determining Displacement from a Velocity–Time Graph.

| What is the displacement represented by the graph?

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Determining Displacement from a More Complex Velocity–Time Graph.

| What is the displacement represented by the graph over the time interval from 0
s to 10.0 s?

Determining Instantaneous Velocity.

| Consider the point on the curve at 2.0 s on the x-axis. What is the instantaneous
velocity of the object at this time?

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Determining Average Velocity from a Position–Time Graph.

| What is the average velocity of the object in Figure 6 over the time interval from
0.0 s to 2.0 s?

Homework | Page 30 #4, 5, 6, 7

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Lesson 1.4
Comparing Graphs of Linear Motion

Acceleration-time Graph – a graph describing the

motion of an object, with acceleration on the vertical
axis and time on the horizontal axis.

Calculate the area under the acceleration-time

graph from 0s to 5s.

𝐴 = 𝑙𝑤

Since the units are in meter per second, the calculated area represents the change in
velocity.

Relationships among Linear Motion Graph

Creating a Velocity–Time Graph from an Acceleration–Time Graph.

| Use the acceleration–time graph to generate velocity and time data for the object.
Then use these data to plot a velocity–time graph.

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Creating an Acceleration–Time Graph from a Velocity–Time Graph.

| Use the velocity–time graph shown to plot the corresponding acceleration–time
graph.

Homework | Page 35 #2, 3, 4

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Lesson 1.5
Key Equations for Motion with Uniform Acceleration

Using the Five Key Equations of Accelerated Motion.

| A sports car approaches a highway on-ramp at a velocity of 20.0 m/s. If the car
accelerates at a rate of 3.2 m/s2 for 5.0 s, what is the displacement of the car?

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Using the Five Key Equations of Accelerated Motion.

| A sailboat accelerates uniformly from 6.0 m/s to 8.0 m/s at a rate of 0.50 m/s2.
What distance does the boat travel?

Using the Five Key Equations of Accelerated Motion.

| A dart is thrown at a target that is supported by a wooden backstop. It strikes the
backstop with an initial velocity of 350 m/s. The dart comes to rest in 0.0050 s.
a. What is the acceleration of the dart?
b. How far does the dart penetrate into the backstop?

Homework | Page 39 #3, 4, 5

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Lesson 1.6
Acceleration Near Earth’s Surface

Acceleration Due to Gravity (g) the acceleration that occurs when an object is allowed to fall freely; close
to Earth’s surface, g has a value of 9.8 m/s2

Free Fall the acceleration due to gravity of an object in the absence of air resistance.

Determining the Time It Takes for an Object to Fall to the Ground.

| A flowerpot is knocked off a window ledge and accelerates uniformly to the
ground. If the window ledge is 10.0 m above the ground and there is no air
resistance, how long does it take the flowerpot to reach the ground? What is the
velocity of the flower pot as it hits the ground?

Determining the Maximum Height and Time of Ascend for a Free-Falling Object.
| A tennis ball is thrown straight up in the air, leaving the person’s hand with an
initial velocity of 3.0 m/s, how high from where it was thrown will the ball reach?
How long does it take for the ball to reach the maximum height?

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 SPH3U, Physics Grade 11
Unit 01: Kinematics | Chapter 01: Motion in a Straight Line

Determining the Maximum Height and Total Time for a Free-Falling Object.
| An object is projected upward with a velocity of 125 m/s.
a. To what height will it rise?
b. How long will it take to reach that height?
c. What will be the total time elapsed until it strikes the earth?

Determining the height of a Free-Falling Object.

| A stone is dropped from the top of a tower and hits the ground 6.0 s later. How high is
the tower?

Determining the Time of Descend and the Final Velocity of a Free-Falling Object.
| How many seconds does it take for a metal ball to drop 145 m from rest? What velocity
does it attain?

Homework | Page 43 #4, 5, 6

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