Course name: Intro to ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Couse code: 23EEE104

Course Instructor: Dr. Venkata Ramesh Naganaboina
Email: [email protected]
Syllabus
Understand the electrical and
electronic elements, and their
basics

Gain knowledge on the

applications of diodes and
transistors

Understand the basics and

operation mechanism of four
terminal devices and other
special devices
 Evaluation pattern

Evaluation pattern and Lecture-Theory-Practical-Credit: 3-0-0-3

Assessment Internal External
Mid-semester 30
Continuous assessment (CA) 20
End-semester 50
 Introduction to Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Electrical engineering is field of engineering that deals with the study, design, and application of electrical systems,

components, and devices.

✓ Systems consist of essential electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers, as

well as the design and analysis of electrical circuits.

Electronic engineering is a branch of electrical engineering, which deals with the theory and use of electronic

devices in which electrons are transported through vacuum, gas, or semiconductors.

✓ Electron devices are diodes, transistors, field effect transistor and thyristors, and many more.

Analogy: Electrical Engineering deals with larger, power-related systems, while Electronics Engineering focuses
on the individual components within those systems (on smaller-scale, electronic components and systems).
 Atom
➢ Atom – Electrons move around the nucleus in energy
levels, but no electrons between the energy level.
➢ Nucleus – neutrons and protons
➢ Electron – negative charge
➢ Proton – positive charge
➢ mp OR mn = 2000*me
✓ A body is always neutral state - no. of
electrons = no. of protons.
✓ Body attain positive charge – deficit of
electrons
✓ Body attain negative charge – excess of
electrons

▪ mp – mass of proton, mn – mass of neutron, and me – mass of electron

 Electronic charge
➢ deficit of electrons OR excess of electrons in the body - CHARGE

➢ Charge of an electron is very small, and measured unit is COULOMB (C).

➢ Charge of an electron = 1.602 * 10-19 C

➢ Total charge provided by electrons (Q) = charge of an electron (q) * Number of electrons (n)
➢ Number of electrons (n) = Total charge provided by electrons (Q)/ charge of an electron (q)

✓ Number of electrons in 1C of charge = charge in coulomb (q)/charge of an electron(e) = 6.25 *

1018 electrons
 Bohr-Bury’s rule

Electron shell can accommodate – max.

2n2
Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors
Property Conductor Semiconductor Insulator
Electrical High conductivity Medium [few Low [no free
conductivity [Large number of number of free electrons]
free electrons] electrons]
Example Silver, copper, Silicon, Glass, rubber,
aluminium, gold, germanium, mica, plastic,
platinum and boron, etc. paper, air, etc.
many more
 Electronic current
➢ Flow of free electrons (loosely bound electrons in the
outmost orbit of its atoms) when electrical pressure
(voltage) applied.

✓ Strength of current (I) = flow charge (Q) per unit time (t)
= Q/t

➢ Units:
✓ Q – Coulomb (C)
✓ t – second (s)
✓ I – Ampere (A)
 Electrical resistance

➢ Electrical resistance (R) - Hindrance or opposition to the flow of electrons in a given material
➢ Unit – ohm ()

Electrical resistance (R) of a material:

 Electric potential and potential difference
➢ Ability of a charged body to do work in attracting or repelling
charges - potential or electrical potential
OR
➢ EMF produces a force or pressure that causes the free
electrons in a body to move in a particular direction. The
unit of EMF is volt. EMF is also called electric potential.

✓ Potential (V) = Work done in joules/ charge in

coulomb

✓ Potential difference (V) = VA - VB

 Ohm’s Law
VI
V = IR R – proportionality constant
✓ It is valid only when temperature and other conditions are constant
✓ It is applicable only for linear elements, but not for nonlinear elements
 DC network terminologies
➢ Electric Circuit
➢ Electric network

➢ Linear circuit
➢ Non linear circuit
R3
➢ Bilateral circuit
➢ Unilateral circuit

➢ Active network
➢ Passive network ✓ No. of nodes, N = 4 (i.e., A, B, C, D)
✓ No. of branches, B = 5 (i.e., AB, BC, BD, CD, AD)
➢ Node ✓ Independent meshes, M = B – N + 1 = 5 – 4 + 1 = 2 (i.e.,
➢ Branch ABDA, BCDB)
✓ No. of loop = 3 (i.e., ABDA, BCDB and ABCDA).
➢ Loop
➢ Mesh
 Voltage and Current sources

Sources

Independent Dependent
source source

Voltage Voltage Current Current

Voltage Current controlled controlled controlled controlled
source source voltage current current voltage
source source source source
 Current and voltage sources

Independent
sources

0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒

RS – internal resistance and ideal RS = ቊ
∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒

VOUT = VL IOUT = IL
 Current and voltage sources

Dependent
sources
 Source transformation
Voltage source into current source

Rse = Rsh
Current source into voltage source
 Example problems
➢ Convert a voltage source of 20 volts with internal resistance of 5 Ω into an equivalent
current source.

➢ Convert a current source of 100 A with internal resistance of 10 Ω into an equivalent

voltage source.
 Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) - it can be applicable to any electrical network

✓ Sum of currents flowing towards a node = sum of currents flowing out of the node

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) – it can be applicable to any closed circuit

Loop – 1
V1 – I1R1-I2R4 = 0
V1 = I1R1+I2R4
Loop – 2
I2R4 – I3R2-I3R3 = 0
I2R4 = I3R2+I3R3
 Example problem
Step 1: The first and foremost step is to draw a closed
loop to a circuit. Once done with it, draw the direction of
the flow of current.

Step 2: Defining our sign convention is very important

+ - - +
+

- + -
-ve

Step 3: Using KCL, at nodes B and A, then I1+I2=I3

Step 4: By making use of the above convention and apply

KVL.
 Example problem

+ - - +
+
Use Step 3 i.e., I1+I2=I3

-
Final answer:
I1 = -1/7 A
I2 = 3/7 A
I3 = 2/7 A
 Series and parallel connection of voltage source

Parallel
connection

Not allowed in parallel

connection when different
voltages

Series
connection

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/voltage-source.html
 Series and parallel connection of current source

Parallel
connection

Series Series current not allowed

connection in current source

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/current-source.html
 Series Circuit

Voltage drop across each resistor

Total voltage using KVL

Total resistance in a circuit

 Parallel Circuit

Total equivalent resistance

Total equivalent resistance of “n” resistors
 Series-Parallel Circuit

Total resistance:
 Example problems
➢ Calculate the resistance between the terminals P and Q of the network shown below:
➢ Calculate the current supplied by the battery in the network shown below.
 Voltage divider rule

Step 1: Find out the total resistance of the

circuit.

Step 2: Calculate the total current pass through

the circuit.

Step 3: Calculate the voltage across each

resistor.
 Current divider rule
Step 1: Find out the total resistance of the
circuit.
R1 R 2
RT =
R1 + R 2

Step 2: Calculate the total current pass through

the circuit.
VAB
VAB
I= VAB = I ∗ R T
RT

Step 3: Calculate the current passing through

each resistor.
R1 R 2
VAB I ∗ RT R + R2 R2
I1 = = =I∗ 1 =I∗
R1 R1 R1 R1 + R 2
R1 R 2
VAB I ∗ RT R + R2 R1
I2 = = =I∗ 1 =I∗
R2 R2 R2 R1 + R 2
 Example problems
Use voltage division to find vx in the circuit Simplify the circuit and then use current
below: division to find ix in the circuit below:

Use current division to find I in the circuit

Determine the IT in the circuit below: below:
 Example problems
➢ Calculate all the parameters represented in the below circuits.
➢ Calculate the current flowing through the various
resistances in the circuit shown

Current (I) = 12 V/4 = 3 A

➢ Calculate the current flowing through all the branches using KCL in the circuits shown below

➢ What will be the equivalent resistance of the

circuit between the terminals A and B?
➢ Use KCL and KVL to calculate the branch currents in
the circuit shown below.
➢ Determine I1 and I2 in the circuit shown below.

➢ What are the values of R1 and R2 in the circuit

Ans: I2 = 42/71 A
shown?

Use the board to explain these problems

➢ Calculate applying Kirchhoff’s laws the current flowing through the 8 Ω resistor in the
circuit shown below

Ans: 10/19 = 0.526 A

 Mesh Current Method (Mesh analysis)
Step 1: Find out all the meshes in the given
circuit.
Step 2: Mesh currents are assumed to be
flowing in the clockwise direction without
branching out at the junctions.
Step 3: Frame the voltage equations in each for For loop DABCD, the voltage equation is
all the elements.
Step 4: Apply KVL in all the meshes. For loop BEFCB, the voltage equation is
Step 5: Calculate branch currents using mesh
currents.
I1 = 1.17 A and I2 = 0.26 A
 ➢ A network with three meshes has been shown in below.
➢ Using the mesh current method calculate the
Applying Maxwell’s mesh current method determine the
current flowing through the resistors in the circuit
value of the unknown voltage, V for which the mesh
shown in below
current, I1 will be zero.

Ans: V = 48 V
Ans: I1 = 6/11 A
and I2 = 20/33 A
 Nodal Voltage Method (Nodal Analysis)

Step 1: Give a reference node in the network.

Step 2: Represent the currents in all the
branches and represent voltage at each node
with respect to the reference node.
Step 3: Write each branch current using the
represented node voltages (apply ohm’s law).
Step 4: Apply KCL at the appropriate nodes.
Step 5: Calculate branch currents or node
voltages using step 3 & 4.
➢ Using nodal voltage analysis calculate the current ➢ Calculate the current flowing through the 2 Ω resistor
flowing through the resistor connected across the connected across terminals A and B in the network
terminals A and B as shown. shown by (i) mesh current method; (ii) nodal voltage
analysis

I2 = 0.371 A I2 ohm = 0.817 A

 Superposition Theorem
✓ Why are theorems needed though we have enough techniques to solve the circuit problems?

✓ The superposition theorem states that in a linear network containing more than one source, the current
flowing in any branch is the algebraic sum of currents that would have been produced by each source taken
separately, with all the other sources replaced by their respective internal resistances.

✓ In case the internal resistance of a source is not provided, the voltage sources will be short circuited and
current sources will be open circuited.
 Ans in 8 ohm resistor:
I = 0.4 A with 2 A
Ans: I = 2 A with 20 V
I = 5 A with 75 V
I = -4 A with 64 V

Ans:
I = 4/3 A with 12 A
I = 2/3 A with 24 V