quency Reuse

61

Example 3.1
A Snectrum of 30
MHz is allocated to a wireless FDD cellular system
bich Uses two 25 kHz simplex
channels to provide full duplex voice and
ontrol channels, compute the number of channels available per cell if a
evstem uses (a) four-Cell reuSe, (b)
# 1MHz of the allocated Seven-cell reuse, and (c) 12-cell reuse
ean eguitable spectrum is dedicated to control
channels, deter
distribution of control channels and voice channels in
each cell for each of the three systems.

Solution
Given:
Total bandwidth =30 MHz
Channel bandwidth = 25 kHz x 2 simplex channels 50 kHz/duplex channel
Total available channels = 30,000/50 = 600 channels
(a) For N=4,
total number of channels available per cell = 600/4 = 150 channels.
(b) For N=7,
total number of channels available per cell = 600/7 85 channels.
(c) For N= 12,
total number of channels available per cell =600/12 = 50 channels.
A 1MHz spectrum for control channels implies that there are 1000/50 =
20 control channels out of the 600 channels available. To evenly distribute
voice
the control and voice channels, simply allocate the same number of
channels in each cell wherever possible.
channels and 145 voice channels
(a) For N= 4, we can have 5 control
per cell. In practice, however, each cell only
needs a single control channel
voice chan
(the control channels have a greater reuse distance than the
channels would be assigned
nels). Thus, 1control channel and 145 voice
to each cell.

Total number of voice channels for N=7, (60020)/7 = 82 voice chan

(b) approximately, 4 cells with 3 control
assigned to each cell
neis are to be cells with 2 control channels are to
Channels and 82 voice channels., and 3
be assigned along with 83 voice channels. channel as control channel has
control
Note: there is no fixed distribution of
longer reuse distance than voice channel.
and
two control channels
(c) For N = 12, we can have eight cells with control channel and 49 voice
48 voice channels, and four cells with one 1 control chan-
each cell would have
channels each. In an actual system, and 4 cells would have 49 Voice
nel, 8 cells would have 48 voice channels,
channels.
 Example 3.2 n 3 , find the by t
For given path loss exponent (a) n 4 and (b) maximumtrequency
required torcapac-
used for prop
be
reuse factor and the cluster size that should is minimum satis. ular
ity. The signal-to-interference ratio of 15 dB cellular system. There are si How
co-channel cellschannel
forward in the first tier. and allof ofathem are at the same distanc
performance
factory Contr

approximations. and
from the mobile. Use suitabBe frequ
Solution (eg.
(a) n= 4
consider a seven-cell reuse pattern.Q= DIA= V(3 wher
First, let us Frequency reuse factor, N) = \21. Using
Using Equation (3.4),
interference ratiois that o
4.583. the signal-to-noise
Using Equation (3.9). (4.583) = 75.3 = 18.66 dB
bygiven
often
Sl= (1/6) x minimum required SII, N=7 can be SUch c
Since this is greater than the USes
plannin
(b) n=3 seven-cell reuse pattern.
First, let us consider a signal-to-interference ratio is given by howeve
UsingEquation (3.9),the(4.583)* = 16.04 = 12.05 dB limited
Sl= (1/6) x minimum required I , We need to use a larre, market
Since this is less than the possible value of Nis 12, (i =j=2). the des
the next
Using Equation (3.3),
co-channel ratio is given by Equation (3.4) as CDMA
The coresponding approac
DIR= 6.0
signal-to-interference ratiois given by nels tha
Using Equation (3.3), the 36 = 15.56 dB
Sl= (16)× (6) = minimum required SI, N=12 is used
equires
Since this is greaterthan the In
ingle co
00 kHz

3.5.2 Channel Planning for Wireless Systems vhen spe

channels to Overage
each base station is aninyhannel.
Judiciously assigning the appropriate radio
difficult in practice than in theory. While Equation(9 Overage
cess that is much more reuse ratio(orclusters
lls, trom
rule of thumb for determining the appropriate frequency
between adjacent co-channel cells,the wireless engimer rupt dro
appropriate separation imperfect coverage reyer of
difficulties of radio propagation and N out the c
the real-world propagationpath ake dittic
Cellular systems, in practice, seldom obey the homogenous Jannels, ar
of Equation (3.9). channels,whiteshold le
is divided into chhami
Generally, the available mobile radio spectrum anned and
continent. These aN ito
cal), the de-
air interface standard that is used throughout a country or Paginga entireo,
Or pagu channe
made up of control channels (vital for initiating, requesting,about the
5% of brief
and

(dedicated to carrying revenue-generating traffic). Typically.that are very

hannels. Channeke

is devoted to control channels, which carry data messages thal

 Chapter 5 " Mobile Radio Propagation: Small-Scale
Fading

Figure 5.1 llustration of

Doppler effect.

Example 5.1
In the U.S. digital
cellular
is 70 km/hr, calculate thesystem, if f= 900 MHz and the mobile
received carrier frequency if veloct
directly toward the transmitter (Positive the mobile la
from the transmitter (Negative Doppler Doppler Shift), (b) directly
Shift), and (c) in a direction
pendicular to the direction of the arrival of the transmitted sianal
Solution
Given:
Carrier frequency f, = 900 MHz
3x 108
Therefore, wavelength à = c/f, = = 1/3m=0.33 m
900 x 1o
Vehicle speed, v= 70 x 1000/60 x 60 = 19.44 m/s
(a)The vehicle is movingdirectly toward the transmitter.
The received frequency is
19.44
f= f,+ f = 900 x10+ 0.33 = 900.0000589 MHZ

(b)The vehicle is moving directly away from the transmitter.

The received frequency is given by
19.44 = 899.9999411 MHz
f= f-f = 900 x10° 0.33
(c)The vehicle is moving perpendicular to the angle of arrival of the
transmitted signal.
shift.
In this case, = 90°, cos = 0. and there is no Doppler
transmited Trequo
The received signal frequency is the same as the
of 900 MHz.