SUBSTATION DESIGN

SUBSTATION DESIGN

WHAT IS THERE IN SUBSTATION DESIGNING ??

➢ SLD
➢ EQUIPMENT LAYOUT
➢ BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT
➢ FAULT LEVEL
➢ TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
➢ CREEPAGE AND CLEARANCE
➢ GROUNDING & LIGHTNING PROTECTION
➢ SAFETY INTERLOCKS
➢ OTHERS, e.g. LIGHTING AND CIVIL
SUBSTATION DESIGN CRITERIA

FOLLOWING STUDIES ARE PERFORMED TO ESTABLISH THE

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR A SUBSTATION

1. LOAD FLOW STUDIES :

- To determine the current carrying requirements of new s/s.
- To determine the continuous and Emergency rating of
equipment

2. S.C.CALCULATION :
- To permit the equipment to without damage, severe thermal
and mechanical stresses of S.C. currents.
- To provide adequate interrupting capability in CBs, strength
in post insulators
- Setting of protective relays
SUBSTATION DESIGN CRITERIA

3. TRANSIENT STABILITY STUDY :

Following factors affects the Stability of System.
- Severity of Fault
- Speed with which fault is cleared
- Ties between the Machine and the System after the fault are
cleared ( Which may weaken the system by operating more
than one line due to not operation of primary relaying )

4. TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGE STUDY :

- It is required to protect the equipments from Lightning Stroke
and Switching Transient.
-*-
SUBSTATION ARRANGEMENT ASPECTS

1. System Security :
- The ideal s/s is one where each circuit is controlled by
separate CB with facility for replacement of bus bar OR CB in
the event of fault or during maintenance.
- Double Bus Bar system with Double CB arrangement is ideal.

2. Operational Flexibility :
- For efficient loading of Generators it is necessary to control
MVA and MVAR loading under all condition

3. Simplicity of Protection Arrangement :

- Where greater no of CB has to be tripped during fault
condition, protection arrangement becomes more complex.
SUBSTATION ARRANGEMENT ASPECTS

4. Ability to Limit the S.C. Levels :

- Any arrangement which incorporates means of providing a S/S
into Two separate sections is suitable to Limit S.C levels.

5. Maintenance Facilities :
- Arrangement shall be suitable for the Planned or Emergency
Maintenance .

6. Ease of Extension ::
- To add new bays there shall be space and expansion facilities.

7. Site Considerations :
- Where the area is limited, simple arrangement with least no of
CBs.
Considerations for Choice of Busbar Arrangement

A number of factors are to be considered while finalizing the Layout

and Switching arrangements of S/S.

➢ Importance of Substation
➢ Reliability
➢ Redundancy
➢ Economics and availability of finance
➢ Availability of Space and Right Of Way for approaching
lines
➢ Future Expansion
 Single Bus System- Primary Components,
Protection Zone
Bus

Bus- Bus-
Earthing Bus- Potential
Switch Isolator Transformer

Circuit-breaker Protection-zone,
busbar
Current
Transformer
Protection-zone,
line/trafo

Line Line
Earthing- Earthing-
Isolator Isolator
switch switch

Wave Wave
Trap Trap

Potential
Surge Transformer
arrester

Line 1 Transformer Line 2

Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement
Main Bus Transfer Bus coupler

x x x x

CT CT CT CT

Earthing- Line Earthing- Line Earthing- Line

switch Isolator switch Isolator switch Isolator

Transfer Transfer Transfer

Isolator Isolator Isolator
Transfer Bus
Wave Wave Wave
Trap Trap Trap

Surge Surge Surge

arrester arrester arrester
Line 1 Line 2 Line 3

A Transfer Bus Coupler & All feeders need one additional isolator.
Ring or Mesh System Line 1

Transformer 1 Transformer 2

Line 2
 Single Bus with sectionaliser System- Primary
Components,
Over-lapping Protection Zone
Bus Section-isolator
Bus A Bus B

Bus- Bus PT 1 Bus PT 2

disconnect

Circuit-breaker

CT

VT
Earthing switch

Line-
disconnect Surge arrester

Earthing switch

To improve Reliability bus section isolator/CB is introduced

 Double Main Bus System
or Main & Reserve Bus system
Bus- Bus-
Bus I Bus-coupler PT -I PT -II

Bus II
Bus-
Isolators

Circuit-breaker Bus-
Earthing-I, II

CT

Earthing-
Line switch Line
Earthing-
Isolator Earthing- Isolator
switch
switch

Wave
Trap Wave
Trap

Surge
arrester Surge
arrester
Line 1 Line 2 Transformer
 Double Main & Transfer Bus
Arrangement (DMT)
Transfer Bus- Bus-
Bus I Bus-coupler Bus-coupler PT -I PT -II

Bus II
Bus-
Isolators

Circuit-breaker Bus-
Earthing-I, II

CT
Earthing- Line Earthing-
switch Isolator switch

Transfer
Isolator

Wave Wave
Trap Trap

Surge Surge
arrester arrester

Line 1 Line 2
One and a Half Breaker
Arrangement

Bushing Bus A

Q0 11 Q0 41

For future use

Q0 13

Q0 12 Q0 42

Bushing
Bus B
Three Main & Transfer Bus Arrangement

2000/1/1/1A

Core Like
line 417
 245kV Switchyard Layout
245 kV Outdoor switchyard (AIS) Double busbars, classical layout

1 Bus I 3 Bus-disconnector 5 CT 7 Line-disconnector with built-on earthing switch

2 Bus II 4 Circuit-breaker 6 VT 8 Surge arrester
SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. FAULT LEVEL :
➢ Expressed as MVA or kA and duration of 1-3 Sec.
➢ Depends on source impedance
➢ All CBs are to be rated for fault level
➢ Earth Switches for making fault level
➢ - All Bus bars, bus supports to be designed to withstand forces
due to S.C

2. SAFETY CLEARANCES :

3. STRUCTURE :
Why is it required ?
➢ To support and install Buses, electrical equipment and terminate
transmission line conductors.
➢ The structures may be of steel, RCC or wood
➢ They need foundation according to soil condition at site
 SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

➢ Design of Structures are affected by :

- Phase clearance
- Ground clearance
- Length and weight of buses and other equipment.

➢ Design Load on Girders shall include :

- Conductor tension
- Earth wire tension
- Weight of Insulators and Hardwares
- Erection load ( approx. 350 kg)
- Weigh of man & tools to work ( aprox. 200kg)
- Wind load
- Impact load, if any during operation of equipment.
- Walkway if any.
SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

4. Recommended Standard Bay Widths :

a. 400kV feeder Bays - 27m

b. 400kV Transformer Bays - 20m ( per phase)
c. 220kV Feeder Bays - 17m
d. 110kV Feeder Bays - 10m
e. 110kV Transformer Bays - 10m
f. 66kV Bays - 8m
g. 22kV Bays - 3.8m
h. 11kV Bays - 3.5m
SUBSTATION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

➢ Normally adopted phase spacing’s are :

Sr. No. Voltage Level (kV) Spacing (m)

1 11/22 1.3

2 33 1.5

3 66 2.0 to 2.2

4 110 2.4 to 3.0

5 220 4.5

6 400 7.0
BUS DESIGN

Present day trend is to use Rigid bus rather than strain bus due to
➢ can be constructed at lower profile.
➢ are aesthetically pleasing.
➢ corona level is lower.
1. Construction of Rigid Bus :
➢ Aluminum bus materials used for rigid bus may be of different
shapes.
➢ They may be round tubing's, channels, angles or integral web
designs.
➢ Round tubing used in all voltage levels.
➢ Square/channel tubing is used only at lower voltages.
➢ Angle bus used only at distribution voltages.
➢ Integral web bus is structurally strong and is used for high current and
long spans generally at lower voltage.
BUS DESIGN

Design considerations of Rigid Bus :

➢ Bus must carry the expected maximum load current without
exceeding the temp. limit .
➢ The capacity of bus shall be checked for max. temp. under S.C.
conditions.
➢ Shall be designed to take vibration induced by the action of
50Hz current.
➢ Shall be designed to take the vibration due to wind flowing
across the tubing.
➢ It should withstand the S.C. force.
➢ for HV and EHV S/S the diameter of bus should be checked for
corona discharge.
➢ The bus support system must be capable to to take weight of
tubing, damping material, wind on tubing, S.C. force calculated.
BUS DESIGN

2. Design considerations of Strain Bus :

➢ Widely used in most of the station due to ease of construction.

➢ Even in station where Rigid bus is predominant, some spans will
be invariably of strain bus construction.
➢ The design followed is based on simple sag-tension
calculations.
➢ The down drops from strain bus appear as a concentrated load.
➢ Depending on length and weight of dropper, tension on bus will
vary considerably.
➢ Where bundled conductors are used in strain bus, the type of
spacer may have an influence on resulting tension.
➢ If rigid spacers are used, then during S.C., the two conductors
will attempt to draw together and cause increases tension on
strain bus
ACCESSORIES REQUIRED FOR BUS CONSTRUCTION

➢ RIGID BUS :
1. BPI
2. Aluminium Tubular pipes for bus
3. Welding Sleeves of equivalent dia for Al Bus.
4. BPI clamp for fixing tubular pipe to the insulator
5. Inter connector for Al tube to strain Bus
6. Corona bells for the free ends of right bus.

➢ STRAIN BUS :
1. Insulator strings
2. ACSR conductor of right choice
3. Hardware fittings for tension points.
4. Arcing horns
5. Corona rings
ACCESSORIES REQUIRED FOR BUS CONSTRUCTION

6. Sag compensating spring.

7. Suspension clamps with accessories for jumper connection
points.
8. Rigid or flexible spacers ( For bundle conductor bus)
9. Parallel Groove clamps (PG Clamps) suitable for the ACSR for
jumper and dropper connections.
10. Tee Clamps for droppers. (With suitable sizes).
11. Clamp to connect droppers, jumpers and interconnections to
the equipment and on BPI
SUBSTATION EARTHING

Purpose :

In ungrounded system, it will be inherently coupled

capacitively to the earth th’ system capacitance. During ground
fault, the charging current will rise to 3 times the Zero
sequence current, develops high value of voltage.

so earthing is required to –

1. Limit the transient overvoltages caused by restricting the

ground current.
2. Safety to the personnel working in the maintenance.
3. Fast and selective clearing of ground fault to limit the damage
to the equipment.
SUBSTATION EARTHING

Following steps are involved in Design of Earthing System.

1. Soil investigation.
2. Determination of maximum ground current
3. Preliminary designing of grounding system
4. Calculation of resistance of grounding system
5. Calculation of maximum grid potential rise.
6. Calculation of step and touch voltages.
7. Correction of preliminary design.
A continuous earth conductor is placed around the
perimeter of yard to enclose as much ground as possible to
avoid current concentration.
Within the grid conductors are laid in parallel lines and at
uniform spacing along the rows of structure and equipment.
SUBSTATION EARTHING

The earthing material should have –

➢ High conductivity
➢ Low underground corrosion

GI material is used for earthing and size of conductor should be

such that
➢ It has thermal stability to flow the ground fault current
➢ It should last at least for 50 years without causing break in the
ground circuit due to corrosion
➢ It should be mechanically strong.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

Instrument Transformers are used to provide the exact

proportion of the high voltage and current within the substation
at a level suitable for metering, relaying and control.
Voltage Transformers :
➢ VT may be of Electromagnetic or Capacitor type.
➢ When high level of accuracy is required then Electromagnetic
type is used.
➢ All voltage transformers are required to comply with one of the
classes in Table 8.1.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

For protection purposes, accuracy of voltage measurement

may be important during fault conditions, as the system voltage
might be reduced by the fault to a low value. Voltage
transformers for such types of service must comply with the
extended range of requirements set out in table 8.2
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

➢ Voltage Factors :
The value Vf in Table 8.2 is an upper limit of operating voltage,
expressed in per unit of rated voltage. This is important for correct relay
operation and operation under unbalanced fault conditions on
unearthed or impedance earthed systems,. Voltage factors, with the
permissible duration of the maximum voltage, are given in Table 8.3.
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

➢ Protection of Voltage Transformers

o Voltage Transformers can be protected by H.R.C. fuses on the
primary side for voltages up to 66kV. Fuses do not usually have
a sufficient interrupting capacity for use with higher voltages.

o In some cases protection on the primary is omitted. The

secondary of a Voltage Transformer should always be protected
by fuses or a miniature circuit breaker (MCB).
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
➢ The current transformers may be either of bushing type or wound
type.
➢ CT should be selected with a rating 25% greater than the max
current that is likely to flow during normal operation.
➢ Protective CT should have high saturation factor.
➢ The secondary circuit must not be interrupted while the primary
winding is energized. The induced secondary e.m.f. under these
circumstances will be high enough to present a danger to life and
insulation.
➢ Protection class current transformers must retain a reasonable
accuracy up to the largest relevant current. This value is known
as the accuracy limit current’
➢ The ratio of the accuracy limit current to the rated current is
known as the 'accuracy limit factor
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

➢ The accuracy class of protection current transformers is shown in Table

Class PS Current Transformers

➢ The classification of Table 5 is only used for overcurrent protection

➢ PS commonly used with unit protection schemes

➢ Knee point is a key factor in the PS class CT
POWER TRANSFORMER

➢ RATINGS :
Transformer ratings shall be such that the transformer can
deliver its rated current under steady loading conditions without
exceeding the limits of temperature-rise specified in IS : 2026 (
Part II ) - 1977* assuming that the applied voltage is equal to the
rated voltage and that the supply is at rated frequency.

➢ SERVICE CONDITIONS :
Transformers complying with IS-2026 are suitable for operation
continuously at their ratings, provided the temperature of the
cooling air or water does not exceed any of the reference
ambient temperatures specified
POWER TRANSFORMER

➢ kVA Ratings:
kVA ratings for three-phase transformers are given in below table

For single-phase transformers intended for use in three-phase

banks, the kVA ratings are one-third of the values in Table 2.
POWER TRANSFORMER

➢ Operation at Other than Rated Voltage :

- A transformer built in accordance with IS-2026 may be
operated at its rated kVA at any voltage within +/- 10 percent of
the rated voltage of that particular tap.
- The transformer shall be capable of delivering rated current at
a voltage equal to 105 percent of the rated voltage.
➢ Operation at Rated Frequency :

The frequency for A transformer built in accordance with IS-2026

standard shall be 50 Hz with tolerance of +/- 3 percent.

➢ Temp Rise:
The transformer shall confirm to the requirements of
temperature rise specified in IS : 2026 (Part II)
POWER TRANSFORMER

➢ Insulation Levels :

The insulation levels shall be in accordance with IS : 2026 (Part

III)- 19777.
➢ Terminal markings, tappings and Connections :

The terminal markings, tapings and connections shall be in

accordance with IS : 2026 ( Part IV )-1977
➢ Requirement with regards to Ability to withstand S.C.
Transformers shall be designed and constructed to withstand
without damage the thermal and dynamic effects of external
short circuit under the conditions specified in IS:2026.
POWER TRANSFORMER

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS

( ABOVE 1600 kVA)
➢ Ratings :
o The secondary no-load voltage should be specified 5
percent more than the nominal voltage to compensate the
transformer regulation partly.
o For transformers requiring to be operated in parallel, the voltage
ratio should be selected in accordance with guidelines given in
IS : 10028 ( Part 2 )-1981*.
➢ Taps :
o On-load tap changers on HV side should be specified,
wherever required.
o The total number of taps should be 16 in steps of 1.25 percent..
Off-circuit taps, when specified, should be in the range of 2.5
percent and +/- 5 percent provided on the HV side.
POWER TRANSFORMER

➢ Connection Symbol :
o The preferred connections for two winding transformers up
to 66 kV high voltage ( HV ) side rating are delta/star ( Dyn ) and
star/star ( YNyn ). For higher voltages, connections star/star
(YNyn) or star/delta ( YNd ) may be preferred.
o The selection of connection group should be made taking into
consideration the requirements of parallel operation with other
transformers
➢ Impedance :
o The transformer impedance is decided taking into Consideration
the secondary fault levels and the voltage dip.
o typical impedance values are given IS : 2026 ( Part 1 )-19777.
POWER TRANSFORMER

➢ Termination Arrangement :

o Primary and secondary terminals may be bare bushings,

cable boxes or bus trunking depending upon the method of
installation.
o It is preferable to specify disconnecting chamber between
transformer terminals and cable box to facilitate disconnection of
transformer.
OTHER DEVICES AND EQUIPMENTS

Due to the time constraint following devices/equipments

are not covered in detail !!!
➢ Circuit Breakers
➢ Isolator and earth Switch
➢ LA
➢ Battery and battery Charger
➢ ACDB
➢ DCDB
➢ AHU for Control room
➢ Control & Relay Panel